铁氧化物-胡敏酸复合物对磷的吸附吸附

本试验通过设置不同磷酸根浓度、 pH和不同电解质及电解质强度梯度,研究磷酸根在针铁矿-胡敏酸（HA）复合物和赤铁矿-胡敏酸（HA）复合物表面的吸附特性。X射线衍射（XRD）、 扫描电镜（SEM）和红外光谱（FTIR）图谱显示: 铁氧化物包覆胡敏酸后其内部结构特性保持不变; 氧化铁与胡敏酸通过氢键形成粒径大、 表面光滑的铁氧化物-HA复合微粒,且复合物比表面减小; 形成的氧化铁-胡敏酸复合物对磷的吸附能力增强,且针铁矿复合物的吸附能力大于赤铁矿复合物,均为多层吸附过程; pH增高抑制铁氧化物复合物对磷的吸附,同时电解质浓度增加促进复合体对磷的吸附,且反应后体系pH随之降低。     

As(Ⅲ)在可变电荷土壤中的吸附与氧化的初步研究

用一次平衡法研究了两种可变电荷土壤与As(Ⅲ)之间的吸附和氧化还原反应。结果表明,当As(Ⅲ)溶液平衡浓度由0·25上升到1·0mmolL-1,砖红壤对砷的吸附量由15·0增加至25·9mmolkg-1,红壤由7·6增至13·0mmolkg-1,砖红壤对砷的吸附量约为红壤的2倍,这是因为前者铁、铝氧化物的含量高于后者。在pH3~7范围内,土壤对As(Ⅲ)的吸附量随pH的增加而增加。砖红壤中的氧化锰能将As(Ⅲ)氧化为As(V),砷的氧化量在pH3~7范围内随体系pH的增加而减小。砷在红壤中的氧化反应不显著。用1·0molL-1的KNO3对吸附性砷进行解吸的结果表明,砷的解吸率在35%以下,说明大部分砷通过形成内圈型表面络合物为土壤所吸附。在pH2~7范围内,砷的解吸率随吸附体系pH的升高而增加,说明较高pH下外圈型表面络合物的比例增加。     

土壤中砷吸附机理及其影响因素研究进展

土壤中砷(As)的生物可利用性、迁移、转化及归宿在很大程度上依赖于其在土壤中的吸附反应.本文首先概述了土壤中As污染物的主要形态、价态及其与吸附的关系,较为系统地介绍了土壤中As吸附的主要影响因素和土壤中As吸附机理等方面的最新研究进展,并重点对X-射线吸收精细结构光谱(XAFS)、红外光谱(IR)等现代分析技术和方法在As吸附研究中的应用和进展进行了论述.由于土壤组分与结构的复杂性,As在环境介质中的吸附机理研究目前仍集中在单纯矿物上的吸附行为,为As在土壤中的吸附研究提供了理论基础.X-射线吸收精细结构光谱及红外光谱研究结果证明As在土壤中的吸附主要与含Fe、Al等矿物结合,形成以双齿双核结构为主的配位结构;其吸附机理与土壤矿物及As污染物的价态、吸附浓度等有关,主要包括表面络合反应和表面沉淀作用:但是土壤中As吸附机理研究还需要进一步深入研究.文章最后分析了有关土壤中As吸附研究的发展趋势和重要动向.     

可变电荷土壤对As(Ⅲ)和As(Ⅴ)的吸附及二者的竞争作用

三种可变电荷土壤对砷的吸附实验结果表明,在pH3~7范围内,As(Ⅲ)的吸附量随pH的升高而增加,三种土壤对As(Ⅲ)吸附能力的大小顺序为砖红壤>黄壤>红壤。红壤和砖红壤对As(Ⅴ)的吸附量随pH的升高而降低,黄壤中呈相反的变化趋势,三种土壤对As(Ⅴ)吸附能力的大小顺序是黄壤>砖红壤>红壤。三种可变电荷土壤对As(Ⅴ)的吸附能力较对As(Ⅲ)大得多,砷的吸附量既与土壤游离氧化铁的含量有关,又与氧化铁的结晶形态密切联系,由于黄壤中水化氧化铁在游离铁中所占比例较高,其对As(Ⅴ)吸附能力较砖红壤和红壤大。As(Ⅲ)与As(Ⅴ)共存体系的研究结果表明,两种形态的砷可以竞争可变电荷土壤表面的吸附位,但在酸性条件下As(Ⅴ)较As(Ⅲ)有更强的竞争能力,因为As(Ⅴ)使土壤对As(Ⅲ)的吸附量显著减小,而As(Ⅲ)对红壤和砖红壤吸附As(Ⅴ)有一定的影响,对黄壤中As(Ⅴ)的吸附几乎没有影响。     

