Development of an Artificial Diet for Effective Oral Delivery of dsRNA to Soybean Pod Borer,Leguminivora glycinivorella (Lepidoptera:Tortrici-dae)

RNA interference (RNAi) technology is a promising crop protection strategy against agricultural pests.The soybean pod borer (SPB),Leguminivora glycinivorella (Mats.),is a serious pest of soybean in northeastern Asia.The neonate larvae of SPB are endophagous,initially feeding on the inner layer of the pod and then on the immature soybean seeds,a behavior that makes them difficult to rear.Therefore,a suitable artificial diet is desirable to facilitate RNAi research.Seven artificial diets and soybean pods were used for rearing SPB neonate larvae.The survival and mean weight of the larvae reared on artificial diet 6 (A6,included 2 g soybean flour and 10 g R3 immature soybean pod powder) were found to be significantly higher than those for larvae reared on all other diets.Subsequently,A6 diet was prepared in DEPC-treated water to obtain a RNase-free artificial diet (RF).The survival and mean weight of the larvae were not significantly different between A6 and RF diets.Feeding neonate larvae with RF-SpbP0 dsRNA (ribosomal protein P0) silenced SpbP0 gene,resulting in arrested development and increased mortality.The results of this study suggested that the newly developed A6 or RF diets could rear SPB neonate larvae and help towards developing an effective method for oral delivery of dsRNA to SPB larvae.     

甘蓝夜蛾人工饲料的研制

本文研究了利用灰菜(ChenopodiumalbumL.)叶粉为主要原料配制的简易人工饲料,连续数代饲养甘蓝夜蛾(MamestrabrassicaeL.),于第四代同天然饲料对照,成虫的生殖力差异不显著。同时饲养了草地螟(Loxosiegeslicticalis),红棕灰夜蛾(Sarcopoliailloba),苜蓿夜蛾(Heliothisdip-sacea),银纹夜蛾(Autographaamuria)和粘虫(Leucaniaseparta)。除粘虫外,其它几种害虫均成功地饲养了二代以上。此配方简单、价廉、易于配制,具有一定的通用性。对昆虫人工饲料的商品化有实用价值。     

人工饲料对棉铃虫生长发育和繁殖力的影响

通过时用烟叶和人工饲料饲养的棉铃虫进行比较,探究人工饲料对棉铃虫生长发育和繁殖力的影响,结果表明,与烟叶饲养的棉铃虫相比,人工饲料饲养1代后,幼虫发育历期由15.24 d缩短为12.45 d,历期的天数也较为集中;蛹重有了显著的增加,由216.69 mg增加到307.33 mg;化蛹率和羽化率都有明显的增加,分别由36.39%,69.47%增加到66%,84.84%;每头雌虫产卵量也有显著的增加,由607.5粒增加到1 174.4粒.但是用人工饲料连续饲养10代后的棉铃虫,蛹重、化蛹率、羽化率和产卵量都有所下降,其中以产卵量下降最为严重,下降到了122.8粒,而幼虫的历期基本上没有变化.说明人工饲料能够满足棉铃虫生长发育的需要,但是如果长期使用人工饲料饲养会出现种群退化的现象.     

草间小黑蛛人工饲料研制方法的新突破(英文)

[目的]研究草间小黑蛛人工饲料的配方,实现其室内快速人工繁殖。[方法]以赵敬钊配制的全营养饲料溶液配方为基础,采用正交分解法,加入不同种类、不同比例的鲜活虫源,研制并筛选出草间小黑蛛能正常、快速生长发育的最佳新型饲料。[结果]最适合草间小黑蛛生长发育的饲料配方为:鸡蛋10ml,蜂蜜2g,蔗糖2g,复合维生素B1适量,维生素C1适量,水10ml,大青叶蝉5g,玉米粉适量。[结论]新型饲料的研制将为草间小黑蛛室内大规模扩繁提供物质前提。     

人工饲养的红脉穗螟繁殖扁股小蜂的研究

以人工饲料饲养的红脉穗螟为寄主,室内繁殖扁股小蜂,观察扁股小蜂寄生和繁殖能力,评价人工大量繁殖的可行性。结果表明,人工饲料饲养的红脉穗螟幼虫发育速度、幼虫平均存活率、成虫羽化率、单雌平均产卵量及卵孵化率均达到或优于天然饲料,可替代天然饲料大量饲养寄主。在人工繁殖条件下寄主被寄生率达97.19%。在26.0±0.5℃时,扁股小蜂完成一个世代仅需约13 d,成蜂产卵率达95.05%,单雌平均产卵量为35.25粒。2日龄蜂蛹在8.0±0.5℃条件下贮藏2周,其羽化率为91.57%,产卵量为30.74粒,成虫寿命为11.05 d。可实现扁股小蜂的人工大量繁殖。     

梨小食心虫人工饲养技术研究

为发展一个利用人工饲料在实验室条件下进行规模化、标准化饲养梨小食心虫的技术,在T=24±l℃,RH=(60±10)％,L∶D=16∶8 h的人工气候箱中,分别用人工饲料和苹果饲养梨小食心虫,对梨小食心虫的生命参数、饲养方法和条件进行研究.结果表明,用以玉米粉、小麦胚芽粉、啤酒酵母为主要原料,配以琼脂、抗坏血酸、苯甲酸、...     

茶蚕人工饲料的研究初报

本文报道茶蚕ＡｎｄｒａｃａｂｉｐｕｎｃｔａｔａＷａｌｋｅｒ的两种人工饲料。在室内用人工饲料饲养一代茶蚕，幼虫存活率在７０％以上，蛹死亡率在５０％以下。人工饲料取材容易、制作方便、成本较低。     

人工饲料对柑橘大实蝇成虫寿命和繁殖特性的影响

为了明确柑橘大实蝇[ Bactrocera minax (Enderlein)]成虫人工饲养的最适配方,室内条件下测定了蜂蜜水、糖醋液、啤酒酵母蔗糖水以及蛋白胨蔗糖水等4种人工饲料对柑橘大实蝇成虫寿命、交配次数及产卵量的影响.结果表明,4种人工饲料均能满足柑橘大实蝇成虫存活和繁殖的营养需求.以4种人工饲料饲喂的成虫可存活23～45 d,期间交配3～5次,且4种配方间没有显著差异;研究还显示,以蛋白胨蔗糖水喂食的成虫单雌产卵量最高,约为20粒,与其他3种配方间具有明显差异.研究结果可为柑橘大实蝇基础生物学特性和可持续治理技术提供参考.     

马拉硫磷对连续5代亚洲玉米螟生殖力的影响

为测定低致死剂量杀虫剂对亚洲玉米螟连续世代生殖力的影响,连续5个世代用低致死剂量(LD30)的马拉硫磷点滴于亚洲玉米螟3龄幼虫胸部背面.当存活下来的幼虫经生长发育为成虫,研究亚洲玉米螟存活成蛾的交配成功率、产卵量、卵孵化率.结果表明:马拉硫磷对亚洲玉米螟交配率有显著抑制作用,但随着代数的增加, 雌、雄蛾的交配能力有一定恢复;无论是雌、雄单方还是双方受到药剂处理,都能使亚洲玉米螟雌蛾的产卵量显著下降,卵块的孵化率亦有所降低.     

人工饲料对大草蛉生长发育和繁殖力的影响

【目的】研究应用米蛾卵和以黄粉虫蛋白为主要成分的人工饲料对大草蛉的饲养效果。【方法】用米蛾卵饲喂大草蛉幼虫,用基于黄粉虫蛋白的人工饲料饲养成虫,记录相关生物学参数,以米蛾卵和大豆蚜分别饲喂大草蛉幼虫至成虫为对照。【结果】米蛾卵饲喂大草蛉效果良好,茧的大小、成虫体长、结茧率、羽化率、成虫获得率、卵孵化率、成虫寿命和总产卵量均和对照无显著差异,但幼虫发育历期、茧的发育历期和产卵前期延长,发育整齐度稍下降。以人工饲料饲养的大草蛉成虫寿命、成虫产卵前期和产卵天数明显延长,卵孵化率明显上升。但是成虫存活率,雌虫产卵率显著下降,总产卵量略有降低。【结论】米蛾卵可以作为实验室繁殖大草蛉的人工饲料,以黄粉虫为主要成分的大草蛉成虫人工饲料具有开发价值。     

棉红铃虫人工饲料饲养技术

设计了4种饲料配方饲养红铃虫.结果表明.以取食A、B配方的红铃虫幼虫成活率最高,分别为65.0%和68.1%;取食A配方的幼虫期最短,为18.57 d,平均蛹重18.7 mg,与红铃虫田间种群及Adkisson饲养的蛹重差别不大,可以满足室内试验需要;经过连续4代饲养后,含麦胚的饲料配方可以使幼虫期稳定在19 d左右、蛹重稳定在18mg以上,是目前能够稳定人工饲养红铃虫的最合适饲料.     

米蛾人工饲料配方筛选

为解决米蛾饲料匮乏和研究基础狭窄的现状,开展了米蛾的人工饲料配方筛选试验。进行了5种不同饲料配方对于米蛾生长以及产卵量的调查。配方E(70%玉米面+20%米糠+7%白砂糖+3%酵母)繁育的米蛾生长周期(35d)明显短于配方A(94%米糠+3%白砂糖+3%酵母)、B(97%米糠+3%白砂糖)、C(100%米糠)和D(70%玉米面+24%米糠+3%白砂糖+3%酵母),平均出蛾数量(4 969只)显著高于配方A、B、C和D;配方E饲喂的雌蛾、雄蛾平均质量分别为40.47和16.70mg,明显高于其它配方。配方E繁育米蛾的产卵量最高(503粒)。筛选出配方E最适合米蛾繁育。     

酪蝇室内饲养技术研究*

 报道了酪蝇的饲养方法，并在室内27 ℃恒温条件下对比研究了火腿、人工饲料和奶酪3种食料对酪蝇幼虫和蛹的存活率、发育历期及蛹重的影响。结果表明，火腿是最适食料，人工饲料次之，奶酪最不适宜。饲养酪蝇时，使其老熟幼虫在软棉布中化蛹，便于蛹的收集。     

不同突变体异色瓢虫取食人工饲料的适合度研究

旨在研究两个稳定遗传的异色瓢虫体色突变体（黑化ML和浅色GR）在取食人工饲料后的生物学表现是否存在差异。以存活率、发育时间、新羽化成虫体质量及繁殖力作为适合度参数来进行评价，并与野生型（WT,对照）进行比较。结果表明：黑化型的异色瓢虫存活率在1龄高达100%，在4龄和蛹期均为77%，显著高于浅色型；此外，黑化型的蛹均能正常羽化，而浅色和野生型的羽化率分别为64.3%和78.8%，且部分新羽化成虫鞘翅畸形。黑化型3龄幼虫（5.5 d）及总发育历期（27.4 d）均显著长于浅色（4.8 d、25.9 d）和野生型（4.9 d、24.5 d），所得新羽化雌雄成虫体质量均显著高于浅色型。3种表型异色瓢虫的日均产卵量和孵化率均无显著性差异。上述结果表明，异色瓢虫黑化突变体幼虫取食人工饲料后的适合度明显优于浅色突变体及野生型。     

维生素A对草鱼幼鱼生长、体成分和转氨酶活性的影响

【目的】研究V_A对草鱼幼鱼生长、体成分和转氨酶活性的影响,以确定草鱼饲料中V_A适宜的添加量。【方法】采用酪蛋白和脱脂豆粕为蛋白源、白糊精为糖源、玉米胚芽油和大豆油为脂肪源的半纯化饲料作为基础饲料,配制V_A水平为0（对照组）,810,1 620,2 520,3 224,3 980,7 950,16 386 IU/kg的8组试验饲料,饲养初始体质量为（10.79±0.52） g的草鱼12周,每组3个重复,每重复40尾,试验结束后测算体质量增长率、特定生长率、饲料系数、鱼体营养成分以及血清中碱性磷酸酶（ALP）、谷丙转氨酶（GPT）和谷草转氨酶（GOT）活性等指标。【结果】对照组的草鱼幼鱼,在试验后期有8.33%出现眼球突出、尾鳍充血的症状,添加V_A试验组的草鱼未出现类似症状;饲料中V_A含量在0～1 620 IU/kg时,体质量增长率随饲料中V_A增加而显著增加（P＜0.05）,饲料中V_A含量>7 950 IU/kg时,体质量增长率显著降低（P＜0.05）;特定生长率的变化趋势与体质量增长率类似,而饲料系数变化趋势与体质量增长率相反;V_A对草鱼成活率和全鱼水分、蛋白质、脂肪、灰分含量无显著性影响（P＞0.05）;饲料中缺乏V_A会显著降低血清中ALP的活性,同时显著提高GPT和GOT的活性（P＜0.05）。【结论】在本试验条件下,饲料中缺乏V_A会引起草鱼幼鱼眼球突出、尾鳍充血和肝功能异常,饲料中添加适量的V_A会促进草鱼的生长,降低饲料系数,但过量的V_A会降低草鱼幼鱼的生长速度。对草鱼体质量增长率与饲料中V_A含量进行折线回归分析,可知草鱼幼鱼获得最佳生长时对V_A的需要量为1 653 IU/kg,同时建议饲料中V_A含量不宜超过7 950 IU/kg。     

斜纹夜蛾的人工饲养技术

介绍了斜纹夜蛾的人工饲养技术,结果表明:室内饲养的斜纹夜蛾平均蛹重达473 mg,幼虫成活率、羽化率均在95%以上。该饲养方法可用于室内大量饲养斜纹夜蛾,但为减少霉菌的污染,应在人工饲料中加入适量的甲醛。     

Susceptibility of Ostrinia furnacalis to Bacillus thuringiensis and Bt Corn Under Long-Term Laboratory Selection

The susceptibility of the Asian corn borer, Ostrinia furnacalis to Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) formulation and Bt corn was evaluated using insect bioassays for 6 years. Four strains of O. furnacalis were developed by laboratory selection from the laboratory strain reared on a non-agar semi-artificial diet. The RR-1 strain was exposed to a commercial formulation of B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki (Btk) incorporated into the artificial diet, the RR-2 strain was exposed to Bt corn (MON810)tissue incorporated into the diet, and the SS-1 and SS-2 strains were reared on the standard diet with or without non-Bt corn tissues material. Decreasing susceptibility of O. furnacalis to Bt and to Bt corn were found in each selected strain although the ED50 and larval weight fluctuated from generation to generation. The resistance of Bt-exposed strain (RR-1)to Btk increased 48-fold by generation 39; the Bt corn-exposed strain (RR-2) increased its resistance 37-fold to Btk by generation 24. No larvae of SS-1 survived when they were exposed to the leaves of Bt corn, Bt1 1 and MON810. However,2-54% of the RR-1 (generation 46) and RR-2 (generation 20) larvae survived a 3 day-exposure to the leaves of Bt1 1 and MON810. The survival of both selected strains on Bt corn silk increased by 10-69%, and the larval weights after many generations selection were increased by 15-22% compared with the unselected susceptible strain. The young larvae were much more susceptible to Bt than older larvae. The highest mortality occurred when the larvae were exposed to Bt at the neonate stage. All of the results suggested that ACB could not only develop resistance to Bt preparation but also to Bt corn. Bt had significant effects on the growth and development of Asian corn borer than on the larval mortality. In order to maintain the long-term effectiveness of Bt pesticide and Bt corn, the resistance management should pay much attention to the larvae that may have opportunities to grow and developed on non-Bt corn or alternate hosts before they attack the Bt corn plants and the survival of larvae after Bt application.     

Rapid response to selection for a nondiapausing gypsy moth

By genetic selection a gypsy moth strain was obtained within eight generations that could be reared continuously in the insectary without its normal "obligatory" diapause. This strain should be useful for making physiological and genetical comparisons with normal diapausing gypsy moths. It could also be used in a genetic control program. However, caution should be exercised, for its release could create a new environmental hazard.     

Infiltration of a Hawaiian community by introduced biological control agents

To examine the community-wide effects of introduced biocontrol agents on Kauai Island, Hawaii, we constructed quantitative food webs showing interactions among plants, moths, and moth parasitoids in a native forest. Eighty-three percent of parasitoids reared from native moths were biological control agents, 14% were accidental immigrants, and 3% were native species. Although parasitism by biological control agents reached 28% in some species of moth, all biocontrol agents reared had been released before 1945. This study highlights the importance of considering the potential damage caused by an introduced control agent, in addition to that caused by the target alien species.     

向日葵螟幼虫人工饲养技术初探

本文初步研究了利用人工饲料及茼蒿(Chrysanthemum coronarium Mill.)饲养向日葵螟(Homoeosoma nebulel-lum)幼虫的方法,结果表明:在人工饲料、管状小花开花50%及100%的茼蒿花头三种不同的基质饲养葵螟幼虫,其幼虫存活率、化蛹率及成虫羽化率基本一致,均可正常发育;开花50%和100%的茼蒿花头,一龄幼虫都可钻蛀危害,可以利用茼蒿花头在室内饲养葵螟幼虫。