The charnockite geotherm

Charnockite, a hypersthene-bearing granite, and other associated rocks of the charnockite series have a global distribution. These rocks, according to evidence from mineral-chemical and experimental phase equilibrium relations, formed or recrystallized at temperatures between 800 degrees and 900 degrees C and at relatively shallow depths of 6 to 12 kilometers. This evidence indicates the existence of geothermal gradients of 70 degrees to 100 degrees C per kilometer probably at various times, the latest being around 1300 x 10(6) years ago.     

Reduction of permeability in granite at elevated temperatures

The addition of hydrothermal fluids to heated, intact granite leads to permeability reductions in the temperature range of 300 degrees to 500 degrees C, with the rate of change generally increasing with increasing temperature. The addition of gouge enhances the rate of permeability reduction because of the greater reactivity of the fine material. Flow rate is initially high in a throughgoing fracture but eventually drops to the level of intact granite. These results support the fault-valve model for the development of mesothermal ore deposits, in which seals are formed at the base of the seismogenic zone of high-angle thrust faults. The lower temperature results yield varying estimates of mineral-sealing rates at shallower depths in fault zones, although they generally support the hypothesis that such seals develop in less time than the recurrence interval for moderate to large earthquakes on the San Andreas fault.     

California earthquakes: why only shallow focus?

Frictional sliding on sawcuts and faults in laboratory samples of granite and gabbro is markedly temperature-dependent. At pressures from 1 to 5 kilobars, stick-slip gave way to stable sliding as temperature was increased from 200 to 500 degrees Celsius. Increased temperature with depth could thus cause the abrupt disappearance of earthquakes noted at shallow depths in California.     

Silicate liquid immiscibility in lunar magmas, evidenced by melt inclusions in lunar rocks

Examination of multiphase melt inclusions in 91 sections of 26 lunar rocks revealed abundant evidence of late-stage immiscibility in all crystalline rock sections and in soil fragments and most breccias. The two individual immiscible silicate melts (now glasses) vary in composition, but are essentially potassic granite and pyroxenite. This immiscibility may be important in the formation of the lunar highlands and tektites. Other inclusions yield the following temperatures at which the several minerals first appear on cooling the original magma: ilmenite (?) liquidus, 1210 degrees C; pyroxene, 1140 degrees C; plagioclase, 1105 degrees C; solidus, 1075 degrees C. The glasses also place some limitations on maximum and minimum cooling rates.     

Antarctic ice sheet: preliminary results of first core hole to bedrock

The Antarctic ice sheet at Byrd Station has been core-drilled to bedrock; the vertical thickness of the ice is 2164 meters. Liquid water-indicative of pressure melting-was encountered at the bed. Heat flow through the base of the ice sheet is estimated at 1.8 microcalories per square centimeter per second. The minimum temperature was -28.8 degrees C at 800 meters; maximum ice density, 0.9206 at 1000 meters. Core studies reveal the existence of a chemically pure, structurally stratified sheet comprising bubbly ice to 900 meters that transforms to bubble-free deformed ice, with substantially vertically orientated c-axis structure, below 1200 meters. Below 1800 meters the deformed ice structure gives way to large annealed crystals. Several thin layers of dirt between 1300 and 1700 meters are tentatively identified as volcanic ash, and horizontally banded debris, including fragments of granite, is present in the basal ice.     

Pressure- induced dehydration reactions and transitions in inorganic hydrates

Application of high pres sure at 250 degrees C irreversibly dehydrated five inorganic compounds containing molecular water to lower hydrates or to anhydrous forms. Compression at 250 degrees C also lead to ten new reversible phase transformations in another group of nine hydrates. Maximum pressure applied was 22.6 kilobars.     

Life at high temperatures

Water environments with temperatures up to and above boiling are commonly found in association with geothermal activity. At temperatures above 60 degrees C, only bacteria are found. Bacteria with temperature optima over the range 65 degrees to 105 degrees C have been obtained in pure culture and are the object of many research projects. The upper temperature limit for life in liquid water has not yet been defined, but is likely to be somewhere between 110 degrees and 200 degrees C, since amino acids and nucleotides are destroyed at temperatures over 200 degrees C. Because bacteria capable of growth at high temperatures are found in many phylogenetic groups, it is likely that the ability to grow at high temperature had a polyphyletic origin. The macromolecules of these organisms are inherently more stable to heat than those of conventional organisms, but only small changes in sequence can lead to increases in thermostability. Because of their unique properties, thermophilic organisms and their enzymes have many potential biotechnological uses, and extensive research on industrial applications is under way.     

Mobile point defects and atomic basis for structural transformations of a crystal surface

Structural transformations on elemental semiconductor surfaces typically occur above several hundred degrees Celsius, and the atomic motions involved are extremely rapid and difficult to observe. However, on the (111) surface of germanium, a few lead atoms catalyze atomic motions so that they can be observed with a tunneling microscope at temperatures below 80 degrees C. Mass transport and structural changes are caused by the creation and propagation of both vacancy-like and interstitial-like point defects within the crystal surface. The availability of dangling bonds on the surface is critical. A detailed atomic model for the observed motions has been developed and is used to explain the structural phase transition Ge(111)-c(2x8) <--> 1x1, which occurs near 300 degrees C.     

花岗岩自然景观评价方法研究

自然地貌景观是园林的重要组成部分,也是构成风景的重要因素。在种类繁多的地貌类型中,花岗岩地貌占有重要地位。本文以泰山、黄山、华山等著名花岗岩风景地貌为实例,在调研、收集国内外花岗岩景观资料的基础上,对花岗岩自然景观评价方法进行了探索性研究,并对花岗岩各类景观类型进行了景观评价和总结。     

岩性对毛竹林土壤硅形态的影响

采取发育于5种不同岩性类型（花岗闪长岩、花岗岩、玄武岩、凝灰岩和页岩）的毛竹Phyllostachys edulis林不同土层（0-20cm和20-40cm）的土样,运用逐级化学提取技术,研究不同岩性条件下发育的土壤中硅的形态以及影响硅转化的因素,为不同岩性类型土壤有效硅调控提供科学参考。结果表明：④不同岩性类型土壤中总二氧化硅质量分数从大到小顺序依次为凝灰岩〉花岗闪长岩〉页岩〉花岗岩〉玄武岩,而且不同岩性之间二氧化硅质量分数差异性较大;②不同岩性类型下发育的毛竹林土壤有效硅质量分数及相对百分比顺序为玄武岩〉花岗岩〉页岩〉花岗闪长岩〉凝灰岩,有效硅主要来源于无定形硅的转化,与土壤中总二氧化硅的质量分数相关性不大;⑧岩性能够影响土壤中总硅数量以及各种硅形态的整体分布。     

北京市花岗岩与白云岩山体植物群落研究

  目的  以北京市花岗岩与白云岩山体为研究地,探究不同基岩条件下植物群落的差异性,为北京市花岗岩与白云岩山体植被修复提供科学依据。  方法  实验分别选择花岗岩与白云岩山体各3座,通过样方调查,从物种构成、生物多样性、海拔梯度特征、相似性系数等方面对两种不同基岩的山体植物群落特征进行分析。  结果  （1）花岗岩山体植被共计188种,隶属61科148属;白云岩山体植被共计95种,隶属38科80属;均以禾本科、蝶形花科、菊科为优势科,是两种基岩山体重要的植物修复种植资源来源。（2）采用对不同生活型分别进行测度的方法,得出北京市两种基岩山体植被之间乔木层、灌木层、草本层的优势种,可作为山体修复的重要材料。（3）对比花岗岩山体内部植物群落特征,发现彼此之间不具有一致性;对比白云岩山体内部植物群落特征,发现具有较高一致性。对比花岗岩、白云岩山体植物群落特征发现具有较高一致性。  结论  不同花岗岩与白云岩山体的植物群落物种在优势科属上具有一致性,是花岗岩与白云岩山体生态修复的重要植物资源。通过比较各山体间的相似性,表明进行花岗岩山体植物修复时不能一概而论,应注意区分不同立地条件;而针对白云岩山体,则可以采用类似的方法和植物种类进行修复。      

Uranium and Lead Isotopic Stability in a Metamict Zircon under Experimental Hydrothermal Conditions

Abstract. Disturbance of the uranium-lead isotopic system in a metamict Ceylon zircon has been produced in a 2 molal NaCI solution at 500 degrees C and 1000 bars fluid pressure. Loss of radiogenic lead to the extent of 61 percent in 13 days was the most significant effect. The experimental results support the episodic rather than continuous lead-loss interpretation of natural zircon systems utilized in geochronology.     

考虑结构面和损伤效应的路堑边坡稳定问题

以花岗岩残积土工程特性研究为基础,从结构面和非应变损伤效应2个方面研究福建省花岗岩路堑边坡稳定问题.将改进简化Bishop法应用于路堑边坡,结合算例,对总应力形式的改进简化Bishop公式进行分析与验证;利用复合体损伤模型和剪切试验统计数据,分析探讨坡体和结构面土体抗剪强度指标的选取,并提出取值建议.研究结果可用于指导工程实践,并为边坡稳定问题的损伤理论研究提供参考.     

供肥模式对永久性菜地豇豆产量和品质的影响

 采用大田小区试验，设不施肥，PK，NK，NP，NPK，鸽粪，NPK+鸽粪，NPK+中微肥等处理，来探讨提高豇豆品质及产量的营养供应模式。结果表明：单独施用鸽粪的纯有机营养模式在两种类型土壤上都能够有效降低豇豆硝酸盐含量，且有较高的豇豆V_C累积水平，可有效改善豇豆营养品质。与NPK+鸽粪处理的有机无机结合营养模式类似，采用NPK+中微肥的纯化学态养分平衡供肥模式，在两种类型土壤上也有提高豇豆V_C含量的明显效果，因而也改善了豇豆营养品质，且在砂质土上增产效应突出，对豇豆优质稳产高产亦有重要作用。     

两种不同土壤上镁和微肥对豇豆营养品质和产量的影响

分别在花岗岩细砂土和花岗岩粉壤土上，采用大田小区试验研究镁和微肥对豇豆品质及产量的影响。结果表明：(1)在花岗岩细砂土上，单施Mg、B、Mo、Cu、Si及混施Mg、B、Mo、Cu对豇豆都有较好的增产效果，比对照增产10％～60％，而在花岗岩粉壤土上效果不明显；(2)与对照比较，在花岗岩细砂土上单施Mg、B、Mo、Cu、Si对降低豇豆硝酸盐含量有明显效果，其中，单施Cu和Mo的处理作用相对突出，硝酸盐含量比对照低30％和21％，但在花岗岩粉壤土上未降低豇豆硝酸盐含量；(3)细砂土上施镁和微肥有提高豇豆维生素C含量的趋势，且未降低豇豆水溶性糖含量，说明对提高豇豆品质及产量有重要作用；单施B、Cu、Mo、Si等微肥也提高了花岗岩粉壤土上的豇豆水溶性糖含量，但总体而言，粉壤土上镁和微肥的肥效相对较差。     

湘东丘陵4种林地深层土壤颗粒有机碳及其组分的分配特征

选取湘东丘陵区4种典型母质发育的林地土壤(花岗岩红壤、板岩红壤、第四纪红土红壤、酸性紫色土),分层次采集土壤剖面样品,采用物理分组方法,研究深层土壤颗粒有机碳(POC)及其组分(粗颗粒有机碳CPOC、细颗粒有机碳FPOC)的数量分布和分配比例,探讨POC及其组分与土壤有机碳、质地的关系。结果表明,4种土壤剖面POC储量介于2.63-11.59 t/hm2,以花岗岩红壤最高,其次为板岩红壤,第四纪红土红壤和酸性紫色土相对最低。4种土壤POC占SOC的比例(POC/SOC)介于1.5%-13.9%,花岗岩红壤POC/SOC随剖面加深而升高,板岩红壤和第四纪红土红壤则降低,紫色土POC/SOC在40-60 cm土层达到最大值后迅速降低。在40 cm以下的深层土壤中,花岗岩红壤和紫色土保存有数量可观、比例更高的POC。第四纪红土红壤POC储量相对较少、POC/SOC也在表土层较高。花岗岩红壤POC中以CPOC为主,而紫色土以FPOC为主,板岩红壤和第四纪红土红壤中CPOC和FPOC比例接近。所选4种土壤POC组分中,FPOC数量更能代表SOC数量的变化。SOC储量和质地是影响不同母质土壤POC及其组分分配差异的重要因素,在林地开发利用中也应重视深层土壤(40 cm)中储藏的活性碳组分。     

湘南红壤区三种土壤水热状况的研究

 对同一地形和同一气候条件下湘南三种典型红壤的水热状况及它们的持水和渗透性质进行了研究。这三种土壤是：花岗岩母质发育的红壤、第四纪红土发育的红壤和紫色土。试验结果表明：第四纪红土发育的红壤持水性好，团聚度高，整个土体水分含量高，然而水分有效性低，渗透性好；花岗岩母质红壤则相反；紫色土则由于含有较多的块状物，因此渗透性也比较好。三种土壤的热量状况有很大的区别，紫色土在整个测定期间始终保持着较高的温度，而且温度的变幅大，花岗岩母质红壤的土体温度是三种土壤中最低的。植被影响土壤的水热状况，而水热状况又反过来影响作物的生长。     

铅在石灰性褐土中的淋溶转化研究

以石灰性褐土为供试土壤,采用室内模拟降雨淋溶土柱的方法,研究了相当于山西省太谷县平均年降水量条件下,铅在土壤垂直方向上迁移转化规律。结果表明:不同肥力土壤中的铅在0～20cm土层中均有不同程度的迁移转化,肥力不同的土壤迁移转化的规律不同。淋溶后高肥力的土壤可促使其他形态的铅向铁锰氧化物结合态、残渣态铅转化,降低了铅的有效性。为探讨铅在土壤生态系统中的循环特征及污染土壤的改良和修复利用提供理论依据。     

Ionium dating of igneous rocks

Local fractionation of uranium and thorium, between minerals within a sample of igneous rock at the time of crystallization, makes it possible to date its solidification by use of ionium and uranium. Results on samples of granite, pumice, and lava suggest that this method of dating is reliable.