离子强度和磷酸盐对铁铝矿物及土壤吸附As（V）的影响

选用针铁矿、赤铁矿、水铁矿、水铝矿4种铁铝矿物以及性质差异较大的黑土、紫色土和红壤3种土壤,研究离子强度和磷酸盐对其吸附As（V）的影响。结果表明,在0．01、0．1、1mol·L^-13种离子强度下,矿物和土壤对As（V）的吸附量无明显差异或随离子强度增大而增大,其对砷的吸附以专性吸附为主。磷酸盐对矿物和土壤吸附砷的影响与其添加顺序及摩尔浓度比有关。水铝矿和水铁矿在这3种添加顺序下的砷吸附量无明显差异,仅在P／As摩尔比较大时表现出下降趋势;而在针铁矿和赤铁矿两种矿物上,先添加砷时的砷吸附量高于先添加磷时或两者同时添加时,且砷吸附量随WAs摩尔比的增加而逐渐下降。在黑土、紫色土和红壤上,先添加砷比先添加磷或两者同时添加时的砷吸附量均要高,尤其是在紫色土上。随P／As摩尔比升高,土壤对砷的吸附量表现出下降趋势。     

pH对砷在贵州红壤中的吸附的影响

本文研究了贵州遵义红壤中pH对砷(As)的吸附和形态的影响。结果表明,当溶液中As的浓度增大时,土壤对As的吸附量增大,吸附率逐渐降低,As从红壤的低能位点位逐渐进入到高能位吸附点位,吸附反应速率减慢。Langmuir方程拟合等温吸附效果较好,可决系数达到0.969 (P < 0.001)。体系pH是影响红壤对As吸附、解吸的重要因素,As的吸附量随着体系pH的升高而降低,吸附态As的解吸量随着体系pH的升高而增大。酸性环境(pH = 4 ~ 6.5)有利于As的吸附,碱性环境(pH = 7 ~ 8.5)有利于As的解吸。     

土壤胡敏素结构特征及对铜离子的吸附特性

以棕壤和赤红壤为供试土壤,在对土壤胡敏素进行结构表征的基础上,采用批量平衡法研究不同反应温度下其对铜离子(Cu~(2+))的吸附动力学和热力学特征,利用同步辐射X-射线吸收光谱技术探测了Cu~(2+)在胡敏素表面吸附的微观局域结构。结果表明:与胡敏酸相比,胡敏素具有较高的脂族性和极性,但其分子中甲氧基碳、羰基碳、木质素类化合物和酚类化合物的比例较低;随溶液Cu~(2+)浓度、接触时间和反应温度的增加,胡敏素对Cu~(2+)的吸附量也增加;吸附动力学曲线符合假二级动力学方程,吸附过程是需要能量和吸热的缔合反应;吸附等温线符合Freundlich和Langmuir方程,吸附反应是自发、吸热和自由度增加的过程;与胡敏酸类似,胡敏素表面吸附态Cu~(2+)是以扭曲的八面体构型存在,第一配位层(Cu-O)由原子间距为1.91～1.97?的4个O原子构成,第二配位层(Cu-C)由原子间距为2.80～2.83?的2个C原子组成,证实Cu~(2+)主要以内层复合物形式吸附在胡敏素表面的有机官能团上。上述结果指出,尽管胡敏素的化学组成不同于胡敏酸,但Cu~(2+)在这两种腐殖物质组分表面的局域配位结构相似。     

4种形态砷在盆栽水稻中的分布与转化研究

用盆栽实验研究了As(Ⅲ)、As(V)、MMAV和DMAV 4种形态的砷在水稻中的分布和转化规律。通过向土壤中添加4种分别5个浓度的砷,种植5种水稻300盆,获得了水稻根、茎、叶、穗、米中的As(V)、As(Ⅲ)、MMAV、DMAV和总砷的22 500个数据;对比分析了4种形态砷对水稻的生理影响、在水稻中的迁移和转化情况及土壤中的砷与稻米中砷含量的关系。结果表明,4种形态砷的转移转化规律差异较大,对砷的风险评估不能一概而论,应将砷分形态开展研究,科学评价不同形态砷毒性和控制水稻砷风险。     

