薄壁不锈钢产品拉深过程的分析

比较了不锈钢产品与普通低碳钢产品在拉深过程中的异同,分析了产品成形过程的应力应变状态、现行拉深工艺存在的问题、不锈钢薄板拉深失稳的临界条件以及失稳起皱对拉深件质量和模具的影响和拉深件的残余应力状态.     

浅谈不锈钢在拉深过程中的注意事项

拉深是采用拉深模将平板料加工成开口空心件的冲压工序。通过对不锈钢板料的拉深特点和拉深过程中滑移机理分析,揭示出拉深成形中部分缺陷的根源,进而提出拉深各过程中的保护措施和注意事项。     

木工刀具液压夹紧轴套的研究

本文采用厚壁圆筒及薄壁壳体理论,分析液压夹紧轴套腔体变形,推出了腔体薄壁厚度的计算公式。将有关数据代入计算公式,得出了液压轴套腔体的尺寸参数,研制了三种不同尺寸参数的液压夹紧轴套,并进行了腔体变形测量试验。试验表明,轴套薄壁承载能力到达了设计要求,说明腔体壁厚计算公式是可行的。     

基于多层次灰色评价模型的地下连续墙基础方案优选

采用层次分析法确定了选择地下连续墙基础方案时各项指标的权重,然后应用多层次灰色评价模型对待选择的方案进行了综合评价,并计算出了对应的综合评价值进行排序优选。最后通过实际案例来来进一步阐述了该模型的实际应用情况,以期为类似工程的地下连续墙基础方案比选提供一种解决思路。     

四缸柴油机机体有限元模态分析及测试

建立某柴油发动机机体有限元实体模型,并应用ANSYS软件对该型号柴油发动机机体进行有限元模态分析,得到机体前10阶振型,根据前4阶振型特点设计相应的结构动态特性试验测试方案进行机体的动态性能测试。结果表明,试验值和有限元分析值能够很好吻合,有限元模型具有较高的精度。采用的计算方案能合理地反映机体振动,具有实用价值。     

成形堆焊技术在压力容器制造中的应用

在压力容器制造中，按传统的生产方法，许多受压部件需选用大型锻件制造，其中高颈异形法兰采用锻造法制造最普遍。为提高产品质量，缩短生产周期并降低制造成本，我们采用成形堆焊技术制造堆焊法兰毛坯来替代大型锻件，已取得成功经验。１成形堆焊技术成形堆焊技术通常采用高熔敷率的焊接方法，如电渣焊和埋弧焊等，在水冷底模或衬筒上堆焊出形状尺寸符合设计要求的圆筒、锥形筒或其他异形件。堆焊方法的选择主要根据对成形件机械性能的要求、形状和尺寸以及工厂热处理设备条件。如采用电渣成形堆焊法，则堆焊后必须采取高温正火热处理，以…     

基于多指标的沥青混合料均匀性评价方法研究

针对目前沥青混合料均匀性定义不清、评价指标不健全和均匀等级划分存在的问题,利用规范对物质均匀性的定义和材料力学对物质均匀性的假设,将沥青混合料定义为组分均匀、质量分布均匀和刚度均匀,建立了沥青混合料均匀性多指标评价模型,给出了沥青混合料均匀性计算方法和均匀性等级划分依据。开展了AC-13级配的沥青混合料均匀性实验,测试了沥青混合料的各体单元的毛体积相对密度、弹性模量特征值和沥青含量,研究了沥青混合料均匀性,并与传统均匀性评价进行对比分析。结果表明:基于多指标的沥青混合料均匀性评价方法增加了沥青混合料的组成成分和力学性能指标,评价结果更加客观和准确,AC-13级配的沥青混合料的综合均匀指数为0.896,属于中度均匀;采用传统均匀性方法评价,沥青混合料的压实度和密度变异系数很小,均匀性很好,但合格率仅为63.2%。     

基于家具试验的有限元模型建立与优化

测定了梓木的力学性能参数,在此基础上运用有限元软件ABAQUS对梓木材料直榫接合式座椅进行装配体有限元静载分析。结合椅子靠背位移测定试验结果,对有限元模型进行优化。结论表明:通过对有限元模型的调整和优化,有限元分析的精度满足设计使用需求。     

信息技术企业与传统企业财务评价模型分析

根据并采用因子分析和因子还原方法确定各指标的权重,构建了一个IT与传统企业业绩评价的线性模型。通过模型的实际应用实证检验,阐释了IT与传统企业在评价指标的选取和度量上的不同,从而更充分地衡量不同企业的业绩。     

汽车驱动桥壳的有限元动态分析

根据汽车振动及有限元理论,建立了桥壳动态分析的力学模型,在计算机上利用先进的有限元分析软件ANSYS,建立桥壳的有限元动态模型,并进行了有限元的模态分析和瞬时动态分析。在模态分析中,桥壳有限元模型的固有频率及振型的计算结果与试验结果吻合较好;在瞬态分析中,可确定桥壳上各点承受随时间变化载荷的位移及应力等动态响应,从而完善了车桥的有限元动态设计方法。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.