玉米行间滚轮式穴施排肥器设计与试验

针对玉米在大喇叭口时期追肥机械化水平低的问题,结合黄淮海地区玉米播种行距、株距的农艺要求,本文设计了一种滚轮式穴施排肥器。为满足穴施排肥器稳定深施要求,基于Abaqus建立成穴器动力学模型,对穴施排肥器进行成穴性能和扎穴压力分析,利用分析结果对液压系统进行设计选型;针对穴施排肥器排肥稳定性能要求,应用EDEM建立机具-土壤-肥料离散元模型,进行3种作业速度下其抛土特性和穴施量分析,确定滚轮式穴施排肥器作业速度1.5m/s时,排肥效果最佳;试验结果表明：该排肥器在1.5m/s的速度作业时,平均穴排肥量为9.01g,穴施量偏差为11.2%,施肥均匀变异系数为4.17%;施肥深度合格率92%,施肥深度变异系数6.75%,符合设计要求。     

油菜侧深穴施肥装置设计与试验

为提高肥料利用率、降低肥料施用量、实现油菜根区施肥,结合油菜种植施肥农艺要求,提出了一种油菜侧深穴施肥工艺,设计了一种机械式穴施肥装置,阐述了穴施肥装置的工作过程,确定了穴施肥装置的基本参数,建立了充肥和排肥环节中肥料颗粒群的力学模型,分析了影响穴施肥装置成穴性能的主要因素;应用离散元软件EDEM对穴施肥排肥器的成穴性能进行了仿真试验,分析了排肥轮转速、充肥型孔长度、导肥管材料对穴排肥量误差和穴径长轴长度的影响;利用正交组合试验确定了成穴性能较优的参数组合,排肥轮转速为60r/min、充肥型孔长度为18mm、导肥管材料为ABS塑料管时,穴排肥量误差为7.05%、穴径长轴长度为62.45mm;优选参数组合下的排肥性能试验结果表明,排肥轮转速为30~90r/min时,穴排肥量误差为4.56%~15.69%、穴径长轴长度为76.32~91.50mm、穴径长轴长度稳定性变异系数为4.53%~9.78%、穴距误差为3.24%~7.31%;田间试验表明,排肥轮转速为30~90r/min时,穴排肥量误差为4.73%~16.07%、穴径长轴长度为85.21~101.65mm、穴径长轴长度稳定性变异系数为4.82%~10.63%、穴距误差为3.36%~7.58%、施肥深度稳定性变异系数为6.43%~10.85%,成穴性能较好,满足穴施肥要求。     

穴施肥排肥器设计与试验

穴播作物采用对穴施肥的方法可以提高肥料利用率、降低生产成本。为此,设计了一种勺轮式穴施肥排肥器。运用EDEM离散元仿真技术对排肥器的成穴性进行仿真试验,对每穴施肥量均匀性进行了测试,并且分别测定了排肥部件角速度为100°/s、150°/s和200°/s时,每穴施肥量一致性变异系数分别为2.66、3.10和4.18。随后在排种器试验台上进行了验证试验,验证试验中测得的相应变异系数分别为4.2 6、4.8 7和6.1 6,变化趋势与仿真试验相同,整体试验结果与仿真试验结果相似。设计的穴施肥排肥器性能可以满足生产要求,为穴施肥精密播种机的设计打下了基础。     

倾斜梯形孔式穴施肥排肥器设计与试验

为降低肥料施用量、提高肥料利用效率、实现植株根区施肥,设计了一种倾斜梯形孔式定量穴排肥器。阐述了穴排肥器的成穴与工作原理,分析了影响其成穴性能的主要因素,构建了充肥和排肥过程中肥料颗粒群的力学模型;应用离散元软件EDEM和流体分析软件Fluent对穴排肥器的成穴性能进行了仿真分析,研究了作业速度、充肥孔长度和气流速度对穴长、穴排肥量误差的影响,通过全因子试验得到作业速度为3~7km/h时的较优参数组合为充肥孔长度27.0mm、气流速度15.0m/s,对应的穴长和穴排肥量误差分别为62.7~87.5mm和7.4%~8.9%。台架试验表明,在作业速度为3~7km/h、充肥孔长度为27.0mm和气流速度为15.0m/s条件下,穴长、穴长稳定性变异系数、穴排肥量误差和穴距误差分别为98.5~175.5mm、7.42%~14.18%、7.60%~15.17%、2.3%~4.7%;田间试验表明,作业速度为3~7km/h时,穴长、穴长稳定性变异系数、穴排肥量误差和穴距误差分别为104.2~178.4mm、7.55%~14.56%、7.69%~13.80%、2.1%~4.3%,成穴性能较好。     

腔盘式精量穴施肥装置设计与试验

施肥方式粗放是造成我国肥料利用率低的主要原因之一,与条状施肥相比,穴式施肥可有效提高肥料利用率,但目前尚缺乏成熟的穴式施肥装备。为此,本文设计一种用于颗粒状肥料穴式施用的腔盘式精量穴施肥装置,通过理论分析确定了装置的主要结构和工作参数,并探讨了肥腔形状(圆弧型、直线型-钝角、直线型-锐角和抛物线型)对肥料运动的影响。运用离散元法(EDEM)对不同结构和作业参数下排肥盘充肥性能和肥群运动进行了仿真分析,结果表明:肥腔形状、作业速度和施肥量对各穴排肥量变异系数均有显著影响,随作业速度的增大和施肥量的减少,变异系数增大,且圆弧型肥腔排肥稳定性最好;作业速度和肥腔形状对肥料扰动系数有显著影响,排肥盘经过箱体的时间及其对肥料扰动的形式和大小是影响排肥量稳定性的主要原因。在作业速度7 km/h,排肥量300 kg/hm2的条件下对4种排肥盘进行台架试验,结果表明圆弧型肥腔性能最优,排肥量合格率为94%,各穴排肥量变异系数为6.47%,与仿真结果呈现相同规律,且满足排肥要求。     

集排风送式玉米分层追肥机设计与试验

针对玉米追肥机械化程度低、追肥作业效率和肥料利用率不高等问题,根据玉米分层施肥农艺要求,设计了一种多行集中排肥、气流输肥以及分层深施肥方式的玉米追肥机。对追肥机关键部件进行了理论分析与参数确定,并对各行之间排肥量一致性、施肥精度以及施肥深度进行了试验研究。试验结果表明：排肥转速对各行之间排肥量一致性影响较小,在相同转速下,深、浅层之间排肥量一致性差异较小,排肥量比较均匀;随着转速的增加,各行之间排肥量变异系数有所减小,最大变异系数为2.64%。在试验速度范围内,随着工作速度的增加,追肥机械施肥精度呈减小趋势,施肥精度最小值为95.42%;深层施肥深度变化量不大,施肥深度均值最小为11.04cm,变异系数不超过5.35%;浅层施肥深度稳定性有所降低,施肥深度均值最小为6.9cm,变异系数不超过9.36%;追肥机性能达到设计目标,能够较好地满足玉米追肥机械作业标准要求。     

穴式水稻侧深施肥试验装置设计

针对目前在水稻施肥过程中以表面撒施肥、条施肥为主要施肥方式而存在的化肥用量高、利用率低的问题,设计了穴式水稻侧深施肥装置。通过传感器、步进电机及其驱动器控制螺旋绞龙排肥器的间歇启停实现穴式施肥;通过可编程逻辑控制器PLC设置延时模块来调控插秧与施肥两种运动的耦合关系,以达到最高的苗-肥纵向距离合格率;通过台架试验对仿真实验结果进行验证。仿真结果表明:装置在0.35 m/s～0.6 m/s的行进速度范围内成穴性能都较好,虽然随着行进速度的增加,成穴性能逐渐减弱,但施肥效果满足穴施肥农艺要求。     

支持故障报警的果园对靶变量排肥系统

针对果园条开沟连续施肥造成肥料浪费,而挖穴施肥作业过程繁琐的问题,基于普通条开沟施肥机具设计了果园对靶变量排肥系统,该系统主要包括果园穴施肥精量排肥器和对靶变量施肥控制器。利用高速摄影技术获得了不同排肥口截面积排肥下落时间,使用间歇旋转机构实现定量穴排肥,提出了扇叶旋转落肥感知方法并设计了排肥故障监测装置,进而设计了果园穴施肥精量排肥器。使用光电传感器实时感知果树树干以获得排肥位置,利用接近开关感知地轮转速计算行进速度,以STC12C5A60S2单片机为核心设计了对靶变量施肥控制器。搭建了试验平台,进行了实验室试验,结果表明,1~5排肥量挡位下,平均排肥量与理论排肥量最大误差为10 g,最大变异系数为4.6%;平均排肥长度为20.2~40.9 cm;偏移距离绝对值最大为5.5 cm,最小为0.6 cm,偏移距离标准差平均值为4.26 cm;单次排肥故障监测装置最少感知落肥通断信号次数为2次,故障监测准确率达到100%。果园试验表明,针对100棵枸杞树进行对靶施肥,其排肥准确率为97%。该系统实现了果园靶标实时探测、对靶精量排肥控制和排肥故障报警功能,达到了条开沟对靶穴施肥的果园作业要求。     

腔盘式精量穴施肥装置设计与试验

施肥方式粗放是造成我国肥料利用率低的主要原因之一。与条状施肥相比,穴式施肥可有效提高肥料利用率。本文设计一种用于颗粒状肥料穴式施用的腔盘式精量穴施肥装置,通过理论分析确定了装置的主要结构和工作参数,并探讨了肥腔形状(圆弧型、直线型-钝角、直线型-锐角和抛物线型)对肥料运动的影响。运用离散元法(EDEM)对不同结构和作业参数下的排肥盘充肥性能和肥群运动进行了仿真分析,结果表明:肥腔形状、前进速度和施肥量对各穴排肥量变异系数均有显著影响,随前进速度的增大和施肥量的减少,变异系数增大,且圆弧型肥腔排肥稳定性最好;前进速度和肥腔形状对肥料扰动度有显著影响,排肥盘经过箱体的时间及其对肥料扰动的形式和扰动量是影响排肥量稳定性的主要原因。在前进速度7 km/h、排肥量300 kg/hm~2的条件下,对4种排肥盘进行台架试验,结果表明,圆弧型肥腔性能最优,排肥量合格率为94%,各穴排肥量变异系数为6.5%,与仿真结果呈现相同规律,且满足作业排肥要求。     

偏心弹射式排肥器设计与仿真试验

针对目前穴施排肥器存在易伤作物、喷肥均匀性差、喷肥可靠性低等问题,设计一种偏心弹射式排肥器。根据颗粒肥穴施特性,基于盛肥腔体积压缩而形成压力差的原理,借助人机交互平台,设计关键部件弹射机构和偏心机构,优化机构的结构与工作参数,分析肥料在腔体内的受力状况和运动轨迹。该排肥器主要由排肥装置、偏心轮装置、弹射部件等组成。通过Soildworks三维建模,运用离散元法(EDEM)和动力学(RecurDyn)耦合仿真分析技术对排肥器的成穴性进行仿真,并进行台架试验。试验表明:该机构弹射性能稳定可靠,对农作物无机械损伤。在排肥器角速度为6.2 rad/s、6.7 rad/s,7.2 rad/s时,每穴排肥量一致性变异系数分别为2.8%、3.3%、4.0%,肥料喷射均匀性较好。作业效率等各项指标与预期目标差异性小。离散元仿真值与台架试验相对误差值接近,表明台架试验结果真实可靠。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。