Na~+、Ca~(2+)及Na~+-Ca~(2+)混合离子对胡敏酸胶体稳定性的影响

以胡敏酸为研究对象,通过光散射技术比较土壤中常见盐基离子(Na~+、Ca~(2+)和Na~+-Ca~(2+)混合三种电解质)不同浓度条件下胡敏酸胶体凝聚动力学过程,明确不同价态离子界面行为和陪补离子效应对胡敏酸分散稳定性和凝聚体结构的影响。结果发现,Na~+和Ca~(2+)对胡敏酸胶体聚沉能力的差异远远大于舒尔策-哈迪(Schulze-Hardy)规则中因其化合价不同所引起的差异;Na~+-Ca~(2+)混合体系中Ca~(2+)主导凝聚过程,且Na~+-Ca~(2+)混合与Ca~(2+)两种离子体系中凝聚现象的差异随离子浓度的降低而增大;混合离子体系中Na~+作为陪补离子,其陪补离子效应对临界聚沉浓度、颗粒间活化能和胡敏酸凝聚体结构均有一定影响,尤以对凝聚体的结构特征影响显著;Na~+-Ca~(2+)混合体系中胡敏酸凝聚体的结构紧实程度介于单纯离子体系之间,因此可通过调节溶液中的离子组成实现对凝聚体结构紧实程度的调控。上述结果表明,Ca~(2+)对胡敏酸的聚沉不仅依赖于静电作用,还有Ca~(2+)在强电场中的极化诱导其与胡敏酸表面含氧官能团之间发生的共价键和桥键的贡献;此外,陪补离子Na~+与Ca~(2+)在胡敏酸胶体表面的竞争吸附抑制了Ca~(2+)对胡敏酸的聚沉作用,从而形成紧实程度适中的结构体。研究结果为探究胶体界面反应及土壤胶体凝聚机制提供新的思路和理论。     

侵蚀红壤腐殖酸组分特点及其对水稳性团聚体的影响

在华中地区采集不同侵蚀程度(轻度、中度、严重)的红壤,利用干湿筛法获得不同粒径的水稳性团聚体(0.25 mm)。通过测定不同粒径水稳性团聚体(0.25 mm)的腐殖酸组分(胡敏酸和富里酸)碳量,以及向不同侵蚀程度的各粒径团聚体(0.25 mm)中添加不同浓度(0.06、0.6 g L-1)的胡敏酸,分析侵蚀红壤腐殖酸组分特点及其对水稳性团聚体的影响。结果表明:随着侵蚀程度的增加,供试红壤和水稳性团聚体(0.25 mm)的腐殖酸组分含量减少;轻度和中度侵蚀红壤中,大粒径(4和2~4 mm)水稳性团聚体的胡敏酸碳量较小粒径(1~2、0.5~1和0.25~0.5 mm)的高;同种侵蚀程度下,除严重侵蚀红壤中2~4 mm团聚体的富里酸碳量与1~2 mm团聚体中的有显著差异外,不同粒径团聚体中富里酸碳量差别不大。3种侵蚀程度红壤的胡富比总体上小于1,其中中度侵蚀红壤和各粒径水稳性团聚体的胡富比均大于其他两种侵蚀程度的。腐殖酸组分与水稳性团聚体(0.25 mm)含量呈极显著正相关,与胡敏酸碳量的相关系数最大(r=0.85**,n=19)。添加不同浓度(0.06和0.6 g L-1)胡敏酸后,3种侵蚀程度红壤各粒径水稳性团聚体(0.25 mm)的含量均增加,且小粒径团聚体(1~2、0.5~1和0.25~0.5 mm)的增加量要高于大团聚体(2~4、4 mm)的。     

Effects of Oxalate and Humic Acid on Arsenate Sorption by and Desorption from a Chinese Red Soil

