犬细小病毒YA-16-C66株纸片载体培养工艺优化及其与转瓶培养工艺的比较分析

采用微型生物反应器确定纸片载体上F81细胞最佳的接种密度和最佳接毒剂量,在NBS反应器中验证温度对犬细小病毒YA-16-C66株增殖的影响。经过三次重复试验,确定利用NBS生物反应器培养犬细小病毒YA-16-C66株最佳工艺为：采用同步接毒法,培养基为含1%新生牛血清的199溶液,细胞接种密度为1.5×10_⁷cells/g,接毒剂量为0.05 MOI,在pH7.2条件下,37.0℃培养48h后降温到35.0℃继续培养24-48小时,细胞病变达到80%~90%时收获上清液。三批次反应器与转瓶工艺产品比较,结果表明：反应器比转瓶收获液病毒含量高1.1~1.9 lg TCID₅₀/100μL;相同培养面积,反应器所得病毒总量是转瓶所得病毒总量的2.8-18.5倍。     

犬瘟热病毒Vero细胞悬浮产业化培养工艺研究

为克服犬瘟热疫苗现有生产工艺的缺陷,试验采用10 g/L Cytodex-1型微载体,按每个微载体15～20个细胞的细胞接种量接种至微载体培养Vero细胞,细胞培养液为10%NBS的DMEM培养液。结果显示,当细胞密度达到8×106CFU/mL时接种犬瘟热病毒,最佳培养时间30 h,接毒剂量按照MOI为0.1接种犬瘟热病毒液;当细胞病变达到50%时,病毒感染细胞时间为30 h,收获毒液。按照上述摸索生产工艺参数,收获的犬瘟热病毒液的病毒液滴度每病毒含量≥108.5TCID50/0.1 mL。将收获的病毒液冻存及下游相关的灭活处理,作为制备犬瘟热疫苗的抗原。研究表明,试验大幅度提升犬瘟热病毒培养量,效价批间差异性均一,实现了产业化反应器悬浮培养代替细胞工厂的技术路线。     

BHK-21细胞悬浮驯化及对新城疫病毒悬浮培养工艺研究

为建立新城疫病毒在BHK-21细胞的无血清全悬浮培养工艺以获得高滴度和高纯度的新城疫悬浮培养抗原,通过悬浮培养驯化和筛选获得了形态良好、稳定传代的BHK-21-sc悬浮细胞株;该细胞以初始密度0.5×10~6 cells/mL接种,培养72 h可增殖到6×10~6cells/mL,细胞活率达95%。以5 L生物反应器悬浮培养BHK-21-sc细胞,对鸡新城疫病毒La Sota株的接毒剂量、TPCK胰酶添加浓度、病毒培养温度、收获时间等工艺参数进行了摸索和优化;并在5L-16L-50L生物反应器中进行逐级放大,以优化后的鸡新城疫悬浮培养工艺进行3个批次病毒悬浮培养。最终确定鸡新城疫病毒La Sota株接种BHK-21-sc悬浮细胞株的悬浮培养工艺:BHK-21-sc细胞悬浮培养的第3天按照感染复数(multiplicity of infection,MOI)为0.005接种病毒,并添加终浓度为5μg/mL的TPCK胰酶,于33℃培养72 h后收获病毒液。应用该悬浮培养工艺在5、16、50 L反应器上悬浮培养BHK-21-sc悬浮细胞株生产鸡新城疫病毒HA滴度不低于9log2,病毒含量不低于10~(6.0)TCID_(50)/0.1mL。表明BHK-21-sc细胞无血清全悬浮生产鸡新城疫病毒工艺稳定,可以实现逐级放大和规模化生产。     

