REEs示踪技术在土壤侵蚀研究中的应用

近年来,随着示踪技术在土壤侵蚀研究中的广泛应用,稀土元素示踪技术(REEs Tracer Method)已被公认为理想的土壤侵蚀示踪法。与传统的研究方法相比较,REEs示踪技术能够定量监测坡面侵蚀形态的时空演变过程,分析坡面侵蚀分布规律。同时,REEs示踪技术也为确定泥沙来源、评估土壤侵蚀与泥沙治理措施提供了帮助。分析了REEs示踪技术在土壤侵蚀研究中的可行性以及取得的成果,并对其在土壤侵蚀研究中的不足进行分析。     

Thermogenic gas hydrates in the gulf of Mexico

Thermogenic gas hydrates were recovered from the upper few meters of bottom sediments in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico. The hydrates were associated with oil-stained cores at a water depth of 530 meters. The hydrates apparently occur sporadically in seismic "wipeout" zones of sediments in a region of the Gulf continental slope at least several hundred square kilometers in area.     

Age and evolution of the Grand Canyon revealed by U-Pb dating of water table-type speleothems

The age and evolution of the Grand Canyon have been subjects of great interest and debate since its discovery. We found that cave mammillaries (water table indicator speleothems) from nine sites in the Grand Canyon showed uranium-lead dating evidence for an old western Grand Canyon on the assumption that groundwater table decline rates are equivalent to incision rates. Samples in the western Grand Canyon yielded apparent water table decline rates of 55 to 123 meters per million years over the past 17 million years, in contrast to eastern Grand Canyon samples that yielded much faster rates (166 to 411 meters per million years). Chronology and inferred incision data indicate that the Grand Canyon evolved via headward erosion from west to east, together with late-stage ( approximately 3.7 million years ago) accelerated incision in the eastern block.     

Exposure of basement rock on the continental slope of the bering sea

Profiles of repetitive seismnic reflections reveal that the Bering con tinental slope, outer shelf, and rise overlay an acoustically reflective "basement" which extends at least 750 kilometers parallel to the trend of the slope. This acoustic basement is usually covered by several hundred meters of stratified sediments at the top and bottom of the slope; however, it is exposed in sub marine canyons and flanking spurs along the main part of the slope for a distance of at least 550 kilometers northwest of the Pribilof Islands. The lithologic composition and the age of the rocks of the acoustic basement are not known. However, its probable seismic velocity of 3.1 to 3.7 kilometers per second suggests that it is composed of volcanic rocks or lithified sedimentary rocks or both. The regional geology suggests that the acoustic basement is the upper surface of folded late Mesozoic rocks which were locally intruded by granite and serpentine. The structure of the Bering slope, as deduced from the acoustic profiles, suggests that the surface of the basement has been monoclinically flexed and faulted between the shelf edge and the deep Aleutian Basin.     

Deep-Sea Benthic Community Respiration: An in situ Study at 1850 Meters

The in situ oxygen uptake of sediments at 1850 meters on the continental slope south of New England is two orders of magnitude less than the uptake of sediments from shallow shelf depths. After treatment of the sediments with Formalin there was no measurable chemical oxygen uptake, which shows that the total uptake is biological (community respiration).     

恩施大峡谷生态旅游SWOT分析及对策

通过旅游地SWOT分析法,将恩施大峡谷生态旅游环境和资源规划与开发的内部优势和劣势、外部环境带来的机遇与挑战等因素通过调查研究列举,并依照矩阵形式,把各种因素相互匹配进行分析,最后提出可行性生态旅游发展战略。     

Manganese flux from continental margin sediments in a transect through the oxygen minimum

The flux of manganese from continental margin sediments to the ocean was measured with a free-vehicle, benthic flux chamber in a transect across the continental shelf and upper slope of the California margin. The highest fluxes were observed on the shallow continental shelf. Manganese flux decreased linearly with bottom water oxygen concentration, and the lowest fluxes occurred in the oxygen minimum zone (at a depth of 600 to 1000 meters). Although the flux of manganese from continental shelf sediments can account for the elevated concentrations observed in shallow, coastal waters, the flux from sediments that intersect the oxygen minimum cannot produce the subsurface concentration maximum of dissolved manganese that is observed in the Pacific Ocean.     

以色列“进化峡谷”野生二棱大麦种子休眠与幼苗抗旱研究(英文)

野生二棱大麦是栽培大麦的祖先。广泛分布于"新月沃地"及中东地中海气候地区的野生二棱大麦有深度休眠和幼苗抗旱的重要特性。以色列"进化峡谷"是模拟研究非洲和欧洲不同生境生物进化与多样性的天然实验室。通过对"进化峡谷"3个微环境的野生二棱大麦种子休眠和幼苗抗旱的研究表明,起源于峡谷南坡(干热的非洲坡)大麦种子休眠深度大于北坡(冷湿的欧洲坡),峡谷底部居中;而对于幼苗抗旱力则恰好相反,北坡大于南坡,底部仍居中。大麦种子休眠深度与幼苗抗旱力呈正相关。结果分析显示,微环境在野生二棱大麦种子休眠和幼苗抗旱特性的自然选择与进化中起明显的决定作用,这两个特性在"进化峡谷"并未受物种内部迁移的影响,而与以色列相应区域有一致的表现。     

马克思卡夫丁峡谷思想对发展民营经济的启示

马克思根据俄国农村公社的特殊属性，提出经济文化比较落后国家可能跨越资本主义的卡夫丁.峡谷这种思想。这种跨越，既要求体现在制度层面上，也要求体现在生产力层面上。我国正处在并将长期处在社会主义初级阶段，目前人力发展民营经济，是实现在生产力层而上这种跨越的主要途径，而民营经济本身所具有的两重性，则是能够实现这种跨越的直接原因。     

U.s. Geological survey core drilling on the atlantic shelf

The first broad program of scientific shallow drilling on the U.S. Atlantic continental shelf has delineated rocks of Pleistocene to Late Cretaceous age, including phosphoritic Miocene strata, widespread Eocene carbonate deposits that serve as reflective seismic markers, and several regional unconformities. Two sites, off Maryland and New Jersey, showed light hydrocarbon gases having affinity to mature petroleum. Pore fluid studies showed that relatively fresh to brackish water occurs beneath much of the Atlantic continental shelf, whereas increases in salinity off Georgla and beneath the Florida-Hatteras slope suggest buried evaporitic strata. The sediment cores showed engineering properties that range from good foundation strength to a potential for severe loss of strength through interaction between sediments and man-made structures.     

River delta morphology: wave climate and the role of the subaqueous proffile

Application of a comprehensive wave climate program to seven major deltas indicates that deltaic configurations and coastal landform combinations depend to a considerable degree on the wave power adjacent to the shore and on the river discharge relative to wave forces. Nearshore wave power is not correlative with deepwater wave power but, owing to frictional attenuation, is a function of the subaqueous slope. The subaqueous slope, in turn, depends partially on the slope and width of the continental shelf but primarily on the rate at which the river can supply sediments to the nearshore zone. River-dominated configurations result only when the river is able to build flat offshore profiles, which reduce nearshore wave power; where the subaqueous slope is steep, waves reach the shore comparatively undiminished and wave-built forms prevail.     

Age and diet of fossil california condors in grand canyon, Arizona

A dozen new radiocarbon dates, together with a thorough review of its fossil distribution, shed new light on the time and probable cause of extinction of the California condor, Gymnogyps californianus, in Grand Canyon, Arizona. The radiocarbon data indicate that this species became extinct in Grand Canyon, and other parts of the inland West, more than 10,000 years ago in coincidence with the extinction of megafauna (proboscidians, edentates, perissodactyls). That condors relied on the megafauna for food is suggested by the recovery of food bones from a late Pleistocene nest cave in Grand Canyon. These fossil data have relevance to proposed release and recovery programs of the present endangered population of California condors.     

Chitinozoans from the late precambrian chuar group of the grand canyon, Arizona

Carbonaceous shales of the late Precambrian Chuar Group of the Grand Canyon, Arizona, contain abundant and well-preserved chitinozoans. The occurrence of these distinctive, tear- and flask-shaped microfossils, the oldest chitinozoans now known and the first to be reported from the Precambrian, seems to suggest that heterotrophic protists (or primitive metaozoans) were extant at least as early as about 750 +/- 100 million years ago.     

Cross-shelf sediment transport by an anticyclonic eddy off northern california

A combination of satellite imagery, shipboard profiles, drifter tracks, and moored current observations reveals that an anticyclonic eddy off the coast of northern California transported plumes of suspended sediments from the continental shelf into the deep ocean. The horizontal scale of the eddy was about 90 kilometers, and the eddy remained over the continental shelf and slope for about 2 months during the summer of 1988. The total mass of sediments transported by the eddy was of order 105 metric tons. Mesoscale eddies are recurrent features in this region and occur frequently in eastern boundary currents. These results provide direct evidence that eddies export sediments from continental shelves.     

云南怒江峡谷的蝴蝶资源

报道云南怒江峡谷的蝴蝶共11科115属225种,同时提出改造怒江峡谷为蝴蝶峡谷,开办蝴蝶牧场,发展蝴蝶贸易,建立科普园地,加强生态环境的恢复和蝶类资源保护等5点建议。     

坡向与坡位对雷竹竹笋产量的影响

采用随机区组试验设计法调查雷竹在不同坡向与坡位的生长情况,共调查45个雷竹标准地,统计结果为出笋数14 625~26 625个/hm2、鲜笋产量1.90~7.11 t/hm2、平均单笋重120.2~298.9 g。通过对比分析,结果表明:坡向和坡位对雷竹的出笋数、鲜笋产量和平均单笋重均有极显著影响,坡向与坡位处理之间交互作用引起的鲜笋产量存在极显著差异。经营雷竹林宜选择东南或西南坡、下坡的组合或南坡、下坡组合为好。本文为雷竹造林时选择适生坡向和坡位提供了参考。     

Recent sedimentation on the new jersey slope and rise

Radiocarbon dating and sedimentological studies of closely spaced cores indicate movement during the Holocene of sediments on the New Jersey continental slope and upper rise between Wilmington and Lindenkohl canyons. The uneven time-stratigraphic thickness of the late Quaternary sediment sections between cores and the nonuniform deposition rate at any given core site and among core sites show that the sediment blanket in canyon and intercanyon areas has been affected by downslope, gravity-driven pocesses during the Holocene to the present. The reduced rate of deposition on the slope and upper rise between the late Pleistocene and the present is largely due to decreased off-shelf transport in response to the eustatic rise in sea level. Very old radiocarbon dates at core tops result from emplacement of older reworked materials from upslope or from truncation of sections by mass wasting processes exposing older material at the sea floor. These processes also account for an irregular sequence of dated sections within cores and stratigraphic irregularities of the surficial cover from core to core. Marked variability in deposition rates on the slope and upper rise is largely a function of topographic configuration, proximity and accessibility to sediment source, and transport processes seaward of the shelf break. Moreover, higher accumulation rates on the upper rise are attributed primarily to slope bypassing. Bypassing, prevalent during the late Pleistocene, has continued periodically to the present.     

UNMINERALIZED FOSSIL BACTERIA

Unmineralized bacterial cells, mostly Micrococcus sp., but including also Streptococcus sp. and Actinomyces sp., were found in enormous numbers in lake beds of the Newark Canyon Formation of Early Cretaceous age, Eureka County, Nevada. The micrococci are black, and have an average diameter about 0.5 micro. Similar black micrococci (0.4 to 0.7 micro) were found in profusion in the bottom mud of Green Lake, New York. About 80 percent of this mud consists of minute idiomorphic calcite crystals and about 20 percent of these contain enormous numbers of the black micrococci. It is suggested that the Early Cretaceous bacterial cells owe their preservation to occlusion in calcite crystals that grew in a black, bacterial mud in a meromictic lake in which part of the Newark Canyon Formation accumulated.     

Overpressure and fluid flow in the new jersey continental slope: implications for slope failure and cold seeps

Miocene through Pleistocene sediments on the New Jersey continental slope (Ocean Drilling Program Site 1073) are undercompacted (porosity between 40 and 65%) to 640 meters below the sea floor, and this is interpreted to record fluid pressures that reach 95% of the lithostatic stress. A two-dimensional model, where rapid Pleistocene sedimentation loads permeable sandy silt of Miocene age, successfully predicts the observed pressures. The model describes how lateral pressure equilibration in permeable beds produces fluid pressures that approach the lithostatic stress where overburden is thin. This transfer of pressure may cause slope failure and drive cold seeps on passive margins around the world.     

Late quaternary zonation of vegetation in the eastern grand canyon

Fossil assemblages from 53 packrat middens indicate which plant species were dominant during the last 24,000 years in the eastern Grand Canyon. Past vegetational patterns show associations that cannot be attributed to simple elevational displacement of the modern zones. A model emphasizing a latitudinal shift of climatic values is proposed.