Studies on arsenate (As(V)) sorption and desorption have been mainly limited to soil minerals and sorption and desorption reactions in whole soils are poorly understood. In this study the sorption of As(V) by and phosphate-induced desorption from a Chinese red soil were studied in the presence of oxalate and humic acid (HA). Arsenate was strongly sorbed mainly through ligand exchange reactions on the soil. Arsenate sorption decreased in the presence of oxalate or HA. Oxalate and HA influenced As(V) sorption mainly by competing for sorption sites and reducing sorption sites, and oxalate could also decrease sorption through dissolving clay minerals. Oxalate and HA could also facilitate As(V) desorption from the soil. Both sorption and desorption kinetics were two stage processes. Sorption kinetics conducted from 0.2–840 h showed that As(V) sorption increased with increasing residence time. Sorption equilibrium was retarded and the maximum sorption decreased in the presence of oxalate or HA. Phosphate-induced desorption kinetics conducted on the soil with 24 h and 840 h of sorption equilibrium time showed a significant effect of equilibrium time on As(V) desorption. The presence of oxalate or HA during the sorption process resulted in more As(V) desorption. Due to the degradation of oxalate, soil treated with oxalate and with a sorption equilibrium time of 840 h showed no significant difference in desorption kinetics from untreated soil.     

Immobilization of trace metals and arsenic by different soil additives: Evaluation by means of chemical extractions

Abstract

Soils were amended with metal and arsenic (As) immobilizing soil additives [steel shots (SS 1% w/w), beringite (B 5% w/w), combination steel shots+beringite (SSB 1% SS + 5% B), hydroxyapatite (HA 0.5,1, and 5% w/w)]. The effectiveness of the additives in reducing metal and As mobility was assessed by means of chemical extractions with 1M calcium nitrate [Ca(NO₃)₂] in the case of metals and distilled water in the case of As. Among the additives tested, B, SSB, and 5% HA were most effective in reducing the mobility of cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn). Moreover, the effect of these additives was consistent in the different soils and their use might, therefore, be more or less universal. The lowest amount of As was extracted in soils amended with B, SS, and SSB. The effect of B was, however, soil dependent. The addition of HA led to higher As mobility due to the phosphate‐arsenate competition for the sorption complex of the solid soil phase. Therefore, the use of HA at combined metal‐As polluted sites has to be taken with care. Based on this study, it can be concluded that the addition of SSB seems the most promising treatment for the remediation of mixed metal‐As polluted sites.     

Role of root exudates on the sorption of arsenate by ferrihydrite

Iron oxy‐hydroxides in soil are known to have a large affinity for arsenate (As(V)) inorganic species. At the soil–root interface such mineral components are embedded by mucilaginous material that is secreted from continuously growing root cap cells. In order to determine the role of plant mucilages in As(V) sorption by iron oxy‐hydroxides, we layered a calcium (Ca)‐polygalacturonate network (CaPGA) on to amorphous iron (Fe) (III) hydroxide (ferrihydrite, Fh) particles. The scanning electron micrographs of the CaPGA network coating the ferrihydrite (Fh–CaPGA) show a regular structure with a honeycomb‐like pattern where interlacing fibrils form a porous system. The FT‐IR spectra of Fh–CaPGA suggest that CaPGA fibrils are retained by the surface Fe(III) nuclei of Fh through electrostatic interactions. The sorption experiments carried out at pH 4.3 and 5.8 indicated a smaller amount of As(V) sorbed by Fh–CaPGA than by Fh alone, being less after 3 and 24 hours of reaction by about 70 and 30%, respectively. The sorption of As(V) by Fh was also studied in the presence of caffeic acid (CAF), an important root exudate. Simultaneous sorption kinetics show that As(V) sorption by Fh is almost independent of CAF concentration, indicating a greater affinity of arsenate ions towards the Fh surfaces. However, the amount of As(V) sorbed by the Fh coated by CaPGA, in the presence of 0.25, 0.5 and 1.0 mm CAF, is markedly smaller by about 20, 27 and 40%, respectively, than that found in the As(V)–CAF‐Fh ternary systems. This is caused mainly by redox reactions involving CAF and the surface Fe(III) nuclei of Fh leading to the formation of CAF oxidation products which prevent As(V) sorption.     

不同可溶性有机碳对铜在土壤中迁移的影响

土壤中可溶性有机碳（DOC）的存在被认为是能促进重金属在土壤中迁移的重要因素之一,但不同DOC的作用效果可能不同。本研究以Cu为研究对象,利用饱和土壤恒定流条件下的混合置换实验,试图阐明：不同DOC（胡敏酸（HA）和柠檬酸（CA））在土壤中的迁移过程,及其对Cu在土壤中迁移的促进作用。结果表明CA在砂土和红壤性水稻土中的移动能力高于HA;而HA和CA均有促进Cu在土壤中迁移的趋势,但CA的促进效果更为明显,这可能与CA比HA更能提高环境pH值及HA的分子比较大有关;尽管Cu在供试的两种土壤中的迁移能力均很弱,但其在质地粘重的红壤性水稻土中的迁移潜力似乎大于其在砂土中的迁移潜力。上述结果表明,当土壤中加入DOC含量较高的溶液时,Cu在土壤中迁移能力的增强可能主要与土壤溶液中存在可移动的Cu-有机质络合物有关,为验证这一研究结果,进一步的田间和长期试验十分必要。     

Specific sorption of trace amounts of cadmium by soils

Abstract

Sorption of trace quantities of Cd in four soils of different chemical and mineralogical properties, was studied. Initial Cd concentrations were between 15 to 150 μg. 1^?1. The sorption isotherms were linear and had a positive intercept in three of the soils, indicating a constant partition‐high affinity sorption isotherm (Giles et. al⁶). The data also followed the Freundlich sorption isotherm, and the Freundlich K parameter was taken as a measure of the relative affinity of the different soils for the Cd metal sorbed. Cadmium sorbed was extracted by IN‐NH₄C1 followed by 0.1N HC1, and the fraction remaining in the soils was considered specifically sorbed Cd. This fraction also followed a linear sorption isotherm, and was around 30% for the four soils studied. The sorption order for the amount of specifically sorbed Cd showed that the Boomer soil (kaolinite‐iron oxides) had the lowest affinity for specific sorption of this metal. This was taken as evidence that kaolinite and iron oxides have a lower capacity for retaining cadmium through specific sorption mechanism(s) than the materials present on the other soils (2:1 layer silicates and humic substances). The existence of specific mecha‐nism(s) responsible by the sorption of trace quantities of Cd in soil solutions has important implications on soil‐plant relationships, Cd mobility in soil profiles and control of Cd activity in soil solutions.     

A review of cadmium sorption mechanisms on soil mineral surfaces revealed from synchrotron-based X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy: Implications for soil remediation

The sorption of cadmium(Cd) is one of the most important chemical processes in soil, affecting its fate and mobility in both soil and water and ultimately controlling its bioavailability. In order to fundamentally understand the sorption/desorption of Cd in soil systems, X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy(XAFS) has been applied in numerous studies to provide molecular-level information that can be used to characterize the surface adsorption and precipitation reactions that Cd can undergo. This information greatly improves our current knowledge of the possible chemical reactions of Cd in soil. This paper critically reviews the mechanisms of Cd sorption/desorption at the mineral-water interface based on XAFS studies performed over the past twenty years. An introduction to the basic concepts of sorption processes is provided, followed by a detailed interpretation of XAFS theory and experimental data collection and processing,ending finally with a discussion of the atomic/molecular-scale Cd sorption mechanisms that occur at the soil mineral-water interface. Particular emphasis is placed on literature that discusses Cd adsorption and speciation when associated with iron, manganese, and aluminum oxides and aluminosilicate minerals.Multiple sorption mechanisms by which Cd is sorbed by these minerals have been found, spanning from outer-sphere to inner-sphere to surface precipitation,depending on mineral type, surface loading, and pH. In addition, the application of complementary techniques(e.g.,113 Cd nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR) and molecular dynamics simulation) for probing Cd sorption mechanisms is discussed. This review can help to develop appropriate strategies for the environmental remediation of Cd-contaminated soils.     

Adsorption and desorption of arsenate in Louisiana rice soils

Adsorption and desorption of arsenic (As) in the soil are dominant parameters that affect the mobility and bioavailability of arsenic. Batch arsenate adsorption and desorption experiments were conducted using soils collected from three Louisiana, USA, aquaculture ponds representing different crayfish farming and rice cultural practices. Arsenate adsorption behavior in the soils was investigated using Freundlich and Langmuir sorption equations. Results demonstrated that the Langmuir isotherm model was the best fit based on statistical correlation with soil properties governing adsorption, for the entire range of arsenate concentrations for all soils. Adsorption of As(V) was governed by soil physicochemical properties especially Fe and Al oxides, clay and organic matter. Desorption of As(V) was initially fast, but with increasing incubation times desorption occurred progressively slower. Chemical fractionation of arsenic in the soils showed that the most mobile fraction represented 4.74–5.18% of the total arsenic. A part of this mobile fraction could potentially be taken up by rice and enter the food chain, but would require additional research to quantify.     

Interactions of allophane with humic acid and cations

Allophanic soils are known to accumulate organic matter, but the underlying mechanism is not well understood. Here we have investigated the sorption of humic acid (HA) by an allophanic clay in the presence of varied concentrations of either CaCl₂ or NaCl as background electrolytes. Both the HA and the clay were separated from New Zealand soils. Much more HA was sorbed in CaCl₂ than in NaCl of the same ionic strength. Apparently Ca²⁺ ions were more effective than Na⁺ ions in screening the negative charge on HA. In CaCl₂ the HA molecule might also assume a more compact configuration than in NaCl. In the presence of CaCl₂ sorption increased, reached a maximum, and then declined as the concentration of HA in solution was increased. This behaviour was not observed in NaCl where sorption showed a gradual and steady increase with HA concentration. We propose that ligand exchange occurs between the surface hydroxyl groups of allophane and the carboxylate groups of HA. As a result, the allophane–HA complex acquires negative charges, requiring the co‐sorption of extraneous cations (Ca²⁺ or Na⁺) for charge balance. The Ca²⁺ co‐sorbed can attract more HA to the complex possibly by a cation‐bridging mechanism, giving rise to a maximum in sorption. The decline in sorption beyond the maximum may be ascribed to a decrease in the concentration of free Ca²⁺ ions through binding to HA molecules in solution. The increase in supernatant pH may be attributed to a ligand exchange reaction between the surface hydroxyls of allophane and the carboxylate groups of HA, and proton binding to the allophane–HA complex.     

磷对土壤As(V)固定与活化的影响

P和As的化学性质相近,在土壤中存在竞争吸附的关系,因而土壤中P浓度增加可能会影响As的固定和活化。本文通过等温吸附和浸提实验,模拟施P对黄棕壤中As固定和活化的影响。实验结果表明,提高溶液P浓度能够减少土壤对As的吸持能力,并增加As从土壤中的解吸量。在P浓度较低的情况下,这种影响尤其显著,As的解吸量与P浓度成极显著的线性相关关系。因此,不能忽视施用P肥对土壤As活化和迁移的影响。持续增加溶液的P浓度时,这种影响的程度逐渐减弱,可能与土壤中存在不同类型的吸附位有关。     

Short‐Term Effect of Lime,Phosphorus, and Iron Amendments on Water‐Extractable Lead and Arsenic in Orchard Soils

Abstract

Lead arsenate was extensively used to control insects in apple and plum orchards in the 1900s. Continuous use of lead arsenate resulted in elevated soil levels of lead (Pb) and arsenic (As). There are concerns that As and Pb will become solubilized upon a change in land use. In situ chemical stabilization practices, such as the use of phosphate‐phosphorus (P), have been investigated as a possible method for reducing the solubility, mobility, and potential toxicity of Pb and As in these soils. The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of calcium carbonate (lime), P, and iron (Fe) amendments in reducing the solubility of As and Pb in lead‐arsenate‐treated soils over time. Under controlled conditions, two orchard soils, Thurmont loam (Hapludults) and Burch loam (Haploxerolls), were amended with reagent‐grade calcium carbonate (CaCO₃), iron hydroxide [Fe(OH)₃], and potassium phosphate (KH₂PO₄) and incubated for 16 weeks at 26°C. The experimental results suggested that the inorganic P increased competitive sorption between H₂PO₄ ^? and dihydrogen arsenate (H₂AsO₄ ^?), resulting in greater desorption of As in both Thurmont and Burch soils. Therefore, addition of lime, potassium phosphate, and Fe to lead‐arsenate‐contaminated soils could increase the risk of loss of soluble As and Pb from surface soil and potentially increase these metal species in runoff and movement to groundwater.