分数导数粘弹性模型描述的土体中球形空腔的稳态响应

利用分数导数粘弹性模型描述土体的应力和应变关系,建立了球坐标下分数导数粘弹性土体的运动方程.通过引入势函数的方法求解了分数导数粘弹性球形空腔的稳态响应,得到了简谐动荷载作用下球形空腔的径向位移、径向应力的表达式.以算例的形式分析讨论了分数导数的阶数和土体本构模型参数对球形空腔稳态响应的影响.     

分数导数粘弹性土层中单桩扭转振动的研究

在忽略土体径向位移和竖向位移的情况下,利用分数导数粘弹性模型描述土体的应力和应变关系,建立了分数导数粘弹性土层的扭转振动控制方程,并借助于贝赛尔方程和桩端边界条件求解了分数导数粘弹性土层的扭转振动的解。考虑到桩土界面的连续条件和三角函数的正交性得到了分数导数粘弹性土层中单桩扭转振动的解,并分析了主要桩土参数对分数导数粘弹性土层中单桩扭转复刚度的影响。研究表明:分数导数的阶数对桩顶复刚度的影响很小,而土体的本构模型参数、桩土模量比和桩的长径比对桩顶复刚度的影响较大。     

沥青混合料分数导数粘弹性本构关系研究

从分数阶导数的定义出发,提出采用分数阶微积分来描述沥青混合料的分数阶导数型粘弹性本构关系这一独特的新思路。通过对沥青混合料进行SPT动态模量试验测出沥青混合料的动态模量和相位角,并对试验结果分别采用经典Kelvin模型、Maxwell模型和三元件固体模型进行拟合。结果表明,经典粘弹性本构模型的拟合效果较差,不适宜用来模拟沥青混合料的动态粘弹性能。鉴于目前的本构关系不能很好的表证沥青混合料的动态粘弹性能,采用分数导数三元件固体模型对沥青混合料动态粘弹性进行研究,并对拟合效果进行分析。分数导数三元件固体模型的拟合效果较好,且确定模型实验参数少,得到的拟合参数具有一定的物理意义．分数导数的阶数α与相位角的相关性较好,很好的体现沥青混合料的粘弹比例,从而能够精确地描述沥青混合料的动态粘弹性能、     

数值分类在我国昆虫分类工作中的应用

数值分类学是借数值方法根据其性状状态将分类单位归类成类元,其核心就是将所有的分类性状加以等权处理,再以性状间的相似性来进行归类。国际上关于数值分类的工作开始于二十世纪五十年代,并于六十年代初趋于成熟;同时,数值分类学的方法也开始引入我国,七十年代中期数值分类首先应用到微生物和昆虫的分类中。第一篇昆虫数值分类的文章是关于蚜虫的研究,随后数值分类的方法被应用到不同类群和阶元的分类研究;进入九十年代以后,一个显著的特点是数值分类的方法与分子生物学密切结合,为昆虫不同的种群和种及种以上阶元在分子水平上精确分类开辟了新的途径。     

垂直U型管地下换热器模型比较

垂直U型管地下换热器性能的预测在地源热泵系统设计中是非常重要的,需要高效率和准确预报传热模型。在此提出了单孔地下换热器准确的一维瞬态数值模型,并给出了两个计算算法,使用任意随时间变化的负荷或输入入口温度,对预测U型管出口温度和土壤温度的两种算法,与一维数值模型进行了比较,在固定和可变负荷情况下分析模型对计算精度的影响,讨论了三个钻孔测试数据,验证数值模型的准确性。得出的初步结论是,一维数值模型相当准确,模拟全年时间约52 s,以60 s一步的时间和空间0.033～0.067 m增量离散格式是可取的。     

地震中柜类家具防倾翻设计

柜类家具在地震中产生震害的危害性大。在我国引起家具震害的中小地震频发,但家具震害的相关研究较少。对柜类家具在地震作用下的摇晃现象进行运动理论分析,运用数值模拟研究方法结合柜体倾翻试验,对影响地震中柜体倾翻的自身因素进行研究,用于后续指导柜类家具的防倾翻设计。结果表明:在相同地震力大小的条件下,柜体倾翻的时间会受到柜体重心深度和高度变化的影响。当地震力大小不足以克服柜脚与地面间的摩擦力时,柜体重心的深度和高度是影响柜体倾翻的主要因素;柜体倾翻时间与柜体重心的深度成正比,与柜体重心的高度成反比;当柜体深高比相同时,倾翻时间与柜体侧面体量成正比;柜体倾翻试验验证了数值模拟研究方法,具有可行性和可靠性,可用于后续柜类家具安全尺寸的设计。     

林分径阶蓄积量与材种出材量测算的研究

研究了林分径阶蓄积量与材种出材量的估测模型,其基本原理是应用相对树高曲线法测定林分径阶蓄积量,应用一致性削度方程法计算径阶单木材种出材率;相对树高曲线法与一致性削度方程法是基于胸径和树高两个测树因子的二元立木材积测定系统,通过建立较完善的数学模型改进计算方法,提高估测效果.     

基于数值流形法在岩土工程中的应用

数值流形方法(N M M)是当前岩体力学与工程界十分关注的一种新的数值方法,其目的是为了解决可同时处理连续与非连续的问题.对该方法近年来在理论研究和应用方面取得的重要进展进行了综述:在理论研究方面,目前已对不同形式物理覆盖流形单元的性能进行了研究,结果表明:流形单元的精度较有限单元高,且提高覆盖函数的阶次能提高单元的精...     

标捕技术在松墨天牛种群扩散格局中的运用

应用标记诱捕技术,按照动态分析方法,系统研究了松墨天牛成虫在林间的种群扩散和消长的动态变化规律,并在求得扩散参数的基础上组建扩散方程。研究结果表明：按扩散速率随释放时间呈指数式下降;扩散密度随距离的增加而减少;其种群平均扩散距离达123.25 m;应用标记诱捕技术监测松墨天牛种群数量动态的变化,方法简单、实用、可行。     

濒危植物连香树种群空间分布格局分析

以空间代替时间的方法调查了喇叭河自然保护区和宝兴县两个地区天然连香树种群,研究了不同群落类型下天然连香树种群空间分布格局。结果表明：2个地区连香树种群分布格局相似,均呈集群分布,但集群程度有差异;在不同发育阶段的连香树种群分布格局方面,幼树的聚集程度较高,从幼树到大树聚集程度有减弱的趋势,即有扩散的趋势,其中幼树到中树的扩散趋势较明显。     

油松毛虫幼虫种群空间格局动态分析

采用扩散型指数法、回归模型分析法、ＦｕｚｚｙＩＳＯＤＡＴＡ聚类分析和二维趋势面分析等方法，对油松毛虫幼虫种群中间格局的动态进行了分析。结果表明：自越冬幼虫上树后直至化蛹期间的中间格局皆属聚集型，种群聚集度系逆密度制约的，表现在时间序列上的总趋势是离心运动（扩散）；幼虫种群空间动态系统可划分为４个阶段（亚系统），与之相对应的种群生物学阶段，分别是越冬幼虫刚刚完成上树期、幼虫稳定取食为害期、迁移扩散期和蛹期；ｍ＊（Ｔ，ｍ）关系的二维趋势面方程对种群空间动态作出了客观的描述。此外，文中应时ｌｗａｏ的准则作了必要的补充，使之更趋完善。     

Diffusion of non-swelling gases through dry conifer wood

Summary The conditions under which mutual, Knudsen and transition-range diffusion occur are described, and the corresponding gaseous diffusion coefficients are stated. The coefficient of hindered diffusion through pit membrane pores is shown to be about one third of the mutual diffusion coefficient and not about one thirtieth as postulated by earlier workers. A new longitudinal diffusion equation is developed, and results of a new gas permeability technique are used to derive coefficients for Picea sitchensis and Abies grandis. Only a small proportion of the tracheids is assumed to be conducting, owing to pit aspiration. About 98% of the resistance to longitudinal diffusion is in the tracheid lumina, 1% in the pit apertures and 0.2% in the pit membrane pores. From similar considerations a new tangential diffusion equation is developed, and coefficients are calculated. Roughly 90% of the resistance to tangential diffusion occurs in the pit apertures, 10% in the pit membrane pores and only 0.3% in the tracheid lumina. The agreement between the theoretical and published experimental values is satisfactory. For tangential diffusion the agreement is closer by an order of magnitude than that obtained by earlier workers. The experimentally determined temperature dependence of the diffusion coefficients is shown to be consistent with the above results. A hindered diffusion coefficient of one thirtieth of the mutual coefficient would lead to a temperature dependence not observed experimentally.     

A new method for nondestructive evaluation of solid wood moisture content based on dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry

This paper presents a new method to determine the moisture content of solid wood based on the principle of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The study investigates the theoretical relationship between X-ray wavelength and mass attenuation coefficients of wood, water, and reference substance. In accordance with this relationship, a theoretically obtained equation is proposed to calculate the moisture content in wood. The proposed equation is compared to experimental results using small blocks of sugi wood, which showed that the change in mass attenuation coefficient of wood with X-ray tube voltage increased with increasing moisture content as expected from the theoretical equation. A regression equation for moisture content estimation was determined based on the experimental results, and the standard error of estimate in the 0–120 % dry-basis moisture content range using the regression equation was determined to be 21.9 % with the most appropriate pair of tube voltages, 15 and 40 kVp. The accuracy of the method will be improved by reducing the duration of X-ray radiography and by increasing the disparity between paired tube voltages. This method has the potential to determine moisture content of solid wood using X-ray without oven-drying or assuming oven-dry density.     

Dependence of the water vapor diffusion coefficient of aspen (Populus spec.) on moisture content

Summary The dependence of the diffusion coefficient of water in aspen (Populus sp.) on moisture content over the range of 0 to 18 percent moisture content at 43 °C was determined. The method requires a series of adsorption experiments and application of a numerical method for solving the diffusion equation with a moisture-content-dependent diffusion coefficient. The diffusion coefficient was found to increase exponentially with moisture content. The numerical method includes variable boundary conditions, as defined by the surface emission coefficient, so that the effect of surface equilibrium moisture content can be examined. The experimental moisture content-time curves can be predicted by the numerical method and showed an average deviation of 0.2 percent moisture content with the largest deviation being 0.7 percent moisture content. Practical implications and uses of the information derived from the numerical method are also discussed.This research was partially funded under the USDA Competitive Grant program     

Determination and use of moisture diffusion coefficient to characterize drying of northern red oak (Quercus rubra)

Summary Diffusion analysis can be used to estimate the time required to dry lumber. However, more accurate calculations require additional information on the relationship between the diffusion coefficient as a function of moisture content and on the effects of temperature, equilibrium moisture content, board thickness, and air velocity on drying time and moisture gradients. The primary objectives of this study were (1) to determine the diffusion coefficient of northern red oak (Quercus rubra) as a function of moisture content and (2) to compare experimentally determined sorption times and moisture content gradients with those calculated by the diffusion model. The diffusion coefficient was found to increase approximately exponentially with moisture content over a range of 6 to 30 percent at 43°C. This relationship was similar in both adsorption and desorption tests. Experimental adsorption and desorption times and desorption moisture content gradients were compared with finite difference solutions to the diffusion equation. Practical uses of solutions to the diffusion equation are illustrated for kiln drying wood that has first been predried to below the fiber saturation point. Drying time is also related to variable kiln conditions and board thickness.This research was partially funded under the U. S. Department of Agriculture Competitive Grant programThe Forest Products Laboratory is maintained in cooperation with the University of Wisconsin. This article was written and prepared by U.S. Government employees on official time     

近红外光谱法测定毛竹综纤维素的含量研究

研究了用近红外光谱(NIR)结合多变量统计分析技术对毛竹综纤维素含量的快速测定。用常规实验室方法测定了54个竹材样品的综纤维素含量,用近红外光谱仪采集相应样品的光谱,对原始光谱进行二阶导数和25点平滑预处理后,从54个竹材样品中挑选41个代表性的样品建模,选择1011~1675nm和1930~2488nm波段区间,用偏最小二乘法(PLS1)和完全交互验证方式建立毛竹综纤维素含量的预测模型。结果表明,毛竹综纤维素含量和近红外光谱之间存在非常好的相关性,预测模型的相关系数(RP)为0.95,预测模型的标准偏差(SEP)为0.76%。     

小型多功用环境清理车的设计初探

针对园林绿化机械＂小型为主,一机多用＂的发展趋势,设计一种小型多功能环境清理车。通过更换相应的工作装置实现草坪切割、清洁、扫雪等功能;并通过设计一种装置解决更换工作装置过程中出现的不便问题,使更换起来更加快捷。主要介绍总体的结构特点及工作原理,并分别介绍各部分工作装置的特点及适用场所。该车具有修剪草坪、清扫草坪垃圾、清扫街道尘土垃圾以及扫除积雪等多种功用,四季通用,小巧玲珑,便于维护,大大提高小型机械的年利用率,且储存起来占用空间少,为城区美化环境带来更多便宜,具有推广应用价值。     

A THEORY OF DETERMINING MASS TRANSFERPARAMETERS FOR WOOD PARTICLE MATERIALS

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