蛋氨酸溶液浸泡种蛋对孵化效果的影响

选择闽中麻鸡种蛋527枚,随机分成4组,对照组为167枚,试验Ⅰ~Ⅲ组各为120枚。对照组和试验Ⅰ~Ⅲ组的种蛋分别用0、1.0%、1.5%、2.0%的蛋氨酸溶液进行浸泡,浸泡时间均为10min。结果表明试验Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组的孵化率分别比对照组提高了4.63和6.29个百分点(P<0.05);试验Ⅲ组的孵化率比对照组下降了0.37个百分点(P>0.05)。说明用1.0%和1.5%的蛋氨酸溶液浸泡种蛋对提高孵化率有效,其中以1.5%的浸泡浓度效果最好,但2%的蛋氨酸溶液效果不明显。不同浓度蛋氨酸溶液浸泡种蛋对种蛋的胚胎重量和水分无明显影响。     

Influence of egg storage on hatchability, embryonic development and vitamin status in hatching broiler chicks

Storage of eggs for 14 d prior to incubation depressed hatchability by 10%. Most of the increase in embryonic mortality (64%) occurred during the first week of incubation, with a further 30% taking place during the third week. Chicks hatching from stored eggs did not show any increased incidence of physical abnormalities characteristic of vitamin deficiencies. Chicks from stored eggs showed haematological abnormalities characteristic of mild macrocytic anaemia. Such changes can result from deficiencies of folic acid or cobalamin. Biochemical and haematological data did not suggest impairments in the status of the chicks with respect to a range of other vitamins.     

Effect of spray sanitising on hatching egg cuticle efficacy and hatchability

1. Eggs from a broiler breeder flock were sanitised using a continuous spray sanitising machine. The effect of this treatment on the ability of the cuticle to resist water and bacterial penetration was investigated throughout the production cycle.

2. The volume of water taken up by eggs that had been sanitised was significantly (P < 0.001) greater than that taken up by the control eggs. The volume of water taken up by the sanitised eggs increased as the flock age increased, whereas water uptake was maximal for the control eggs at 42 weeks of age.

3. There was no correlation between water uptake values and shell thickness or egg weight for either the sanitised or control eggs.

4. Sanitised eggs tended to dominate the “poor cuticle quality” category at all flock ages, when a subjective assessment of cuticle quality was made using the stain Edicol Supra Pea Green.

5. Egg sanitising did not affect shell reflectance values, shell thickness or the percentage of cracked shells.

6. When flock age reached 49 weeks of age, the sanitising process significantly (P < 0.001) reduced hatchability.     

饲料中益生菌发酵复方中草药对肉鸭生长性能和屠宰性能的影响

为了研究饲料中添加益生菌发酵的复方中草药制剂对肉鸭生长性能及屠宰性能的影响。采用单因素设计试验,选择体重相近的21日龄天府肉鸭360只随机分成4组,每个组3个重复,每个重复30只,A组为对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验B、C、D组在基础日粮上分别添加0.5%、1.0%、1.5%的益生菌发酵的复方中药制剂,试验期为21 d。在试验期间测定天府肉鸭生长性能指标和屠宰性能指标。结果表明:(1)C组和D组的试验末重、平均日增重分别较对照组提高5.07%、4.70%、9.85%、9. 03%(P <0.05),C组和D组的料重比分别较对照组降低9.06%、3.40%(P <0.05),B、C组和D组的平均日采食量均高于A组(P> 0.05)。(2)B组、C组和D组的屠宰率、全净膛率、半净膛率、胸肌率均高于A组(P> 0.05);C组和D组的腿肌率、瘦肉率分别较对照组提高28.00%、24.60%、12.09%、10.12%(P <0.05); C组和D组的腹脂率分别较对照组降低12. 68%、9.86%(P <0.05)。综上,1.0%添加益生菌发酵复方中草药制剂可以提高肉鸭生长性能和屠宰性能。     

饲料中益生菌发酵复方中草药对肉鸭生长性能和屠宰性能的影响

为了研究饲料中添加益生菌发酵的复方中草药制剂对肉鸭生长性能及屠宰性能的影响。采用单因素设计试验,选择体重相近的21日龄天府肉鸭360只随机分成4组,每个组3个重复,每个重复30只,A组为对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验B、C、D组在基础日粮上分别添加0.5%、1.0%、1.5%的益生菌发酵的复方中药制剂,试验期为21 d。在试验期间测定天府肉鸭生长性能指标和屠宰性能指标。结果表明:(1)C组和D组的试验末重、平均日增重分别较对照组提高5.07%、4.70%、9.85%、9. 03%(P <0.05),C组和D组的料重比分别较对照组降低9.06%、3.40%(P <0.05),B、C组和D组的平均日采食量均高于A组(P> 0.05)。(2)B组、C组和D组的屠宰率、全净膛率、半净膛率、胸肌率均高于A组(P> 0.05);C组和D组的腿肌率、瘦肉率分别较对照组提高28.00%、24.60%、12.09%、10.12%(P <0.05); C组和D组的腹脂率分别较对照组降低12. 68%、9.86%(P <0.05)。综上,1.0%添加益生菌发酵复方中草药制剂可以提高肉鸭生长性能和屠宰性能。     

Effect of urea on growth,food utilisation and body composition of chicks

1. A study was made of the effect of urea, added to chick diets of different protein contents with or without added methionine, on growth and body composition.

2. In chicks fed on diets containing urea, concentrations of urea were higher in the blood and digestive tract but not in the excreta, as compared with chicks fed on diets containing soyabean as the only source of protein.

3. Urea‐nitrogen was utilised better for growth when the diets were supplemented with methionine rather than unsupplemented.

4. Body fat content was decreased with the increase in protein content of the diet. Addition of urea decreased body fat less than an equivalent amount of protein.

5. There was no correlation between body fat and body weight in groups fed on diets containing 189 or 216 g protein/kg, but there was a significant correlation between these variables in groups fed on diets containing 292 g protein/kg or either concentration of urea. This phenomenon was much more pronounced in diets not supplemented with methionine.     

鸡胚注射肉碱对肉鸡孵化率、生长和屠宰性能的影响

文章旨在研究体外鸡胚注射肉碱对肉鸡孵化率及出壳后49 d肉鸡生长性能和屠宰性能的影响。鸡胚在孵化第18天通过羊膜注射0.6、2.4和9.6 mg左旋肉碱/100μL稀释液,此外还有3个对照组(非注射组、穿孔组和注射稀释液组),评估肉鸡孵化率、生长期肉鸡死亡率、增重、采食量和料比以及屠宰性能指标(屠宰率、腹脂、小腿肌、大腿肌、鸡翅和胸肌占比)。结果发现:鸡胚注射左旋肉碱对受精蛋孵化率无显著影响(P>0.05),但随左旋肉碱注射量的增加,受精蛋孵化率和仔鸡出壳时间有升高趋势(P=0.08)。鸡胚注射左旋肉碱对出壳后49 d肉鸡生长性能、死亡率及屠宰性能指标均无显著影响(P>0.05)。结论:鸡胚注射0.6、2.4和9.6 mg左旋肉碱/100μL稀释液对出壳后肉鸡生长性能和屠宰性能无显著影响,但可以改善肉鸡出壳时间和受精蛋孵化率。     

Effects of ethylnitrosourea on the hatchability and survival of chicks

1. Two experiments were carried out to study the effects of the mutagen ethylnitrosourea (ENU) at concentrations of 1.4 to 3 500 μg in 0.3 ml of saline (experiment 1) and 585 to 1 170 μg in 0.1 ml of saline (experiment 2) on hatching eggs of two breeds of fowls. Hatchability (experiment 1) and survival up to 7 d of age without food (experiment 2) were assessed. In experiment 1 the hens were fed on different diets prior to providing the hatching eggs.

2. The mutagen showed a non‐linear effect upon the hatchability, higher doses being less effective than small doses.

3. In the majority of cases, female embryos were more sensitive to the effect of ENU then male.

4. The mortality after hatching was also affected by ENU; the chicks from treated eggs surviving without food better than controls.     

Effect of T-2 toxin on egg production and hatchability in laying hens.

The effect of diets containing different levels of T-2 toxin on egg production and hatchability was studied in a four-week experiment using 100 laying hens of the SSL hybrid line and 10 cocks divided into 10 groups. Another aim of the experiment was to investigate how effectively the increased dietary vitamin E content neutralized the adverse effects of T-2 toxin. The diet of the control group (C) contained no mycotoxin, while those of the experimental groups included the following levels of T-2 toxin: groups 1, 2 and 3: 1 mg/kg, groups 4, 5 and 6: 5 mg/kg; groups 7, 8 and 9: 10 mg/kg. Vitamin E was added to the diet of groups C, 1, 4 and 7 at a rate of 50 mg/kg while to that of groups 2, 5 and 8 at a rate of 100 mg/kg. To the diet of groups 3, 6 and 9 no vitamin E was added. Contamination of the diet with T-2 toxin markedly decreased egg production and impaired hatchability. The production decrease was proportional to the T-2 toxin concentration of the diet. Increased dietary vitamin E concentration exerted no influence on egg production. However, during the first week of the experiment it significantly (P < 0.01) decreased the number of infertile eggs and significantly (P < 0.01) improved the hatching percentage. Dietary vitamin E concentration was in positive correlation with the hatching percentage; this correlation was rather close (r = 0.74) in the first week of the experiment.     

Effect of magnesium deficiency in the hen on egg production and hatchability of eggs

The influence of the level of magnesium (Mg) in the ration on reproduction by the hen was studied in 2 experiments. In experiment 1, it was found that feeding a semi‐purified ration, containing 56 p.p.m. of Mg, resulted in decreased egg production and reduced serum Mg concentration within 10 to 14 days. Although fertility of eggs was not affected noticeably by Mg deficiency, hatchability of fertile eggs was decreased markedly. The influence of inadequate dietary Mg was partially alleviated by adding 250 p.p.m. Mg to the ration. In experiment 2, a decline in hatchability preceded decreases in egg production and food consumption. A decrease in Mg concentration in egg contents accompanied the decline in hatchability. Hens fed rations containing 50 or 150 p.p.m. added Mg produced eggs of relatively low hatchability by day 14 of the trial. Subsequent to being fed a ration containing 550 p.p.m. added Mg, these hens increased in rate of egg production while hatchability of fertile eggs also increased. The results indicate that the dietary Mg requirement of the laying hen, sufficient to maintain a high rate of production of eggs which hatch satisfactorily, is 400 or more p.p.m.     

Effect of saturated fat on growth,body fat composition and carcase quality in chicks

1. The effects of feeding two fats with different degrees of saturation on skin tearing, carcase quality and body fat composition were examined in male and female chickens.

2. No differences in growth or efficiency of food utilisation were apparent on feeding the more saturated fat. Skin tearing was slightly reduced and carcase quality slightly improved on feeding the more saturated fat for 28 d.

3. Decreases in linoleic acid content in intra‐abdominal fat were apparent after 14 d feeding the diet containing saturated fat. These decreases were greater after feeding the saturated fat for 28 d.     

不同锌源及其水平对桃源鸡生产性能及屠宰性能的影响

选用360只桃源鸡以研究不同锌源、锌水平日粮对桃源鸡生产性能和屠宰性能的影响。试验采用2因素3水平完全随机试验设计,2种锌源分别为羟基蛋氨酸锌、氧化锌,添加水平分别为:30 mg/kg、60 mg/kg、90 mg/kg;将桃源鸡随机分为6个处理组,每个处理组下设3个重复,每个重复20只鸡,分两阶段饲养:3~48日龄、48~93日龄。每个试验期结束时进行生产性能指标的测定;试验结束时每组各选体重相近的肉鸡6羽,共36羽,禁食12 h,进行屠宰试验。研究结果表明:①生产性能:锌源的添加能提高桃源鸡的日增重,且随锌源的添加呈上升趋势(P>0.05);锌的添加降低桃源鸡料肉比,除氧化锌低添加水平(30 mg/kg)外,试验前期和试验全期锌的添加能显著降低桃源鸡的料肉比(P<0.05),试验后期差异不显著(P>0.05);②屠宰性能:锌源添加时桃源鸡的屠宰率、半净膛率、全净膛率、胸肌率及腿肌率都很接近,统计分析各处理组间试验动物的屠宰性能差异不显著(P>0.05)。     

Effects of some egg characteristics on the mass loss and hatchability of ostrich (Struthio camelus) eggs

1. This study was conducted to examine some egg characteristics and determine the effects of eggshell thickness and eggshell porosity on water loss and hatchability of eggs in ostriches. 2. Shell thickness did not correlate significantly with hatchability. However, eggs of low shell thickness lost more mass (13.03%) than those with intermediate (11.22%) and high (10.36%) shell thickness. Mass loss during incubation was higher in hatched (11.98%) than unhatched eggs (11.09%). Shell thickness was negatively correlated to egg mass loss (r = -0.65). 3. The pore density was correlated with hatchability. Hatchability was 50% lower in eggs with low pore densities (40.93%) than with high densities (80.94%). Pore density was positively correlated with egg mass loss (r = 0.63). Incubation mass losses of hatched and unhatched eggs were not significantly different. 4. Mean eggshell water vapour conductance (G) value and shell conductance constant (k) were 87.77 +/- 4.21 mg H2O/d/Torr and 2.44 respectively (n = 15). 5. Because of eggshell functional properties and resulting low egg mass loss hatchability is low when ostrich eggs are artificially incubated. The mass of eggs used in the experiment was relatively high and their eggshell water vapour conductance was low. As a result, egg incubation mass loss was lower than it should be. It is concluded that incubator humidity should be low (25%) to allow enough mass loss during incubation from the eggs.     

枯草芽孢杆菌制剂对肉鹅早期生长和养分存留的影响

试验旨在研究枯草芽孢杆菌制剂(DBSC)替代抗生素对肉鹅早期的促生长作用。选用1日龄杂交商品雏白鹅96只,随机分为4个处理组,每个处理4个重复,分别饲喂基础日粮、黄霉素(5g/t)日粮、DBSC(250g/t)日粮和DBSC(500g/t)日粮。试验期28d,每隔2周统计其生产性能。在第26～28d内,连续3d收集排泄物,用以测定日粮干物质和能量的存留率,结果显示,与空白对照相比,日粮中添加250g/tDBSC对肉鹅的促生长效果与黄霉素组相当(P>0.05);继续增加DBSC的添加量无促生长效果(P>0.05);DBSC添加效果可能与改善日粮干物质和能量的存留率有关。     

Effect of feeding methods and age at slaughter on growth performances and carcass characteristics of entire young male goats

Thirty six Alpine male kids were divided into six groups. The first two groups received only milk replacer and were slaughtered at 16 kg (group L16) or at 22 kg (group L22), the next two groups were offered milk replacer + concentrates and slaughtered at 22 kg (group C22) or at 28 kg (group C28) and the last groups were subjected to stepwise weaning followed by feeding with maize wafers + concentrates and slaughtered at 28 kg (group M28) or at 34 kg (group M34).The daily mean gain (g/day), carcass weight (kg) and dressing percentage (%) were 209, 7.50 and 52.8 respectively for group L16; 219, 10.34 and 53.4 for group L22; 241, 9.82 and 53.9 for group C22; 208, 11.48 and 51.2 for group C28; 172, 10.31 and 51.0 for group M28; and 176, 12.86 and 52.0 for group M34.Thus, with this type of animal the daily mean gain may definitely exceed 200 g/day, but weaning significantly reduces this gain.Carcass conformation was not very favourable. As compared to lambs, kid carcasses are characterized by a very poor proportion of fat, in particular subcutaneous fat, and by a slightly lower muscle to bone ratio.The different feeding methods are discussed in relation to slaughter weight and feeding costs. The use of milk replacer only seems to be satisfactory up to a live weight of about 18 kg; thereafter, addition of concentrates to the diet is preferable. For slaughter weights above 25 kg, it is economically better to wean the kids even if the growth rate is reduced.