顾及时滞效应的西南地区植被NPP变化归因分析

随着社会经济的不断发展,近年来西南地区部分区域生态环境日益脆弱。研究气候变化和人类活动影响下植被净初级生产力（Net Primary Productivity,NPP）时空演变特征,可为监测区域植被生长状况及其对驱动因素的响应机制提供理论依据。该研究以2000－2020年MOIDS NPP数据为基础,结合气象、人口密度、夜间灯光和土地利用类型等数据,使用Theil-Sen Median趋势分析、多重共线性检验、多元回归分析、残差分析和偏相关分析等研究方法,分析2000－2020年西南地区及各地貌单元植被NPP时空变化特征及对气候变化和人类活动的响应特征。结果表明：1）2000－2020年,除青藏高原植被NPP、气候影响下的植被NPP预测值（Predicted Net Primary Productivity,NPPPre,）和人类活动影响下的植被NPP残差值（Residual Net Primary Productivity,NPPRes）呈微弱波动下降外,其余地貌单元植被NPP、NPPPre和NPPRes均呈较明显的波动上升趋势,其中,四川盆地植被NPP、NPPPre和NPPRes波动上升趋势尤为显著,上升斜率分别为7.14、3.72和3.44 g/(m2·a)。2）研究时段内西南地区气候变化对植被NPP上升的影响整体强于人类活动。气候变化影响下,西南地区约45.18%的区域植被NPP呈显著和极显著上升趋势,而人类活动影响下,该占比仅为18.55%。地貌单元上,气候变化和人类活动影响下,四川盆地植被NPP呈极显著上升和显著上升的比例最高,分别为69.42%和50.75%。3）西南地区整体及各地貌单元植被NPP变化主要受温度类因子的主导,相对湿度和大气压强对西南地区植被生长整体具有抑制作用。4）耕地转化为城镇用地是植被NPP下降的重要原因,而非耕地转化为耕地和非林地转化为林地是植被NPP上升的重要原因。整体上,西南地区植被NPP与人口密度和夜间灯光呈不显著相关关系。地貌单元上,四川盆地植被NPP与人口密度和夜间灯光的相关性最高,即四川盆地植被生长受人为活动的影响强于其他地貌单元。研究结果可为区域植被生长监测、生态环境质量评价和林业生态工程效益评估提供理论依据。     

塔拉滩地区光伏电站建设对植被净初级生产力的影响

塔拉滩地区光伏电站建设对当地生态环境,特别是植被生长,产生了重要影响。为了定量描述这种影响,该研究利用CASA模型和区域蒸散模型,对塔拉滩地区潜在净初级生产力（Net Primary Productivity,NPP）和实际净初级生产力分别进行估算,并以二者之差表征人类活动的影响,评估了塔拉滩地区光伏电站建设对植被NPP的影响。结果表明：1)2010—2020年塔拉滩植被的实际NPP和潜在NPP处于上升趋势,年均实际NPP和潜在NPP分别为58.03和204.05 g/m2（以C计,下同）;2）塔拉滩2010—2020年间人类活动的年均贡献率为68.90%,人类活动是导致塔拉滩植被NPP变化的主导因素;3）光伏电站对生态环境的影响具有明显的区域和阶段性特征,光伏电站建设前期由于机械开挖等因素对表层植被具有负面影响,而后期由于光伏板增温增湿、降低风速等方面产生的环境效应,能够促进植被生长。该研究有助于理解人类活动对植被净初级生产力动态变化的影响,并为塔拉滩的植被恢复和高质量发展提供科学依据。     

基于地形改进NPP指数的县域耕地产能测算

为了快速准确测算耕地产能,开展耕地质量和产能评价工作,落实"三位一体"的耕地占补政策,该研究尝试将耕地初级净生产力(NPP,Net Primary Productivity)运用于耕地产能测算。在具体提取NPP指数时,使用顾及地形要素对于太阳辐射影响改进的CASA模型,并在此基础上运用地理加权回归以及空间相关性的方法比较了NPP数据与耕地利用指数数据以验证NPP数据运用于耕地产能计算的可行性。研究结果表明:基于NPP获得的耕地产能数据总体呈现中部东南-西北轴线方向以及南部平原NPP指数较高东北、西南两侧较低的布局,而通过与耕地利用指数的地理加权回归发现两者有较强相关性。NPP指数可以直接用于耕地产能评价,能够提高工作效率和准确性。     

北京植被净初级生产力对物候变化的响应

植被净初级生产力（Net Primary Productivity,NPP）对物候的响应是全球气候变化背景下的重要研究内容,气候变化对植物物候与NPP的影响仍需明了,物候的时空变异规律更需深入探讨。该研究基于2001-2020年MODIS归一化植被指数（Normalized Difference Vegetation Index,NDVI）数据提取北京植被物候信息,利用CASA（Carnegie-Ames-Stanford-Approach）模型模拟NPP,通过线性回归、趋势分析和结构方程模型等方法,阐明NPP与物候时空变化特征,探究气象因素和物候变化对NPP的影响。结果显示：1）2001-2020年超过70 %的区域出现生长季开始（Start of Growing Season,SOS）逐渐提前,平均每年提前0.53 d。超过90%的区域生长结束期（End of Growing Season,EOS）逐渐推迟,平均每年推迟0.51 d。2）SOS提前和生长季（Length of Growing Season,LOS）延长均对NPP增长产生显著影响（P<0.05）。SOS每提前1 d,NPP增长3.74 g/m2;LOS每延长1 d,NPP增长2.56 g/m2 。秋季EOS推迟对NPP变化影响不显著。3）春季和秋季,气候通过改变物候（SOS、EOS）对NPP的间接影响大于直接影响,而夏季温度和降雨对NPP的直接影响更大。该研究表明春季物候变化是NPP年际变异的重要驱动因子,春季物候提前导致NPP年总量增加。研究结果是都市区植被生产力如何响应气候变化认识的重要补充。     

定量评估京津冀气候变化和人类活动对植被NPP变化的 相对作用

气候变化和人类活动是影响植被生长的两个重要因素,定量评估两因素对京津冀地区植被净初级生产力（NPP）的相对作用,对了解该区域植被变化的驱动机制,改善生态环境具有参考价值。基于2001−2020年CASA模型的NPP数据和气象数据,采用“去趋势回归残差法”定量区分气候变化和人类活动对京津冀地区植被NPP的影响。结果表明：(1)京津冀地区47.8%的植被呈现显著改善的状态,4.5%呈现显著退化的状态。张家口中部地区植被NPP增加趋势最大,经济发达的城市群（除北京外）减少趋势显著;（2）京津冀大部分地区植被得到显著改善的主要原因为气候变化和人类活动的共同作用,其中气候变化对NPP影响为1.5gC·m−2·a−1,人类活动为2.4gC·m−2·a−1;（3）气候变化和人类活动对植被显著改善的贡献率平均为25.8%和74.2%。气候变化贡献率大于80%的区域面积约占1.3%,主要集中在张家口西北部、沧州东部等地;人类活动贡献率超过80%的区域面积占比22.1%,主要集中在张家口中部和西南部、承德大部、沧州南部、衡水大部等地。而人类活动对植被显著退化区的作用高达94.9%。研究结果表明人类活动在植被生长能力恢复和退化中的作用大于气候变化,因此,京津冀植被恢复的生态建设中应重点关注人类活动的影响。     

2000-2015年川西地区植被NPP时空动态及驱动因子

对川西植被净初级生产力进行估算并分析了其时空格局变化及驱动因子与植被净初级生产力的变化关系,为深入认识川西植被生产力状况提供科学依据。在原CASA模型的基础上,通过区域实际蒸散量与区域潜在蒸散量对水分胁迫影响系数进行了改进,进而估算2000—2015年期间川西地区植被净初级生产力;运用逐像元趋势法分析了川西地区植被净初级生产力在研究期间内其空间变化情况;同时结合气象因子、土地利用变化、植被类型、地形因素、人类活动与植被净初级生产力进行了相关性分析。结果表明:川西地区植被空间差异明显,其NPP多年平均值为199 gC/（m²·a）,在2000—2015年期间,大面积区域植被NPP呈显著上升,汶川、泸定、金川、康定局部区域受自然灾害及人类活动等因素NPP呈下降趋势;降水、气温、太阳辐射等气象因子对植被空间格局分布产生一定影响,不同土地利用及植被类型的NPP差异较大;海拔与研究区NPP相关性非常显著（R²=0.896,p<0.001）;人类活动对汶川、泸定等局部地区负干扰明显。     

定量评估气候变化与人类活动对西北地区草地变化的相对作用

为了定量区分气候和人为因素在草地动态过程中的相对贡献,基于遥感数据和人为因素数据,结合CASA模型和Thornthwaite Memorial模型,定量评估了气候变化和人类活动对西北地区草地净初级生产力(NPP)的影响,结果表明:(1) 2000—2015年,西北地区83.2%的草地呈现恢复状态,而仅有16.8%的草地呈现退化趋势。NPP的增加量为18 645.56 Tg C,NPP损失量为428.16 Tg C。(2)人类活动是草地恢复的主要成因,其主导恢复的草地面积和NPP总量分别为1.11×10~6 km~2和10 478.4 Tg C。而草地退化主要由气候变化引起,气候变化主导的草地退化面积占草地总面积的9.97%,造成的NPP损失量341.76 Tg C。(3)西北地区草地恢复主要归因于草地保护政策实施,而干旱的缓解是草地呈现恢复的主要气候原因。草地退化主要由区域水热状况不均衡和不合理人类活动(人口增加、过度放牧和草地开垦等)造成。     

五种气候生产力模型在华北土石山区的适用性分析

植被净初级生产力(Net Primary Productivity,NPP)是陆地植物的净固碳量,对于全球碳估算研究具有重要意义。华北土石山区作为中国林业工程重点区域,是典型的干旱半干旱气候区,准确估算该地区NPP大小及其变化特征对林业生态工程建设具有重要意义。本文基于河南小浪底森林生态系统国家野外科学观测研究站1980-2020年气候数据,利用Miami模型、Thornthwaite Memorial模型、Chikugo模型、朱志辉模型及周广胜模型共5种气候生产力模型估算,分析NPP的变化趋势,运用随机森林算法探讨NPP影响因素,并以区域MODIS NPP数据为标准进行评价,以探究适合估算该地区NPP的气候生产力模型。结果表明：(1)华北土石山区年平均气温、最高气温、最低气温和降水量均呈上升趋势,变化速率分别为0.05℃·a^-1、0.04℃·a^-1、0.05℃·a^-1和1.58mm·a^-1;年平均太阳辐射和平均相对湿度则呈下降趋势,变化速率分别为0.46MJ·m^-2·a     

宁夏罗山地区2004-2015年NPP时空变化及气候响应

[目的] 揭示罗山保护区植被净初级生产力（NPP）变化规律及气候相关性,为宁夏回族自治区及其周边生态环境保护提供科学依据。[方法] 利用MOD17A3H NPP（2004—2015年）数据、SRTM DEM和罗山周边气象站点（2004—2015年）年均气温和降水数据,运用相关性分析、趋势分析、线性回归分析等方法,分析气候、人口、生态及移民政策等对研究区植被净初级生产力的影响,对区内NPP时空变化特征进行定量化分析。[结果] ①研究区内植被净初级生产力的变化与降水的相关性较高;在核心区,降水与NPP的相关系数R=0.609,置信度p=0.036;在非核心区,相关系数R=0.648,置信度p=0.023;②研究区NPP呈波动增长趋势,速率为0.076 Pg/a（以C计）,高于全国NPP增长速率（0.008 Pg/a）; ③2010—2015年大罗山森林覆盖面积有所增长,NPP介于350～500 g/（m²·a）的森林面积是2004—2009年的4倍,小罗山方向基带植被由荒漠向荒漠草原转化; ④研究区以NPP划分的生态格局主要以荒漠为主（64.9%）,荒漠草原次之（29.6%）,森林占比极低（0.38%）。[结论] 干旱区植被NPP高度依赖降水,罗山地区生态结构有所改善,但森林生态系统仍极端脆弱。     

1993-2015年中国草地净初级生产力格局及其与水热因子的关系

[目的]估算1993-2015年中国草地净初级生产力（net primary productivity,NPP）,分析其时空变化格局及与水热因子的关系,了解这一时期中国草地生态系统的生产力水平及其对水热因子变化的响应。[方法]基于长时间序列遥感数据,气象数据和植被类型数据,运用CASA模型（Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach）估算草地净初级生产力,利用一元线性回归、二阶偏相关分析以及GIS空间分析方法,探讨草地NPP的变化趋势以及与对水热因子的关系。[结果]①1993-2015年,中国草地NPP年均总量为7.595×10¹⁴ g （以C计）,单位面积NPP均值为296.76 g/m²/a。总体上,草地NPP呈现从东部到西部、从南部到北部逐渐减少的空间分布特征。②1993-2015年草地NPP总量以-1.415×10¹² g/a的线性速率（p>0.05）波动式下降。其中,1993-2010年草地NPP总量以-2.312×10¹² g/a的线性速率（p<0.05）显著降低,2011-2015年草地NPP总量以7.00×10¹¹ g/a的线性速率（p>0.05）波动式上升。1993-2015年,NPP呈减少态势的面积大于NPP呈增加态势的面积且40.40%的草地NPP呈现显著性变化。③年际变化上,除去2011年以来草地NPP的波动性变化,草地NPP与太阳总辐射和降水量的二阶偏相关性显著,与年平均气温没有表现出显著的相关关系。空间分布上,草地NPP与太阳辐射显著偏相关的面积 > 与降水显著偏相关的面积 > 与气温显著偏相关的面积。[结论]1993-2015年,中国草地NPP总体上呈现普遍降低、局部改善的变化特征。这种变化主要受到太阳总辐射和降水量的影响,受温度变化的影响较弱。     

Phytotoxicity of cobalt,vanadium, titanium,silver, and chromium

Abstract

The phytotoxicity of five nonessential elements (Co, V, Ti, Ag, Cr) to higher plants was studied in solution culture experiments with bush beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. C.V. Improved Tendergreen). All, but in varying degrees, tended to concentrate in roots with a decreasing gradient to stems and leaves. Cobalt was one of the more mobile of the five trace metals. Its toxicity was expressed as severe chlorosis; 43 (with 10^‐5 M) and 142 (with 10^‐4 M) μg Co/g dry weight in leaves resulted in severe chlorosis. Vanadium as 10^‐4 M vanadate resulted in smaller plants but not in chlorosis. Leaf, stem, and root V, respectively, were 13, 8, and 881 μg/g dry weight. Titanium was somewhat mobile with considerable yield decrease at 10^‐4 M; leaf, stem, and root Ti concentrations, respectively, were 202, 48, and 2420 μg/g. Symptoms were chlorosis, necrotic spots on leaves, and stunting. Silver was very lethal at 10^‐4 M AgNO₃; at 10^‐5 M yields were greatly decreased, but plants were grown without symptoms. Leaf, stem, and root concentrations of Ag for this treatment, respectively, were 5.8, 5.1, and 1760 μg/g dry weight. Plants grown with 10^‐5 N Cr₂O₇ were decreased in yield by about 25% with or without EDTA (ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid) while the same level of Cr₂(SO₄)₃ was essentially without effect. For the two salts, the leaf, stem, root concentrations for Cr, respectively were 2.2 and 1.3, 0.7 and 0. 7, and 140 and 104 μg/g. Most of the trace metals studied here had interactions in the uptake and/or distribution of other elements.     

Bioavailability of As,Cd, Co,Cr, Cu,Hg, Mo,Ni, Pb,Se, and Zn from Biosolids Amended Compost

Appropriate compost standards are being considered in Canada. Five aspects of compost safety and quality are being evaluated; probably the most controversial aspect is the standards for metals in compost. In order to assist in the development of appropriate standards, the authors began an extensive research project in October, 1993 to determine the bioavailability of metals from compost and compost-metal mixtures. Swiss chard was grown in compost-amended soils or compost in a growth room using five treatments of increasing percentages of compost in the media (0, 25 percent, 50 percent, 75 percent, 100 percent compost (v/v)). A Truro loamy sand and a race-track manure-biosolids compost (RTM-biosolids) supplemented with a high metal biosolids were used in a completely randomized design with five replicates. Dry matter yield, metal content in plant tissue, and total metal uptake were evaluated as well as the total and DTPA-extractable metal content in the compost-soil mixes. The results of this and five other experiments conducted by the authors will help determine whether the suggested limits for As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se and Zn in composts are appropriate.     

Variation of N,P, K,Ca, Mg,Mn, Zn,and al in slash pine foliage

Abstract

The seasonal patterns of foliage nutrient concentrations and contents were monitored for two growing seasons in an 11‐year—old Pinus el1iottii stand. In the first growing season after needle initiation, N, P, K, Mg, and Zn concentrations decreased, but this was followed by an increase in the fall and winter months. Another drop in concentration of all elements, except P, occurred in the second growing season. Decreases in total contents indicated that this drop was a result of translocation to other tissues. In contrast to the mobile elements, the concentration and fascicle contents of Ca, Mn, and Al increased with aging of the needles.

Between‐tree variability was least for N, P, and Zn and the N, K, Mg, Mn, and Zn in the current foliage had consistently lower variation than that in the 1‐year‐old foliage. Between‐tree variation for K was lower in the winter than the spring.

For pine foliage, recommended sampling period for N, P, Mg, and Zn is mid to late summer and for the other elements it is late fall to late winter.

There are several sources of variation that influence the level of nutrients in tree foliage. The most important of these, apart from the tree nutrient status, are seasonal fluctuations, variation between trees, and age of needles . Smaller sources of variation are associated with position of the needles within the crown, diurnal changes, year to year variation, and analytical errors^1,2. These variables must be studied in order to develop suitable sampling techniques and in Pinus this has been undertaken for P. banksiana ¹, P. taeda ³, P. strobus ⁴, P. resinosa ⁴, P. sylvestris ⁵, and P. radiata ^6,7. However, foliage sampling has not been studied in detail for slash pine (Pinus elliottii Englem var. elliottii) and earlier studies with other pines have been largely confined to temperate or cool climates.

This study reports the variation in elemental concentrations with season, age of foliage, and between slash pine trees growing in a subtropical climate in Florida.     

Cooking,Roasting, and Fermentation of Chickpeas,Lentils, Peas,and Soybeans for Fortification of Leavened Bread

The effects of cooking, roasting, and fermentation on the composition and protein properties of grain legumes and the characteristics of dough and bread incorporated with legume flours were determined to identify an appropriate pretreatment. Oligosaccharide content of legumes was reduced by 76.2–96.9% by fermentation, 44.0–64.0% by roasting, and 28.4–70.1% by cooking. Cooking and roasting decreased protein solubility but improved in vitro protein digestibility. Mixograph absorption of wheat and legume flour blends increased from 50–52% for raw legumes to 68–76, 62–64, and 74–80% for cooked, roasted, and fermented ones, respectively. Bread dough with cooked or roasted legume flour was less sticky than that with raw or fermented legume flour. Loaf volume of bread baked from wheat and raw or roasted legume flour blends with or without gluten addition was consistently highest for chickpeas, less for peas and lentils, and lowest for soybeans. Roasted legume flour exhibited more appealing aroma and greater loaf volume of bread than cooked legume flour, and it appears to be the most appropriate preprocessing method for incorporation into bread.     

Estimation of Reference Values for Cadmium,Cobalt, Chromium,Copper, Nickel,Lead, and Zinc in Brazilian Soils

Abstract

The objectives of this study were 1) to recommend reference values (RVs) and tolerance limits (TLs) for representative Brazilian soils and 2) to propose a model to calculate natural contents of cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) in a soil from the silt, clay, manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), and cation exchange capacity (CEC) values. A set of 256 soil samples was classified by similarity in seven groups, and the concentrations corresponding to the upper quarter of data collected were then calculated. These concentrations are proposed as RVs for Brazilian soils. Additionally, TLs were obtained for each group from the antilog expression (m+2s), where m=mean value and s=standard deviation of data transformed in log₁₀. The classification functions of discriminant analysis proved to be suitable to allocate new samples in the established groups. Thus, it is possible to evaluate soils under anthropic activity and, by comparison with reference values, to be aware of pollution risks in a given area.     

Thin layer chromatographic determination of aflatoxins, ochratoxins, sterigmatocystin, zearalenone, citrinin, T-2 toxin, diacetoxyscirpenol, penicillic acid, patulin, and penitrem A.

A general method is described for determining 16 mycotoxins in mixed feeds and other food products used in the manufacture of these feedstuffs. The mycotoxins are extracted and cleaned up by extracting with solvents of different pH. Thin layer chromatography is used to separate the toxins; toxins are then quantitated by the limit detection method. The minimum detectable concentration of mycotoxins in various products is: aflatoxin B1 or G1, 4--5 micrograms/kg; ochratoxin A or ethyl ester A 140--145 micrograms/kg; citrinin 600--750 micrograms/kg; zearalenone, 410--500 micrograms/kg; sterigmatocystin, 140--145 micrograms/kg; diacetoxyscirpenol, 2400--2600 micrograms/kg; T-2 toxin, 800--950 micrograms/kg; patulin, 750--800 micrograms/kg; penitrem A 14,000--14,500 micrograms/kg; penicillic acid 3400--3650 micrograms/kg.     

Glucoraphanin and 4-hydroxyglucobrassicin contents in seeds of 59 cultivars of broccoli, raab, kohlrabi, radish, cauliflower, brussels sprouts, kale, and cabbage

The importance of dietary sulforaphane in helping maintain good health continues to gain support within the health-care community and awareness among U.S. consumers. In addition to the traditional avenue for obtaining sulforaphane, namely, the consumption of appropriate cruciferous vegetables, other consumer products containing added glucoraphanin, the natural precursor to sulforaphane, are now appearing in the United States. Crucifer seeds are a likely source for obtaining glucoraphanin, owing to a higher concentration of glucoraphanin and the relative ease of processing seeds as compared to vegetative parts. Seeds of several commonly consumed crucifers were analyzed not only for glucoraphanin but also for components that might have negative health implications, such as certain indole-containing glucosinolates and erucic acid-containing lipids. Glucoraphanin, 4-hydroxyglucobrassicin, other glucosinolates, and lipid erucic acid were quantified in seeds of 33 commercially available cultivars of broccoli, 4 cultivars each of kohlrabi, radish, cauliflower, Brussels sprouts, kale, and cabbage, and 2 cultivars of raab.     

Distribution of Zinc,Manganese, Copper,Cobalt, and Nickel in Andosols Profiles

The distribution of zinc, manganese, copper, cobalt, and nickel in Andosols was investigated. Sixty nine soil samples were collected from different horizons of an Andosols profile in Miyakonojo Basin in south Kyushu, Japan, The total contents of heavy metals were determined by digestion and four extraction solutions, 1 M NH₄Ac (ammonium acetate) pH 4.5, 0.1 M HCl, 0.01 M EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) pH 6.5, and 0.005 M DTPA (diethylenetri-aminepentaacetic acid) pH 7.3 were used to determine the contents of available Zn, Mn, Cu, Co, and Ni in Andosols in relation to the organic carbon content. The results of the extraction analysis showed that by the use of 0.1 M H Cl high value of extracted heavy metals in the upper layers of the humus horizons were obtained while EDTA extraction yielded a large amount of the above mentioned metals in the high humus horizons. The extractable heavy metals contents were high and these metals closely related to the organic carbon content mostly in the humus horizons in the profile. Where, biocycling process may play an important role in the concentration of heavy metals. Based on the study, it was found that the total content of Zn increased towards the C horizons or pumice layers in the soil profile. Such a trend was also found in the case of the Mn content. While the Cu content in the humus horizons was much higher in the upper part of each humus horizon. According to this study the distribution of heavy metals, Cu (organic matter complexes) in the Andosols profile was more stable than that of Zn (organic matter complexes) in soils. It was shown that Zn in the surface humus horizon was enriched but that some amount was leached under buried conditions. The same phenomenon was also observed in the distribution of Mn in the profile. The movement of Co and Ni in the soil profile was limited, as evidenced by the sharp reduction in the concentrations of these two metals in buried soils.

Hence, it is concluded that the distribution of Zn, Mn, Cu, Co, and Ni was considerably higher in the humus horizons of the Andosols profiles.     

Fluxes of Cu,Zn, Pb,Cd, Cr,and Ni in temperate forest ecosystems

The literature on the fluxes of six heavy metals in temperate forest ecosystems is reviewed. Special attention is given to wet and dry deposition and internal flux, to metal budgets for ecosystems and soils, to concentrations in aqueous compartments of the ecosystem and to speciation in soil solutions. Metal fluxes are discussed in relation to pollution load, soil type, tree species and land use. The mobility of Cu and Pb is strongly dependent on the solubility of organic matter. These metals are commonly accumulated in forest soils. Zinc, Cd and Ni are greatly influenced by soil acidity and are often lost in considerable amounts from acidified soils. Chromium is often at balance in forest ecosystems. Implications for metal solubility and budgets in forest soils are discussed in connection with an increase in soil acidification.     

Evaluation of Decomposition Procedure to Determine Ba,Co, Cr,Cu, Ni,Mn, V,and Zn Total Content in Soil Samples

Different procedures have been proposed to decompose soil samples. Most of them regard determination with fertility aims. In this case, the contents available to the plants are considered. On the other hand, there are procedures to determine total content. The objective of this work was to propose a new decomposition procedure to determine barium (Ba), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), vanadium (V), and zinc (Zn) total content in tropical soils with high content of oxides and silicate. According to the results, the digestion procedure proposed in this study provided satisfactory results for the contents recovery for the elements Ba, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, V, and Zn, above 90%, and the use of inverted aqua regia, hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), hydrofluoric acid (HF), pre-digestions and agitation was shown as a new alternative for the high silicate content soil sample total digestion, such as the oxisols.