夏季猪场的降温管理措施

国内大多数地区夏季气温超过30℃,不少地区存在高温高湿或高温干燥的气候特征,给养猪生产带来极大影响,不仅影响种猪的生产性能,而且对保育、育肥猪也有负面影响,因此夏季防暑降温措施不当,同样会造成巨大的浪费和损失。猪场应根据不同地区的气候特点,选择适当的降温方式(包括选址、通风、机械降温等)对猪舍进行降温,并结合本场实际对存在的问题进行纠正。     

夏季猪病多发的原因及防制思路

20 0 3年入夏以来 ,绍兴地区由于持续高温 ,猪病发生又有新的抬头。尤其在规模猪场 ,搞好疫病防制工作是提高养猪经济效益的关键。为开创猪场防疫工作的新局面 ,我们认为必须用现代的科技知识和新的防疫理论取代固有的防治模式和传统经验。1　夏季猪病多发的原因1.1　气候特点　浙江位于东南沿海 ,夏季闷热多雨 ,气温偏高 ,每年 6、7、8月的平均气温在 2 8℃左右 ,最高气温可达 39～ 4 0℃ ,相对湿度在 80 %以上。高温高湿往往会导致猪的不适感明显增加 ,免疫机能下降。1.2　病原微生物　夏季高温高湿环境有利于病原微生物的大量繁殖 ,增加…     

我国部分绒毛用羊场气候及圈舍状况调查报告

1引言 吉林省农业科学院自承担国家绒毛用羊产业技术体系圈舍设计与环境控制岗位科学家研究任务以来,通过近三年的资料收集与现场调查、实验测定,对体系内现有21个综合试验站的基本气候和圈舍状况进行了初步了解,作为阶段性的总结和下一阶段开展工作的参考,形成了此报告. 2气候条件及圈舍状况 2.1 石河子综合试验站建设依托单位为新疆农八师紫泥泉种羊场,位于东经84°58'～86°24',北纬43°26'～45°20.平均海拔高度450.8 m.各地年平均气温6.5～7.2℃,北部地区气温低,南部高.一年中的最高气温出现在7月,平均气温25.1～26.1℃,其中以北地区高于以南地区;最低气温出现在1月.     

老旧蛋鸡舍提升改造与标准化建设

<正>我国是全球鸡蛋第一大生产国和消费国，其鸡蛋产量自1980年起就始终居于世界首位。由于我国地域辽阔，气候类型多样，同时，鸡舍的建筑规划设计也不可避免地受到不同社会发展阶段区域经济和技术条件的限制，蛋鸡舍建筑类型也呈现多样化。随着蛋鸡养殖业的机械化、规模化发展，越来越多的老旧鸡舍因设计陈旧、建筑材料简单而落后于产业发展需求，逐渐湮灭在蛋鸡产业发展的征程中。鸡舍建筑的科学设计与气候密切相关，研究表明，气温的地理分布与季节性变化对畜禽生产具有较大的影响，长江流域以南地区，夏季湿热导致蛋鸡减产15%～30%；长城以北和青藏高原地区，夏季气温适合多种畜禽生长，冬季气温远低于畜禽适宜环境指标，严重影响畜禽生产，甚至造成很大的损失[1]。欧美国家均能根据其各地气候条件差异划定农业建筑气候分区，通过不同气候分区特点，按照制定畜禽舍阻热值推荐指标对畜禽舍建设规划进行设计指导，以满足畜禽生产的需要。     

滇中高原秋冬放蜂的初步认识

滇中高原的晋宁、海口地区的秋冬时节,一般均是晴天。白天气温12℃—17℃,晚上气温2—4℃,风力1—2级,风向以偏东风为多(部份地区间有零星小雨和小雪,但并不影响蜂群的正常繁殖)。     

高温季节怎样保持猪的繁殖性能

近年来,随着全球气候变暖,我省大部分地区夏季出现了持续高温天气,对一些工厂化猪场猪的繁殖性能带来了很大的影响。笔者对我省张掖、临泽、高台、玉门等几个万头工厂化猪场2003年至2005年夏季(6~8月份)猪的繁殖成绩资料进行了调查统计,结果表明,在7月和8月接受交配的母猪中未能分娩的比例较10月至次年5月交配的母猪的分娩率(8%~10%)高出10%。7、9月母猪产道感染引起的高烧无乳发病率明显增多。究其原因主要是该地区此期间太阳辐射强度大,气温高,表现为严重的干热天气。有时日最高气温可达35~36℃,高温时段基本上集中在7月上旬至8月下旬。在…     

黔北岩溶地区紫花苜蓿种植加工利用技术

正桐梓县作为贵州省首批石漠化治理试点县和重点县,从2008年度开始,一直把种植紫花苜蓿作为治理石漠化和养殖牛羊的重要技术手段。现把适合黔北岩溶地区的紫花苜蓿种植、加工、利用技术介绍如下:1岩溶地区气候及土壤的一般特点1.1气候特点黔北地区气候属于亚热带高原季风湿润气候,全年平均气温15.6℃,最高气温38.6℃,最低温度-5.8℃,年平均降水量850~     

夏季养猪七要点

（1）重视猪场绿化工作。猪场绿化可调节和改善场区的小气候环境，降低夏天热辐射，植物的光合作用吸收二氧化碳、释放氧气。据有关专家试验证明：做好猪场绿化工作，使猪场到处绿树成荫，夏天时可降低猪舍环境温度3-4℃，减轻热辐射80％。     

西部地区高温高湿环境适度规模养猪探讨

我国西部地区的高温高湿环境区主要包括重庆、云南、贵州、四川的大部分地区。这些地区由于受到太平洋副热带高压的影响,呈现出雨热同期、高温高湿、冬无严寒、夏有酷暑的气候特点,每年夏季都会出现持续的高温高湿天气,月平均气温在22℃以上,日高气温高于33℃的平均天数在30d以上.     

炎热夏季鸡的饲养管理方法

在许多热带国家，甚至是一些气候温和的地区．夏季气温都会超过40℃，如果对家禽不进行正确管理，就会引起禽蛋产量、繁殖力、孵化率、生长率的下降和高死亡率的发生。这些问题在具有环境调控能力的禽舍里是容易控制的，但是在没有通风渠道或降温湿帘的敞开式禽舍里，炎热气候条件下将会导致严重的产量亏损。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein