几种小麦族禾草及其杂交后代基因组DNA的RAPD研究

应用随机扩增多态性ＤＮＡ（ＲＡＰＤ）技术分析蒙古冰草、航道冰草及其种间杂种Ｆ、ＢＣ１代和加拿大披碱草、野大麦及其属间杂种Ｆ１代的基因组ＤＮＡ差异性。筛选出能检测咯亲本及杂交后代间遗传差宜引物；从ＤＮＡ分子水平验证出亲本加拿大坡碱草和野大麦两属间经亲本蒙古冰草、航道冰草二种间的亲缘关系远；杂种Ｆ１代的ＲＡＰＤ图谱有明显偏母本的倾向，随机扩增多态性ＤＮＡ技术可用于牧草远缘杂种鉴定及遗传育种研究。     

蒙古冰草与航道冰草正反交杂种染色体加倍植株F_2的ISSR分析

利用ISSR分子标记技术对蒙古冰草与航道冰草正反交杂种染色体加倍植株F2代间及其与亲本和杂种F1代间在DNA分子水平上的遗传差异性进行分析,结果表明:12个ISSR适宜引物共扩增出515个条带,多态性条带492个,多态性条带百分率为95.3%。6个供试材料间的遗传距离(GD)变幅为0.4094~0.6721,平均为0.5391,亲本航道冰草与蒙古冰草间、航道冰草与正反交杂种染色体加倍植株F2间的遗传距离较大,正反交F1间的遗传距离次之,正反交杂种染色体加倍植株F2间的遗传距离相对较小。以GD值0.51为基准,6个材料聚为3类:第一类为蒙古冰草、反交杂种F1,第二类为正交杂种F1、正反交杂种加倍植株F2,第三类为航道冰草。     

硬秆仲彬草杂种后代减数分裂的观察

硬秆仲彬草〔Ｋｅｎｇｙｉｌｉａｒｉｇｉｄｕｌａ（ｋｅｎｇ）Ｊ．Ｌ．Ｙａｎｇ,ＹｅｎｅｔＢａｕｍ〕是分布于我国西部的一种多年生六倍体植物。将其与犬草〔Ｅｌｙｍｕｓｃａｎｉｎｕｓ（Ｌ．）Ｌ．,２ｎ＝２８,ＳＳＨＨ〕、鹅观草（ＲｏｅｇｎｅｒｉａｋａｍｏｊｉＯｈｗｉ,２ｎ＝４２,ＳＳＨＨＹＹ）、糙毛仲彬草〔Ｋ．ｈｉｒｓｕｔａ（Ｋｅｎｇ）Ｊ．Ｌ．Ｙａｎｇ,ＹｅｎｅｔＢａｕｍ,２ｎ＝４２,ＰＰＳＳＹＹ〕３个种进行了杂交,对亲本及杂种Ｆ１代花粉母细胞减数分裂中期Ⅰ染色体配对行为进行了观察。减数分裂平均构型分别为：Ｅ．ｃａｎｉｎｕｓ×Ｋ．ｒｉｇｉｄｕｌａ２４．０８Ⅰ＋５．２８Ⅱ＋０．１２Ⅲ;Ｒ．ｋａｍｏｊｉ×Ｋ．ｒｉｇｉｄｕｌａ１７．２２Ⅰ＋１１．８１Ⅱ＋０．２８Ⅲ＋０．０８Ⅳ;Ｋ．ｒｉｇｉｄｕｌａ×Ｋ．ｈｉｒｓｕｔａ４．３２Ⅰ＋１７．４５Ⅱ＋０．５８Ⅲ＋０．２１Ⅳ＋０．０４Ⅴ。根据以上结果,结合种的形态特征,硬秆仲彬草从鹅观草属（ＲｏｅｇｎｅｒｉａＣ．Ｋｏｃｈ）拟冰草组（ＰａｒａｇｒｏｐｙｒｏｎＫｅｎｇ）中组合到仲彬草属（ＫｅｎｇｙｉｌｉａＹｅｎｅｔＹａｎｇ）是正确的。     

多花黑麦草×苇状羊茅属间杂种及其后代产草性能及品质的研究

１９９２～１９９３年对多花黑麦草和苇状羊茅属间杂种及其后代的产草性能及品质进行了研究，结果表明：杂种Ｆ１植株生长慢，分蘖力差，鲜草及干物质产量极显著低于多花黑麦草（Ｐ＜０．０１），略高于苇状羊茅。饲草品质介于双亲之间。杂种后代选系８９１、８９２植株生长较快，分蘖力强，产草量最高，越夏前干物质产量分别为８３９９．５５ｋｇ／ｈｍ２和９３４６．２０ｋｇ／ｈｍ２。其饲草品质也较好，粗蛋白含量高，分别为１２．８０％和１３．３４％；酸性洗涤纤维及酸性洗涤木质素含量低。这表明杂种Ｆ１结合有双亲优良的产草性状及品质性状，是极好的育种材料，选系可用于替代生产上栽培的黑麦草。     

冰草组织培养再生体系建立及耐旱转基因研究

本研究以冰草属植物中的4个品种——蒙古冰草新品系(A.mongolicum Keng)、航道冰草(A.cristatum cv.Fairway)、诺丹冰草(A.desertorum cv.Nordan)和一个种间杂种冰草——蒙农杂种冰草(A.cristatum×A.desertorum cv.Hycrest-Mengnong)为材料,分别以幼穗为外植体建立了冰草组织培养再生体系。在此基础上,以调控脯氨酸生物合成最后一步的关键酶的突变体基因P5CS为目标基因,bar基因为筛选标记基因,用基因枪法轰击幼穗诱导的愈伤组织,获得转基因植株。利用PCR方法从拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)基因组DNA中分离得到了CBF4及其启动子,并对CBF4启动子进行了序列分析和初步的功能分析。     

“蒙农杂种”冰草的生物学特性初探

蒙农杂种冰草具有返青早、枯黄晚、青绿期长等特点。本试验通过对蒙农杂种冰草在生长期和果后营养期有无灌溉条件下的抗逆性进行观察研究,结果发现:蒙农杂种冰草具有稳定的抗逆性,且对试验区的环境条件具有较强的适应性,为改善干旱地区草地植被和西部地区生态环境提供优良牧草品种。     

披碱草与野大麦的属间杂交及F1代细胞学分析

本研究用披碱草与野大麦进行远缘杂交，正反交均获得杂交种子及Ｆ１代植株。杂种Ｆ１在芒长和株高分方面介于双亲之间，而穗形外观类似于野大麦。杂种Ｆ１花粉母细胞减数分裂中期Ｉ染色体配对构型频率为：７．９４Ⅰ，１０．９５Ⅱ，１．５２Ⅲ，０．１５Ⅳ，后期Ⅰ，Ⅱ普遍含有落后染色体，染色体桥，染色体不均等不同步分离现象。四分体普遍含有数目不等的微核。杂种Ｆ１代不育。从杂种表现方面分析，Ｆ１代分蘖增多，生长期延长，     

干旱胁迫下蒙农杂种冰草RT-qPCR内参基因的筛选

为了筛选出蒙农杂种冰草基因表达分析研究的最适内参基因,基于前期蒙农杂种冰草转录组数据(NCBI临时登录号：PRJNA777813),以不同干旱胁迫下蒙农杂种冰草茎和叶2个器官为材料,用RT-qPCR技术分析6个候选内参基因(CYP、GAPDH、G6PD、UBQ11、ACT11和TUB4)的表达情况,并利用Ct值和3个软件分析候选内参基因的表达稳定性。Ct值分析结果表明,6个候选内参基因在干旱胁迫下蒙农杂种冰草茎和叶中的Ct值为24～35,表达丰度适中,适合进行下一步筛选。geNorm、NormFinder及ReFinder综合分析后结果表明,GAPDH是干旱胁迫下蒙农杂种冰草不同器官基因表达分析的最佳内参基因,TUB4次之,CYP最差。为了提高准确性,干旱胁迫下蒙农杂种冰草也可同时使用两个内参基因组合,GAPDH和G6PD是最稳定的内参基因组合。     

蒙古冰草与航道冰草正、反交F1及其染色体加倍植株同工酶分析

采用聚丙烯酰胺垂直板电泳技术对蒙古冰草与航道冰草正、反交杂种F1与其染色体加倍植株的POD和EST同工酶酶谱表征进行了分析.结果表明:在分蘖期、抽穗期不同发育阶段,蒙古冰草×航道冰草正交杂种F1、航道冰草×蒙古冰草反交杂种F1及其染色体加倍植株的POD和EST同工酶酶带的数目、位点及强弱均存在一定差异,同工酶酶谱表征可作为正、反交杂种F1与其染色体加倍植株在蛋白质水平相互识别的重要依据;在对不同植物材料鉴定时,从几个不同的生育阶段做同工酶酶谱对比分析,要比单一生育阶段更能反映各材料间酶谱的遗传差异性,提高其鉴定结果的可靠性.     

四倍体杂交冰草新品种——蒙杂冰草1号的选育

将二倍体航道冰草(Agropyron cristatum cv.Fairway)与蒙古冰草(Agropyron mongolicum)进行种间远缘杂交获得的杂交种F1代种子,利用秋水仙碱诱导染色体加倍,通过选育得到四倍体杂交冰草优良新品系SZB-02,经品比、区域和生产试验,历时13年育成四倍体蒙杂冰草1号新品种。该品种为多年生疏丛型禾本科草本植物,须根系、植株生长整齐、叶长披针形、穗型较宽大。蒙杂冰草1号产量较高,年刈割两次的鲜草总产量平均为25 938.35kg·hm-2,干草产量平均为9 552.33kg·hm-2,种子产量平均为802.37kg·hm-2。其开花期粗蛋白质含量高达16.13%,并富含粗脂肪、无氮浸出物、钙和磷等营养成分,营养价值高;草质柔软、叶量大、适口性好,可青饲、放牧、调制干草等;发育前期耐低温能力强,生态适应性广,适宜于在≥10℃有效积温≥2 200℃·d的地区推广种植。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein