国内外禽蛋类产品兽药残留限量标准比对分析

为梳理我国大陆和其他国际组织、国家或地区禽蛋类产品兽药残留的标准体系并寻找差距,文章收集了国际食品法典委员会(CAC)、欧盟、美国、澳大利亚、加拿大、中国大陆和中国台湾地区禽蛋类产品的兽药残留限量标准,并进行比对分析。结果表明:各国际组织、国家和地区禽蛋类产品的兽药残留限量标准在限量指标和限量值上都存在差异和矛盾;中国大陆制定的禽蛋类产品兽药残留限量标准基本可以与国际接轨,但仍存在一定差异。     

欧盟建立动物源性食品中药理活性物质残留限量的程序法规研读

欧盟EC470/2009号条例制定了建立动物源性食品中药理活性物质残留限量的共同体程序,替代EEC2377/90号条例成为欧盟管理兽药残留最核心的一部法规,对欧盟所有成员国有约束力。该法规对食用动物的用药进行严格管理,对动物源性食品中药理活性物质残留建立残留限量或行动参考点进行监控。研读该法规可以了解整个欧盟残留限量管理体系的运行,对我国残留监控工作有一定的启发。     

国际动态

欧盟修订新霉素在动物肝脏和肾脏中的最大残留限量 10月30日,欧盟发布（EU）No1056／2013号委员会实施条例,就新霉素在动物肝脏和肾脏中的最大残留限量修订（EU）No37／2010号法规附录。     

国外科技动态

据悉,欧盟颁布第1815/2001号欧盟委员会法规,对欧盟理事会关于确立动物源性食品中兽药最大残留限量的步骤的第2377/90号法规进行了修改,在该法规的附录一和附录三中增加了三角潮霉素,在附录二中增加了脱水山梨糖醇三油酸酯。其中附录三规定三角潮霉素在鸡的不同器官和组织内的最大残留限量分别为10-50μg/kg。鉴于我国对欧盟禽肉出口刚刚恢复,国内有关部门应对这一新的残留限量标准给予重视,以免对禽肉贸易造成不利影响。本法规将于公布3日后生效,60日后开始实施。 9月27日,欧盟颁布第1879/2001号欧盟委员会法规,对欧盟理事会关于确立动物源性食品中兽药最大残留限量的步骤的第2377/90号法规进行了修改,在该法规的附录     

饲料

<正>欧盟修订饲料添加剂地可喹酯休药期和最大残留限量规定3月22日,欧盟发布No 291/2014号法规,修订地可喹酯的休药期和最大残留限量。根据该法规发布情况,欧盟收到1份申请,请求将饲料添加剂地可喹酯批准的休药期从屠宰前3天降至0天,并且增加其最大残留限量值为1.0、0.8、0.5 mg/kg和1.0 mg/kg。申请者同时提供了相关     

国内外柑桔果实农药最大残留限量标准对比分析

近年来,我国、国际食品法典委员会(CAC)、欧盟、美国及日本等国家、地区和组织先后对柑桔果实农药最大残留限量(MRL)标准进行了更新。现对国内外柑桔果实农药最大残留限量标准进行对比、分析,以期规范柑桔生产与贮运过程中农药及其他化学药品的使用,促进我国柑桔果品的出口。     

牛皮下注射爱普菌素注射剂后组织残留休药期的建立

建立牛肌肉、肝脏、肾脏和脂肪组织中爱普菌素残留的高效液相色谱荧光检测方法（HPLC-FLD）,并用统计学方法计算牛皮下注射爱普菌素后组织残留的休药期。牛组织样品经乙腈提取,过碱性SPE柱。组织样品添加浓度为2～100 ng&#183;g^-1,平均回收率为70.5%～91.2%,变异系数为2.3%～11.5%;方法检测限和定量限分别为1和2 ng&#183;g^-1。18头牛颈部皮下一次性注射爱普菌素注射液（1%）,注射剂量为200μg.kg-1体质量,分别在给药后第1、3、7、14、21、28天各屠宰3头取样,经HPLC-FLD分析。结果表明,皮下单次注射给药后,肌肉中药物残留量（2.1～9.3 ng&#183;g^-1）低于美国规定的残留限量（10 ng&#183;g^-1）;肝脏中药物残留量（29.8～625.1 ng&#183;g^-1）低于美国、欧盟和CAC规定的残留限量（分别为4 800、1 500和2 000 ng&#183;g^-1）;肾脏和脂肪中药物残留量（4.1～112.5ng&#183;g^-1和2.1～96.4 ng&#183;g^-1）都低于欧盟和CAC规定的残留限量（300和250 ng&#183;g^-1）。采用欧盟官方推荐方法对残留浓度-时间数据统计分析,牛肌肉、肝脏、肾脏、脂肪休药期均为0 d。     

庆大霉素在羊体内代谢和残留消除规律研究

为研究庆大霉素在羊体内代谢和残留消除规律,以4 mg/kg肌肉注射硫酸庆大霉素注射液,每日2次,代谢研究连续注射2.5 d,残留消除研究连续注射3 d。按动物试验要求采集肌肉、肝脏、肾脏、脂肪、血液、尿液和粪便,UPLC-MS/MS法测定样品中庆大霉素的残留量。结果显示,庆大霉素在羊体内1 h可到血药峰浓度,尿液中的排泄总量占注射总量的80%左右,粪便中不足0.1%;在肝脏、肾脏、尿液中原型药总量占注射总量90%以上,证明庆大霉素在羊体内不代谢,原型药随尿液排出体外;庆大霉素在肾脏中残留浓度最高且消除时间长,确定肾脏是庆大霉素在羊体内的靶组织,庆大霉素原型药为残留标示物。研究结果可为庆大霉素的安全使用以及正确制订其在羊组织中的最高残留限量标准提供科学依据和建议。     

牦牛主要寄生虫病高效低残留防治技术研究(中)

为制定埃普利诺菌素(EPR)休药期及建立牦牛主要寄生虫病高效低残留防治技术提供科学依据。采用荧光高效液相色谱法(HPLC-FLD)检测埃普利诺菌素(EPR)注射剂在牦牛奶中的残留消除规律。结果表明:给泌乳牦牛皮下注射EPR注射液0.2mg·kg^-1剂量,EPR在牛奶中分布浓度较低,在给药后54.00h,牛奶中的EPR浓度达到峰值7.38±2.61ng·mL^-1,该值低于美国规定的EPR在牛奶中的最高残留限量(12ng·mL^-1)和欧盟及联合国粮食与农业组织(FAO)规定的EPR在牛奶中的最高残留限量(20ng·mL^-1)。给泌乳牦牛皮下注射EPR注射液0.4mg·kg^-1剂量,EPR在牛奶中分布浓度较低,在给药后42.00 h,牛奶中的EPR浓度达到峰值8.42±4.62 ng·mL^-1,最高值低于欧盟和联合国粮食与农业组织(FAO)规定的EPR在牛奶中的最高残留限量(20 ng·mL^-1),略高于美国规定的EPR在牛奶中的最高残留限量(12ng·mL^-1);在给药后56.00 h,牛奶中的EPR浓度达到峰值6.98±2.98 ng·mL^-1,该值低于美国规定的EPR在牛奶中的最高残留限量(12ng·mL^-1)和欧盟及联合国粮食与农业组织(FAO)规定的EPR在牛奶中的最高残留限量(20ng·mL^-1)。国产药物试验组与进口商品化制剂对照组的两种EPR浇泼剂在牦牛血浆中的残留消除规律,分别于1.67±0.2d与1.83±0.61d(Tmax)在血浆中达到最高药物浓度(Cmax)7.88±2.68ng·mL^-1与5.94±2.80ng·mL^-1,两种EPR制剂的生物等效性无显著性差异。国产和进口两种制剂的残留均低于联合国粮食与农业组织(FAO)所规定的最高残留限量(20ng·mL^-1)。研究结果表明,EPR注射剂0.2mg·kg^-1、0.4mg·kg^-1,EPR浇泼剂0.5mg·kg^-1推荐剂量用于泌乳牦牛无需弃奶期,牦牛乳用时无需休药期或建议休药期为1d。为建立牦牛主要寄生虫病高效低残留防治技术提供了依据。     

农业部发布动物性食品中兽药最高残留限量(续)

为加强兽药残留监控工作,保证动物性食品卫生安全,根据《兽药管理条例》规定,农业部组织修订了《动物性食品中兽药最高残留限量》,于2002年12月24日以235号公告发布,请各地遵照执行。自发布之日起,原发布的《动物性食品中兽药最高残留限量》(农牧发[1999]17号)同时废止。附录2　已批准的动物性食品中最高残留限量规定药物名称　　　　　　　　标志残留物　　　　　　　　　动物种类　　　靶组织　　残留限量　　阿灭丁(阿维菌素)ＡｖｅｒｍｅｃｔｉｎＢ1ａ牛(泌乳期禁用)脂肪100Ａｂａｍｅｃｔｉｎ肝100肾50ＡＤＩ:0-2羊(泌乳期禁用)肌…     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -