籼稻多蘖矮半矮秆基因的遗传分析和基因定位

对籼稻标记基因系材料多蘖矮的遗传分析表明, 其矮生性状是由2对隐性半矮秆基因控制的,分别为sd1和一个新的半矮秆基因,该基因初步定名为sdt3。以多蘖矮与南京6号杂交F₂的分离群体为基础,应用SSR标记进行连锁分析,将半矮秆基因sdt3定位于第11染色体的SSR标记SSR98和SSR35之间,分别相距0.06 cM、0.13 cM,二者之间的物理距离约为93kb。以南京6号为轮回亲本与多蘖矮进行回交和自交获得由半矮秆基因sdt3控制的近等基因系（新多蘖矮）,以赤霉素处理表明由sdt3控制的半矮秆系新多蘖矮对赤霉素不敏感。     

一个水稻半矮秆突变体的鉴定与遗传分析

高黄矮材料是由黄矮与高秆材料杂交后代F2群体中分离得到的一个半矮秆突变体材料,株高在95 cm左右,比黄矮高约40 cm.该材料在苗期倒2叶叶尖开始出现黄化,分蘖期倒2叶叶尖仍然黄化,倒3叶近1/3叶面黄化干枯、破损现象比较明显.将该突变材料与不同高秆材料杂交,杂种F1表现为高亲本,F2群体株高数据符合3:1分离比例,结果表明该矮生性状受1对隐性基因控制,因其叶尖黄化性状与半矮秆性状共分离,故暂将该基因命名为dy(t)基因;同时将突变材料与其他不同基因型的半矮秆杂交,F2群体均符合9:3:3:1的分离比例,结果表明dy(t)基因与sdl、sdn、sdg基因均不等位,为一新的半矮秆基因.对不同株高材料的幼苗进行不同浓度外源赤霉素(GA3)叶面喷施处理后,结果表明dy(t)基因对该激素敏感.     

小麦显性矮秆基因Rht3理想株高突变体的基因型检测

本研究采用4BS染色体携带Rht3基因的小麦显性矮源"矮苏3"(55～60 cm),经辐射与化学诱变,获得了一系列株高在70～85 cm、具小麦育种理想株高的突变体.采用形态标记、生化标记及分子标记对上述理想株高突变体进行了基因型检测.经成熟种子萌发试验的生化标记检测表明,理想株高突变体仍具有显性矮秆基因Rht3成熟种子α-淀粉酶活性低而抗穗萌的特性.经采用位于4BS染色体上的"易组太谷核不育基因MS2 (4BS)"作为形态标记基因来定位理想株高突变体携带的半显性矮秆基因,证实了理想株高突变体携带的半显性矮秆基因与MS2(4BS)连锁、因而与Rht3基因同位于普通小麦4B染色体上.基于通常认为Rht3与隐性矮秆基因Rht1同为4BS染色体上的复等位基因,经采用Ellis等开发的"perfect marker"SSR特异引物的分子标记检测,在矮苏3及其理想株高突变体上同时扩增出了与Rht-B1b相同的237 bp的特征带.以上3种类型的基因标记检测的结果,均有利于说明矮苏3的理想株高突变体携带Rht3突变衍生的复等位基因,因其具理想株高而又抗穗萌,可望作为半显性创新矮源用于高度集约化的小麦"分子设计育种",以克服小麦育种目前局限于使用隐性矮源的局面,实现自"绿色革命"以来小麦育种矮源的升级换代.     

水稻向地性突变体的鉴定与遗传和定位分析

从水稻籼稻品种E优428的诱变M1代群体中获得向地性突变体la(t),该突变体在苗期倒伏生长,成熟期呈匍匐型生长,其它性状未发现异常。初步的生理研究表明该突变体不受外源激素(2,4-D,赤酶素)和光照的影响,并失去了感受重力的能力。遗传分析表明,该突变属单基因隐性突变,将该基因暂定名为la(t)。利用该突变体与籼稻品种D62B杂交,构建了F2代分离群体,用微卫星标记分析,将该基因定位于水稻第11染色体上的微卫星标记Lu2和Lu18之间,与目的基因分别相距1.0和1.7 cM。通过电子杂交的方法将该基因所在区域的遗传图谱整合到国际水稻基因组计划的水稻第11染色体物理图谱中,其la(t)基因两端毗连的Lu2和Lu18 SSR标记之间的物理距离约为140~200 kb。为用图位克隆法分离此目的基因和研究水稻向地性生长的分子机理奠定基础。     

大麦多节矮秆性状的研究——II.多节矮秆性状的染色体定位

采用14个大麦染色体标记性状材料,对大麦突变体76-2104进行了多节矮秆性状在染色体上的定位研究。研究结果表明:(1)多节矮秆性状分别由一对隐性基因控制。(2)控制多节矮秆两对性状的基因位于第四染色体上。长节间矮生(Sid)与多节的交换值为12.41士2.05%。三叉芒K与多节、矮秆两对性状之间的交换值分别为47.80士4.07%和42.26     

水稻叶色白化转绿及多分蘖矮秆基因hw-1(t)的图位克隆

通过增加作图群体的样本量, 将控制水稻白化转绿和多分蘖矮秆的基因hw-1(t)定位在第4染色体长臂2个InDel标记HW36和HW7之间24.9 kb的物理距离内, 该区域含有5个阅读框架。测序及酶切分析表明, 突变体hfa-1仅在LOC_Os04g57320产生一个碱基(G→A)的突变, 导致翻译提取终止, 推断LOC_Os04g57320为hw-1(t)。进一步分析发现hw-1(t)在水稻基因组中为单拷贝, 与拟南芥im和番茄PTOX基因同源性较高, 但在转录子和蛋白质结构上存在一定差异;基因表达分析显示HW-1(t)属组成型表达基因, 表达不受光照影响。     

四倍体小麦地方品种矮蓝麦矮秆性状的遗传分析

四倍体圆锥小麦(Triticum turgidum L.ssp.turgidum)地方品种矮蓝麦是我国重要的小麦矮秆基因资源,经鉴定其矮秆特性对外源赤霉酸敏感。2012年配制矮蓝麦与2个高秆圆锥小麦的正反交组合,2012—2013年在四川绵阳分别种植F1、F2代和F2:3家系,对株高的遗传分析表明,矮蓝麦的矮秆性状受1对隐性基因控制。利用BSA法构建高秆和矮秆池筛选多态性SSR标记,并对矮蓝麦/青稞麦F2分离群体进行连锁分析,将目标基因定位于7AS染色体上,与标记GWM471的遗传距离为2.5 c M。矮蓝麦与矮秆番麦正反交的F1和F2群体表现非常相似的株高变异特征,初步推测矮蓝麦的矮秆基因是Rht22;进一步用高通量SNP和DAr T标记对两品种进行全基因组扫描,发现二者的遗传相似性高达98.7%~99.3%。因此认为,历史上矮蓝麦和矮秆番麦可能是同一品种,是通过人为交流而传播到不同地方。矮蓝麦携带的矮秆基因在人工合成六倍体小麦遗传背景中降低株高能力中等或较弱,在育种中需要聚合其他矮秆基因而被利用。     

水稻显性矮秆基因D55的精细定位

为了改良水稻品种的株型,本研究利用来源于普通野生稻的矮秆突变体lb4d与栽培稻品种(系)187R、广恢998杂交产生的F2群体对显性矮秆基因D55进行了精细定位。结果发现,D55基因对水稻株高具有较强的矮化作用,表现为显性矮秆。在日本晴、广恢998、187R等不同的遗传背景条件下,D55基因造成水稻株高降低30%左右;利用水稻SSR标记引物,D55基因首先被定位在水稻第11号染色体上RM5704和RM202之间3.53 cM区域;为了进一步精细定位D55基因,参考水稻品种日本晴的基因组序列,在D55基因附近区域寻找插入缺失序列,在RM5704和RM202之间发展了4个插入缺失标记,利用这4个标记将D55基因精细定位在indel A-7和indelg-15之间的53.1 kb区域。本基因精细定位的结果为D55基因的图位克隆提供了帮助。     

水稻多蘖矮杆突变体htd7(t)的遗传分析与基因定位

分蘖是水稻最重要的农艺性状之一,其决定水稻的最终产量。多蘖矮杆突变体htd7(t)是粳稻品种‘日本晴’经350 Gy 的60Co-γ射线辐射处理后产生的突变体。为了克隆HTD7(t)基因,将htd7(t)与‘9311’配制正反杂交组合进行遗传分析发现,htd7(t)多蘖矮杆性状是受1 对隐性核基因控制。利用SSR分子标记将HTD7(t)初步定位在第11 染色体分子标记RM21 与RM254 之间,遗传距离分别为5.6 cM和3.2 cM。利用已经公布的水稻基因组数据,在该基因附近新发展了13 对InDel 标记,对HTD7(t)进行精细定位。根据定位结果构建覆盖HTD7(t)基因的BAC 重叠群,最终将HTD7(t)定位在InDel11-3 和InDel11-5之间的64.8 kb的物理距离内。     

水稻细卷叶突变体nrl2(t)的遗传分析和基因定位

研究调控水稻叶片发育基因对水稻功能基因组学和株型改良有着重要的意义。本研究从籼稻恢复系缙恢10号的EMS突变体库中发现一个水稻新型突变体,命名为nrl2_(t)。该突变体叶片卷曲、变细、伸长,茎秆变细,抽穗期提前,叶绿素含量增高,孕穗期剑叶生长素含量降低,而幼穗中生长素含量有所提高。遗传分析表明该性状受一对隐性基因控制。利用SSR标记将该基因定位于第3染色体SSR标记s3RM1和s3RM3之间,物理距离约为114 kb。研究结果为该基因的克隆及进一步揭示细叶卷曲形成的分子机理奠定了基础。     

氮磷钾与茶叶品质关系的研究综述

茶叶是中国重要的经济作物,茶多酚、儿茶素、氨基酸、咖啡碱和水浸出物为国际上公认的茶叶品质成份。氮、磷、钾是茶树正常生长所必需的营养元素,它们与茶叶品质成分的形成与含量有着密切关系。适量的施氮对茶叶品质有较好的促进作用,施氮不足或过量则会对茶叶品质产生极大的不良影响;此外,茶树有喜铵耐铵的特性,施用NH4+—N肥有利于改善茶叶品质。磷能促进类黄酮物质的形成以及增加茶多酚、氨基酸和咖啡碱的含量。钾能显著提高茶叶中的游离氨基酸、茶多酚等内含物的含量,对水浸出物、儿茶素等含量也有影响;不同钾肥品种对茶叶品质影响不同,就提高茶叶氨基酸的效果而言,以硫酸钾最好。氮、磷、钾三种元素配合施用对提高茶叶品质起到良好的效果,单施其中一种不仅无助于茶叶品质的提高,反而会使茶叶品质降低。     

Sexual hybridization between Capsella bursa‐pastoris (L.) Medik (♀) and Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz (♂) (Brassicaceae)

The development of transgenic oilseed Camelina sativa (2n = 40) and the potential for hybridization with its weedy relative Capsella bursa‐pastoris (2n = 36) necessitates a careful evaluation of the reproductive compatibility between the species. Here, we conducted over 1800 crosses (emasculation and manual pollination) to examine the ability of 10 Canadian C. bursa‐pastoris (♀) accessions to hybridize with five accessions of C. sativa (♂). Seven hybrids were confirmed among 586 putative hybrids screened with species‐specific markers, indicating a hybridization rate of 1.5 hybrids per 10 000 ovules pollinated. All seven hybrids had intermediate DNA content compared to their parents, were morphologically distinct, had low (1.9%) pollen fertility and failed to produce selfed or backcrossed seed. Given the abundance of C. bursa‐pastoris along field margins, hybrids will likely be generated in the wild, but they will be unable to establish lineages unless fertility is restored. The large number of crosses and the diversity captured by the use of multiple accessions resulted in strong statistical power and a high degree of confidence in the estimated hybridization rate.     

Interspecific hybridization between urdbean (Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper) and adzukibean (Vigna angularis (Willd.) Ohwi and Ohashi)

Summary To introduce resistance to fungal and viral diseases into urdbean (Vigna mungo), it was crossed with adzukibean (Vigna angularis) to achieve an interspecific hybrid between the two species by using different non-conventional breeding methods. Partial success was obtained with the use of UV irradiated pollen, intraspecific hybrids as parents and spray of immuno-suppressants on the female parent under glass house conditions and to the extent of callusing in aseptic culture.     

异色瓢虫对菜缢管蚜、禾谷缢管蚜和白杨毛蚜捕食的作用

异色瓢虫是一种重要的捕食性天敌,可捕食多种蚜虫,在生物防治中具有很大应用前景。研究了异色瓢虫对3种蚜虫(即菜缢管蚜、禾谷缢管蚜和白杨毛蚜)的捕食功能反应。结果表明：异色瓢虫对3种蚜虫的日捕食量中,其中四龄幼虫最大,成虫和三龄幼虫次之,1、2龄幼虫最小。捕食者对猎物的功能反应均属于Holling-Ⅱ型方程。     

Synthesis of somatic hybrids (RCBB) by fusing heat-tolerant Raphanus sativus (RR) and Brassica oleracea (CC) with Brassica nigra (BB)

Brassica carinata (BBCC), a potential oilseed crop for dry land agriculture, is sensitive to high temperatures during germination and early stages of growth, which thereby restricts the possibility of using the residual soil moisture available after the rainy season for its cultivation. To overcome this problem, a three‐genome hybrid, RCBB, was synthesized using Raphanus sativus (RR) and Brassica oleracea (CC) as donor sources for the desired heat tolerance. Protoplasts of RC hybrids obtained through sexual crosses between R. sativus (female) and B. oleracea (male) were fused with protoplasts of Brassica nigra (BB) to produce RCBB somatic hybrids. The hybrid colonies regenerated with an average frequency of 7.6%. Twelve out of 36 hybrids grown to maturity were characterized for their nuclear and organelle genomes. While all the hybrids showed the presence of B. nigra chloroplasts, 10 of the hybrids showed B. nigra‐specific mitochondria and two had Raphanus‐spedfic mitochondria. The somatic hybrids could be backcrossed to B. carinata.     

异色瓢虫对菜缢管蚜、禾谷缢管蚜和白杨毛蚜的捕食作用

异色瓢虫是一种重要的捕食性天敌,可捕食多种蚜虫,在生物防治中具有很大应用前景。研究了异色瓢虫对3种蚜虫(即菜缢管蚜、禾谷缢管蚜和白杨毛蚜)的捕食功能反应。结果表明:异色瓢虫对3种蚜虫的日捕食量中,其中四龄幼虫最大,成虫和三龄幼虫次之,1、2龄幼虫最小。捕食者对猎物的功能反应均属于Holling-Ⅱ型方程。     

锌、锰对棉花吸收氮、磷养分的影响及机理研究

较高或较低浓度的土壤锌、锰影响棉花对氮、磷养分的吸收、而合适的土壤锌、锰浓度能促进棉花根系和地上部对氮、磷的吸收和积累。提高植株及茎、叶、蕾、铃中氮、磷的含量,对棉花的生产发育,产量及产量构成因素都表现出明显的促进作用,通过水培试验研究发明,锌、锰在一定浓度条件下所表现的促进作用,主要是提高了棉花植株的根系活力,增加棉株叶片的叶绿素含量,调节棉株体内的酶活性,从而增加了棉花对营养物质的吸收、运输和代谢、提高了氮、磷的利用率、增加棉花的产量。     

Photoperiod response in mungbeans (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek)

Summary Five strains of mungbeans were grown at 8-, 12-, 13-, 14-, 15-, and 16-hour photoperiods in plant environmental chambers. The strains did not differ in days to flower at the 8- and 12-hour photoperiods, but flowering was delayed and plant height increased differentially when the photoperiod was increased beyond 12 hours. Two strains exhibited only slight sensitivity over the range of photoperiods studied. Two strains failed to flower within a 180-day period at the 16-hour photoperiod. The results corroborate observations in the First International Mungbean Nursery in which 28 strains grown at low latitudes (short photoperiods) had a narrow range in days to flowering, with the range becoming wider at the higher latitudes (longer photoperiods). The results provide evidence that response to photoperiod is important in the adaptation of mungbean strains in different latitudes.Contribution No. 6890 from the Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station.     

Pollen storage in cocoyam (Xanthosoma sagittifolium (L.) Schott)

Summary The effect of different storage conditions on cocoyam pollen viability was investigated. Two levels of temperature (0° and 5°C) and four levels of relative humidity (0, 10, 20 and 30 percent) represented the storage environments.Viable cocoyam pollen could be obtained after 28 days in storage. The best storage condition was 5°C and 30% relative humidity.     

Intercropping Studies in Lemongrass (Cymbopogon flexuosus) (Steud. Wats.)

Lemongrass ( Cymbopogon flexuosus (Steud.) Wats) is a perennial, multicut aromatic grass, which yields an essential oil used in perfumery and pharmaceutical industries and Vitamin A, has a long initial lag phase. To utilize the crop growth resources more efficiently during this phase, studies were made to explore the possibility of intercropping food legumes with lemongrass. An experiment conducted during 1992–93 revealed that the food legumes like blackgram ( Vigna mungo (L) Hepper), cowpea ( Vigna unguiculata (L) Walp) or soybean ( Glycine max (L) Merr.) could be intercropped in the initial stages of lemongrass to get extra yields over and above that of lemongrass, without affecting the yield of lemongrass.