基于生物反应器的猪流行性腹泻病毒(ZJ/15株)悬浮培养工艺研究

为了优化生物反应器全悬浮培养技术制备猪流行性腹泻病毒(ZJ/15株)的工艺,试验首先通过摇瓶培养对病毒接种时的细胞密度、胰酶浓度、接毒剂量和收毒时间等培养条件进行优化;之后按照摇瓶培养确认的工艺进行生物反应器全悬浮培养工艺验证,同时对pH值、溶氧值(DO)、转速等培养参数进行优化,以病毒含量(TCID₅₀)为指标,最终筛选出在15L生物反应器中培养猪流行性腹泻病毒(ZJ/15株)的最优条件,并进一步在50L生物反应器中进行工艺验证,将病毒液灭活后稀释至1×10^7.0 TCID₅₀/mL免疫怀孕75～90d的健康易感初怀母猪,在分娩当日,采集母猪和仔猪血清,并对分娩的3日龄仔猪攻毒进行免疫原性试验。结果表明：猪流行性腹泻病毒(ZJ/15株)在摇瓶上的最适培养条件为当细胞密度达到6×10⁶ 个/mL以上时,用含胰酶(终浓度为20μg/mL)的无血清培养基将细胞密度稀释至2×10⁶ 个/mL,按感染复数(MOI)=0.1接毒,130 r/min摇床振荡培养36h可收获病毒液,病毒含量...     

微载体灌注培养Marc-145细胞制备猪繁殖与呼吸综合征疫苗

对在生物反应器中用微载体连续灌注培养Marc-145细胞生产猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒的制备技术进行了研究.在14 L体积的生物反应器中,加入含10 g/L微载体的细胞培养基DMEM,接种Marc-145细胞至细胞浓度为1×105/mL,培养4d后细胞可生长至5～7×106/mL,然后以感染复数(MOI)为0.01接种PRRSV PC株病毒,接毒后36 h开始收获,连续收获3d左右,收获的病毒滴度范围在106.0～ 1073TCID50/mL之间,将收获的病毒液加入适量的保护剂,经冷冻干燥制备成疫苗,无菌、支原体等项目的检验均合格,3批疫苗的免疫保护率均为5/5.实验表明,用生物反应器微载体灌注培养Marc-145细胞制备PRRS疫苗工艺可行.     

猪瘟疫苗微载体悬浮培养生产工艺试验

为优化猪瘟病毒(CSFV)的BT细胞悬浮培养工艺以提高CSFV抗原含量,采用2 L生物反应器对BT细胞的最佳接种密度、CSFV的最佳接种剂量进行了摸索和优化,采用优化的工艺参数,进行了BT细胞5倍消化放大工艺验证,同时对比了BT细胞悬浮培养工艺与转瓶培养工艺增殖CSFV的差异。结果表明,在3 g/L微载体浓度下,采用1.5×10~5个/mg的细胞初始接种密度,培养72 h可获得最佳细胞密度;采用MOI(感染复数)为0.5的接种剂量可收获≥106.8FAID_(50)/mL的CSFV抗原;BT细胞从2 L到10 L生物反应器的5倍消化放大工艺验证试验,3批细胞培养96 h均能达到4.0×10~6个/mL以上;悬浮培养工艺增殖的CSFV抗原含量约是转瓶培养工艺的15倍。以上试验为猪瘟疫苗的生物反应器规模化生产奠定了基础。     

不同MDCK单克隆细胞株对H5亚型禽流感病毒增殖条件和放大工艺的研究

为了解H5亚型禽流感病毒rFJ56株在MDCK全悬浮细胞上的增殖规律,确定100 L生物反应器工艺的最适接毒量和收获时间,对H5亚型禽流感病毒rFJ56株敏感的MDCK全悬浮细胞进行单克隆筛选和全悬浮驯化,筛选出对该毒株最敏感的MDCK单克隆细胞株;在摇瓶工艺的基础上,将该细胞在100 L生物反应器中接种H5亚型禽流感病毒rFJ56株,检测接种后不同时间病毒HA效价和病毒滴度(EID_(50)),确定最适接毒量和收获时间。共筛选出22株MDCK全悬浮细胞单克隆细胞株,其中5株对H5亚型禽流感病毒rFJ56株最敏感,接种后病毒HA效价均可达到9 log2;对MDCK单克隆细胞株按0.01%体积比接种H5亚型禽流感病毒rFJ56株,在100 L生物反应器中培养60 h,HA效价可达10 log2,病毒含量可达10~(8.17)EID_(50)/0.1 mL,可为H5亚型禽流感病毒无血清全悬浮培养放大工艺提供参考。     

一例猪伪狂犬病病毒的分离鉴定

从临床疑似猪伪狂犬病发病仔猪的脑组织等病料中,经PCR扩增出大小为217 bp的伪狂犬病病毒gp50的基因片段,结果证实为猪伪狂犬病病毒(porcine pseudorabies virus,PRV)感染。随后采用BHK-21细胞进行猪伪狂犬病病毒的分离培养,该分离株经细胞传代培养5代后,能够产生典型的细胞病变,经PCR鉴定为伪狂犬病病毒,其病毒感染力达10^8.68 TCID₅₀/0.1mL。最后用10^7.0 TCID₅₀/mL病毒培养物接种家兔,48 h后注射部位出现典型瘙痒、皮肤破损等症状,于72 h后全部死亡。结果表明,该伪狂犬病病毒分离株对易感动物具有高致病性,为进一步开展该病毒流行病学、致病机理、疫苗免疫及诊断研究奠定了基础。     

BHK-21细胞规模化培养鸡新城疫病毒工艺的研究和初步应用

为了实现鸡新城疫病毒HN2018株(基因Ⅶ型)在乳仓鼠肾(BHK-21)细胞上的无血清规模化培养，本试验采用悬浮培养技术驯化和筛选了1株能够稳定传代的BHK-21-xh悬浮细胞株；使用该细胞以初始密度为100×10⁴个/mL接种摇瓶进行培养，并对摇瓶培养鸡新城疫病毒HN2018株的接毒细胞密度、培养温度、接毒量、收毒时间等工艺参数进行摸索和优化；利用摇瓶优化的病毒培养工艺，在10和100 L生物反应器中逐级放大培养BHK-21-xh悬浮细胞，接种鸡新城疫病毒；采用生物反应器悬浮培养的鸡新城疫病毒HN2018株细胞毒与鸡胚毒分别制备成灭活疫苗，免疫SPF鸡进行免疫效力的比较。结果显示，在摇瓶中培养72 h细胞密度均不低于800×10⁴个/mL,细胞活率均不低于96%;按照BHK-21-xh细胞密度不低于800×10⁴个/mL,病毒感染复数(MOI)为0.216进行接毒，同时添加终浓度为20μg/mL的胰蛋白酶，于35℃温度条件下培养64～72 h收获病毒液，鸡新城疫悬浮培养细胞毒红细胞凝集(HA)效价最高能够达到10log...     

应用生物反应器生产高致病性猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒抗原

应用激流式生物反应器培养Marc-145细胞生产高致病性猪繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒,并通过工艺优化,实现了病毒抗原的高效生产。首先将Marc-145细胞用含6 0mL/L牛血清的DMEM培养液复苏放大培养,当细胞量达到3×109时,接种入反应器中。先用细胞生长液培养,当细胞达到最大量时更换生长液为维持液,并接种HP-PRRSV。整个过程采用流加方式,每8h采样测定培养上清中葡萄糖浓度。接种病毒后,每24h测定培养上清HP-PRRSV滴度。6个批次细胞生长至88h,糖耗达到最高水平。连续3个批次种毒后培养至96h,上清中HP-PRRSV滴度达到最高,平均约为每106.4 TCID50/0.1mL。因此,认为应用激流式生物反应器进行细胞培养,通过过程工艺优化,可以实现HP-PRRSV抗原的高滴度生产。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein