澜沧江-湄公河林业合作的现状与未来

本文结合联合国可持续发展目标、联合国森林战略规划(2017-2030)、中国"一带一路"倡议与"三亚宣言"等国际背景,介绍了澜湄林业合作机制的产生和发展,通过分析该合作机制的合作重点,对APFNet在该区域开展的主要林业合作进行了简要介绍。最后,从发展目标、基本原则、工作构架、合作方向等几个方面,对澜湄林业合作机制的前景进行了展望。     

云南野生硬核的分类学位置探讨

一百年来,湄公硬核一直作为硬核的变种,命名为Scleropyrum wallichianum var.mekongense,国内大部分专著记录云南野生硬核为湄公硬核,无刺,以区别于原变种硬核(有刺)。2014年对云南野生硬核进行调查,结果表明植株具刺的多少在群体内呈连续性变异。根据植物形态学和植物地理学理论,云南南部澜沧江-湄公河流域(勐腊、景洪、勐海、孟连)的野生硬核等同于海南和广西的野生硬核(Scleropyrum wallichianum)。     

林业可持续发展在国家可持续发展战略中的地位和作用

本文论述了林业经营思想的发展对可持续发展理论形成的影响;林业对农业、水利可持续发展的促进作用;林业在解决荒漠化、贫困、生物多样性减少、自然灾害和温室效应等国际环境问题中的巨大作用,充分体现了林业可持续发展在国家可持续发展战略中的重要地位,并提出了强化林业可持续发展能力的具体措施。     

洪都拉斯林业现状与合作展望

按照服务国家外交、外贸2个大局,我国正在加强实施林业“走出去”战略,寻求多元化的林业国际合作。洪都拉斯位于中美洲北部,水热条件良好,森林资源丰富,是我国在拉美地区开展林业双边合作的潜在国家。文中介绍了洪都拉斯森林资源状况、林业法规政策、林业管理体制、森林经营管理和林产品贸易等现状,归纳了洪都拉斯林业存在的问题,展望了我国林业未来与之在天然林可持续经营、发展人工林、林产品加工和林业扶贫减贫等重点领域的合作前景,以期为我国未来与之开展林业双边合作提供参考,有利于我国在拉美地区树立林业双边合作的样板,提升我国在该地区的形象与影响力。     

我国林业产业化扶贫长效机制研究现状及展望

林业产业化扶贫是践行“绿水青山就是金山银山”理念、可持续发展理念、绿色减贫思想、美丽中国战略与乡村振兴战略的重要途径.目前,我国对于林业产业化扶贫长效机制的研究重点集中在扶贫模式总结、扶贫效果评价以及问题与经验分析等方面.文中通过总结评述既有研究成果,对今后的林业产业化研究进行了展望:1)目前相关研究缺乏对林业产业化参...     

印度林业科技现状与发展趋势

印度政府把林业排在国民经济的第2位,其林业科技政策重视可持续发展目标和社会目标,强调国家机构间的密切合作,鼓励地方更多地参与林业科研和森林的管理和保护。印度制定和实施了以可持续森林管理为主要内容的国家林业行动计划,对森林采取多效益综合经营方式,重点是发展社会林业,其中参与式森林经营方法如联合森林经营,有效地解决了林业发展与当地社会、经济之间的冲突。印度在林业遥感、流域治理、保护区网络、社会林业等研究领域走在发展中国家前列,其林业科学研究注重实用性,在重视基础研究的同时强调开发和推广林业适用技术。印度还积极组织各种社会力量进行林业科技扶贫,提倡产学研结合。今后的林业科技发展将继续重视人工林营造和林产品加工研究,强调开发和推广林业适用技术,并强化森林资源的保护。     

东江流域林业合理结构与布局的研究（上）

为探讨东江流域林业的合理结构与布局,全文分4个大问题进行了论述:(1)森林在流域的综合治理与开发中的作用;(2)东江流域森林的现状和问题;(3)东江流域林业结构与布局的设想;(4)有关东江流域林业发展的政策和建议.     

美国林业税制及借鉴

美国税制中与林业密切相关的税种主要有财产税、收入税、遗产税以及特别分离税,对这些税种的特征、局限性、对林业的影响、以及近年来的修补措施作了较为系统的介绍。认为美国林业税制设计与修改中,坚持林业税制与国家税制演变保持一致,并在构成要素设置中竭力避免税收对林业的负面影响,利用税收工具贯彻林业政策、刺激林业投资的做法值得我们学习借鉴。并在此基础上提出了我国林业税制改革的方向性建议。     

中国林业的跨越式发展与社会林业发展的新机遇

通过对社会林业的概念和内涵以及社会林业在中国的实践中所面临的问题和困难的分析,得出促进社会林业发展的关键是在国家社会、经济、生态发展的大背景下,依靠国家宏观政策的引导和激励.中国林业的跨越式发展为社会林业的发展提供了一个前所未有的发展空间和发展机遇.     

可持续发展及辽洒流域林业生态体系建设

本文对可持续发展和可持续发展的林业的洞革、概念进行了简要论述，并结合辽洒流域实际情况，指出了林业生态体系建设中存在的问题及相应的解决措施。     

Forestry decentralization and poverty alleviation: A review

Forestry decentralization is widely promoted throughout the world tropics as a policy that leads to poverty alleviation. However, there is a dearth of empirical evidence to support this assertion. Depending on the literature, this paper addresses the connection between forestry decentralization and poverty alleviation through applying the arguments of efficiency, accountability, equity and sustainability to forestry sector. The paper concluded that forestry decentralization provides few direct mechanisms for lifting people out of poverty. Proximate causal mechanisms that will lead to direct increase in forest-based income within the context of forest decentralization should not be overlooked.     

中国与韩国森林立法比较

作为成功进行植树造林、迅速实现国土绿化的国家,韩国实现森林生态修复的良好经验和森林管理政策获得世界瞩目。文中对于法律层面的韩国森林立法进行分析,并比较中韩两国森林立法异同。韩国森林立法已构建出较为完善的“基本法+单行法”体系,即以《森林基本法》为基本法、以《森林资源法》等19件专门法律为主干。中韩两国森林立法既体现出差异性,又存在共性。两国森林立法在体系化建设、政府职责、森林功能的规定、森林类别的界定等方面表现出显著不同,而在法律渊源、立法价值取向、林地管制和林木采伐制度、林业规划和经营方案制定等方面则体现出共性。韩国森林立法体系建设对完善我国森林立法具有一定借鉴意义。我国未来的森林立法应加强体系化建设,特别是针对森林旅游、森林康养等领域要增加专门立法。     

Socio-economic factors influencing household dependence on forests and its implication for forest-based climate change interventions§

In most African countries, forest-based climate change intervention initiatives such as nationally appropriate mitigation actions (NAMAs) and national adaptation programmes of action (NAPAs) are widely accepted. This is mainly due to the fact that they are relevant in addressing multiple challenges associated with rural development, mitigation and adaptation to climate change, and sustainable forest management. However, there are concerns about the implications of strategic and practical steps taken in this context on forest-dependent communities. Thus, there is need to reconcile local socio-economic vulnerabilities and forest-based climate change intervention initiatives. In the current study, socio-economic factors influencing households’ dependence on forest resources and associated implications on climate change interventions were investigated. Proportionate stratified random sampling was used to select 366 households from forest-based rural communities in Vhembe District of South Africa. A structured questionnaire was administered to household heads in 21 villages. The Pearson’s chi-square test was used to analyse the factors that influence household dependence on forest. The effects of household socio-economic characteristics on households’ forest dependence influencing factor were determined using the binary logit model. Up to 97% of the respondents depended on the forest resources predominantly because of low costs associated with using them. It was observed that socio-economic characteristics of households such as farm husbandry skills, years of residence (53–65) in the community and age of respondents (≤38–65) significantly (P < 0.05) influenced use of the forest resources. Thus, effectiveness and sustainability of forest-based climate change intervention initiatives can be promoted if the socio-economic conditions prevailing within households in areas next to forests are improved.     

美国林业管理及林业资源保护政策演进分析和启示

美国是世界上林业发达国家之一,林业发展的经验值得借鉴。基于文献资料,首先较为系统地分析了美国林业管理体系,进而分析了林业资源保护政策的演进,最后提出几点结论和启示。结果表明,美国高效精干的服务型林业管理体系和依法护林、治林和管林的林业经营传统值得借鉴。     

Analysis of rural people’s attitude towards the management of tribal forests in South Africa

The management of forests for multiple purposes coupled with a varying socioeconomic profile of forest users can result in attitudinal differences towards forest management. This study examines the attitudes of rural people in South Africa towards the management of tribal forests. Attitude towards forest management was analysed with respect to five forest management objectives: 1, forest management for rural livelihood resilience to climate change; 2, forest management for reduction and management of forest fire risk; 3, forest management for sustainable forest-based livelihood; 4, forest management for household socioeconomic wellbeing; and 5, forest management for community-based climate change adaptation initiative. A household questionnaire survey was used to elicit information from 155 rural households using the proportionate random sampling procedure. Chi-square test was used to analyse data from the household survey. Factorial analysis was used to analyse variance in attitude towards forest management. The results showed that rural people generally have positive attitudes toward the management of tribal forests. Factor analysis isolated 2 major factors that explained 61% variance in attitude. Based on the findings we conclude that centralising forest management around the four management objectives (1, 3, 4 & 5) are likely to promote inclusive forest-based development in the study communities.     

Governance of forest conservation and co-benefits for Bangladesh under changing climate

We focused on key aspects of forest governance for biodiver- sity conservation in implementing new climate change policies. The national forest institutions must be adaptive to identify the existing pitfalls of prior conservation policies to take advantage of new climate change policies. Strengthening roles and technical capacity of national institutions for systematic biodiversity monitoring and carbon stock assessment is required in developing and least developed countries. Community participation needs careful analysis to ensure equitable ac- cess of particular social groups to local decision-making processes and to sustain optional livelihoods. The livelihood options around forest reserves or protected areas must be taken into account to enhance forest-based adaptation.     

关于我国林产工业发展问题的思考

文中概括介绍了林产工业的内涵及其在世界主要林业国家国民经济中的地位和作用，详细分析了林业生态和产业两大体系之间的辩证互助关系．总结了建国50多年来我国林产工业取得的巨大成就和经验教训．指明了当前我国林产工业发展面临的一些主要问题．提出了为加速发展我国林产工业当前应优先开展的一系列工作和具体建议。     

日本森林康养政策演变及启示

森林康养产业是日本重要的国民福祉产业,其丰富的管理经验值得借鉴。中国森林康养产业起步较晚,立法和产业标准化管理尚不完善,迫切需要加强相关研究。文中通过梳理分析日本1951—2021年25项森林康养相关政策发现:其政策制定可分为条件形成、正式确立和积极探索以及快速发展3个阶段;政策变化表现出因应时代和公众需要的即时性和对于产业发展的前瞻性,以及对政府组织机构、社团协会、研究人员和公众的引导性;政策演变呈现“被动促进森林旅游发展—主动建立森林旅游相关体系—积极推动森林浴探索和推广—重视森林康养产业规范化发展”的变化规律。     

Perceptions of Small Private Forest Owner’s Vulnerability and Adaptive Capacity to Environmental Disturbances and Climate Change: Views from a Heterogeneous Population in Southern Quebec,Canada

A study on the perception of vulnerability and adaptive capacity to climate change (CC) was realised among 27 small private forest owners (SPFOs) of a region in southern Quebec. In-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with SPFOs of diverse profiles to better understand their perception of environmental disturbances and their needs to improve forest management in relation to global change and more precisely to CC. The main purpose of the research was to better understand whether perceptions of vulnerability and adaptive capacity to CC can constitute a barrier to proactive actions toward adaptation. Qualitative data shows a spectrum of attitudes and perceptions which highlight how SPFOs identify different potential and actual disturbances and assess the risk they represent for their forest-based activities. It shows how place-based experiences of environmental disturbances shape perceptions of vulnerability and capacity to adapt to disturbances. Factors such as access to financial resources and perceived resilience of forest ecosystem influence perceived adaptive capacity. Most SPFOs who participated in the research do not perceive their forest or forest-based activities to be vulnerable to CC, which may constitute a barrier to proactive adaptation to CC. The awareness of CC as a general phenomenon does necessarily translate into adaptation in forestry practices. Yet, many participants expressed a need for better access to knowledge and financial support to improve adaptive capacities to CC and broader environmental or economic stressors.     

芬兰、瑞典林业经营管理考察报告

芬兰和瑞典在长期的林业生产活动中,在林业可持续发展方面进行了不断的探索和实践,制定了许多行之有效的林业政策和措施,比较妥善地解决了环境保护和森林利用的矛盾,确保了森林的生产力和永续性,对我国实施以生态建设为主的林业可持续发展战略有着十分重要的借鉴意义。