我国乳制品微生物的污染与控制

乳与乳制品以其独特的营养与保健功能受到了消费者的喜爱。近年来结核病、布氏杆菌病等因乳制品引起的人畜共患传染病呈上升趋势．严重危害人民生命健康．造成重大经济损失。目前对所面临的现实的或潜在的乳制品安全问题．应当高度重视．采取积极对策，严肃认真加以解决。为此笔者指出了影响乳及乳制品安全性的相关因素及其危害．探讨了乳及乳制品质量安全的控制措施。     

国际标准化组织(ISO)乳与乳制品标准体系

我国和其他乳类生产、消费大国在乳与乳制品标准的制定和实施方面存在着很大的差距.本文通过收集整理国际标准化组织(international standardization organization,ISO)乳与乳制品相关标准,对ISO乳与乳制品标准体系的构成、现状及特点进行了介绍和剖析,并与我国乳与乳制品标准体系现状进行了对比分析.     

中垦乳业联盟低温乳制品工艺调研与分析

近年来,我国低温乳制品发展迅速,市场需求量不断扩大。原料乳品质及加工工艺对低温乳制品品质影响至关重要,但企业所用低温乳制品原料乳的标准及工艺参数差异较大,对产品的品质影响不一。本文调研了6家中垦乳业联盟单位所生产的主要低温乳制品(巴氏杀菌乳及酸乳)的工艺参数,分析了各因素对低温乳制品品质的影响,提出了低温乳制品标准化工艺参数制定的建议,为制定低温乳制品生产的标准化工艺流程,提升我国低温乳制品品质提供理论依据。     

如何识别乳与乳品的真假伪劣

随着畜牧业的发展,乳与乳制品更多更广地走入人们的生活,学会识别乳与乳制品的真假伪劣是非常必要的。现将几种常见的掺假乳的检验方法和正常乳与乳制品的卫生指标汇总如下,供消费者借鉴。1 正常乳与乳制品的卫生指标(见表1)     

市售乳与乳制品的微生物污染调查与分析

为了了解广州市乳与乳制品的卫生质量状况,本文对市售的3000份乳与乳制品进行了微生物检测,发现液体乳,尤其是巴氏杀菌乳的合格率相对较低,不合格指标主要是菌落总数和大肠菌群数;婴幼儿配方乳粉也存在问题,其主要问题是阪崎肠杆菌和菌落总数超标;而干酪、炼乳、含乳饮料等的合格率较高。由此可见,控制微生物污染问题是确保乳与乳制品质量和安全的关键之一。     

液相色谱‐串联质谱法测定乳与乳制品中激素残留

本文介绍了适用于乳与乳制品中11种激素残留的检测方法。根据乳与乳制品的不同性状,改进了现有的前处理方法,使方法更具体化,提高了检测的回收率。为乳与乳制品中11种激素残留检测提供了一种具有高灵敏度和准确度的方法。     

生鲜乳中芽孢杆菌的危害与控制措施

生鲜乳作为乳制品生产的基本原料,其质量和安全控制尤为重要。芽孢杆菌对乳和乳制品质量安全造成一定隐患。文章综合分析了嗜冷与嗜热芽孢杆菌对生鲜乳的危害及可能作用机制,总结了芽孢杆菌污染生鲜乳的关键源头,探讨了生鲜乳中芽孢杆菌的防控措施。本文对有效控制生鲜乳中的芽孢杆菌提供了理论依据,对全面提升生鲜乳品质具有重要参考意义。     

乳与乳制品中黄曲霉毒素检测研究进展

黄曲霉毒素（aflatoxin，AF）是霉菌产生的毒性极强的次级代谢产物，主要存在于乳与乳制品和霉变谷物中。目前研究较多的黄曲霉毒素有黄曲霉毒素B₁（AFB₁）、AFB₂、AFG₁、AFG₂、AFM₁和AFM₂，黄曲霉毒素物理与化学性质稳定，加热处理很难将其破坏，是目前公认的毒性最强的致癌物之一。黄曲霉毒素不仅会造成动物营养不良及免疫力下降等问题，进入人体后还会对人体的肝脏造成极大的损害，而且原料乳中黄曲霉毒素的存在会对整个乳制品产业链造成严重的危害。因此，建立简便的、特异性好、灵敏度高的检测乳与乳制品中黄曲霉毒素的方法具有十分重要的意义。作者综述了乳与乳制品中黄曲霉毒素的检测方法进展，介绍了国内外近年来质谱法、电化学法、光谱法、色谱法、试纸条法等方法在检测乳与乳制品中黄曲霉毒素的应用，总结以上各种方法在检测乳与乳制品中黄曲霉毒素中的优势与其面临的挑战，并对今后乳与乳制品中黄曲霉毒素检测方法的发展方向进行了展望，以期为设计新的乳与乳制品中黄曲霉毒素检测方法提供思路。     

中华人民共和国国家标准——乳与乳制品卫生标准的分析方法

本标准规定了乳与乳制品中各项卫生指标的分析方法。本标准适用于乳与乳制品中各项卫生指标的分析。     

新疆石河子垦区生鲜乳质量安全监管实践与思考

近年来,乳品安全事件时有发生,乳品安全倍受人们关注,生鲜乳作为乳与乳制品加工的原料,其质量安全直接影响乳与乳制品质量安全。本文从生鲜乳质量安全监管实践,提出提高生鲜乳质量安全的思路,供同行参考。     

Disease and destiny-mystery and mastery

When early people made their appearance, zoonotic infectious diseases were already waiting, but epidemic diseases did not appear in human history until people began to live in large numbers under conditions of close contact, mainly during the last 10,000 years. Disease has decimated urban populations, conquered armies, and disrupted society. The focus here is on (1) the plague of Athens and the Black Death; (2) smallpox, influenza, and rabies; (3) avian influenza prion diseases, and foot & mouth disease; and (4) emerging and re-emerging diseases. All have veterinary public health associations. In Athens, Greece, in 430 BC, when the Spartans ravaged the countryside, hordes crowded into Athens so that orderly movements, space in which to live, and adequate supplies of food became impossible. Crowding of any population fosters disease transmission; chaos and disorder enhance it all the more. Out of northern Egypt came a terrible plague from across the Mediterranean Sea. The identity of the plague of Athens remains unsure, but the well-considered conclusion is Rift Valley Fever, a mosquito borne, viral zoonosis. The Black Death, also called the Plague, raged in Asia for centuries. In 1347, the Black Death was brought by a ship out of Asia to Sicily. The scenes of devastation were repeated throughout Europe, with 90% or more of the people dying in city after city. Influenza, too, has been a cause of periodic human epidemics, but the great pandemic of influenza occurred in the last months of World War I. In the years of highest occurrence, more than half the world's population became clinically infected. If veterinary public health had been born earlier, it could have led to elucidating the epidemiology of influenza and the plagues of Athens, Europe, and Asia. In turn, smallpox had also caused continual tragedy. In 1796, Edward Jenner began to harvest pustules of cowpox from children or infected cows and inject them into susceptible children. In 1980, the World Health Organization declared that smallpox had been eliminated from the world. Rabies, though, still strikes terror. A number of animal diseases, broadly termed emerging and re-emerging diseases, need surveillance because they have the potential to impact human health. From late in 2003 to 2007, the highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus in poultry infected at least 121 people and caused 62 deaths in four countries. The prion diseases, too, all have very high numbers in concentrated contacts. To control these diseases, veterinary public health is essential, with diagnosis, epidemiological surveillance, clinical manifestations, and prevention as primary measures.     

Foot and mouth disease and bluetongue: differences and similarities

On 26th of july 2007 a new case of bluetongue was notified in the Netherlands and on 2nd of august 2007 foot-and-mouth disease was diagnosed in Surrey, England, which raised the threat of having both infections simultaniously in one area. Bluetongue and foot-and-mouth disease have a different pathogenesis, but symptoms may resemble each other at a later stage of infection. The pathogenesis and possible clinical symptoms of both infections are discussed and illustrated with pictures.     

德国荷兰畜禽产品质量安全交流与启示

2018年岁末,笔者有幸赴德国和荷兰,就畜产品质量安全控制及检测技术等进行了短期交流,收获颇丰,现具体介绍如下。一、交流情况德国面积35.73万平方千米,人口约8175.2万,是欧盟人口最多的国家,农业发达,机械化程度很高。德国的畜牧业以猪、牛、羊和禽类为主,畜牧业产值占农业生产总值的61%。德国虽然农业比重很小,但却是有机农业运动最早的发起国,也是目前世界上有机农产品生产与消费大国。     

奶牛肢蹄病及其防治

简介常见奶牛肢蹄病种类及其症状,从日粮营养、运动场地面结构、环境卫生、饲养管理、遗传育种、疾病管理等方面简析奶牛肢蹄病的病因,并提出相应的预防措施。     

畜禽物种多样性及其保护和利用

文章就我国畜禽物种多样性资源的现状、保护和利用等方面进行阐述,为生态脆弱的喀斯特地区畜牧业可持续发展提供参考。     

马的咽气癖及其防制措施研究进展

在动物的异常行为中以刻板行为最为常见,而咽气癖又是马最常见的口部刻板行为之一。作者就咽气癖在生理方面和心智方面对马体产生的影响、行为基础、诱因的研究进展及常见的防治措施进行综述。     

牛羊焦虫病诊断与防治技术

近几年来,辽宁省牛羊饲养业迅速发展,焦虫病的危害越来越明显,已成为危害牛羊的主要疾病之一。为了提高牛羊焦虫病的防治水平,保证我省牛羊饲养业的健康发展,笔者在参阅文献和同行们诊疗经验的基础上,结合自己的治疗实践,详细阐述了我省牛羊焦虫病近几年的流行特点和诊断防治方法。     

国内外蛋氨酸与赖氨酸市场分析与展望

近几年,世界饲用添加剂市场增长较快,预计今后将进一步增长,据世界粮农组织(FAO)首领会议的倡议,到2015年,将使世界营养不良的人口削减一半,其间,肉制品将会以每年2％的速度增长,特别是加快猪肉和禽肉增长。这将促进世界添加剂,尤其是蛋氨酸和赖氨酸需求量的增加。