乌兰布和沙漠流动沙地土壤水分动态、土壤水势特征的研究

通过对乌兰布和沙漠流动沙地土壤水分动态的研究表明:沙土含水量的时空变化与降雨季节和降雨量有密切关系。100mm左右的降雨量对沙地和丘间地的影响深度主要在60cm左右,因此0-60cm土层为土壤水分受降雨影响的活跃层;通过对土壤含水量与土壤水势的关系研究表明:在相同土壤含水量下沙土水分对植物的有效性远大于粘土;通过降雨量对沙地贮水量影响的研究表明:只有38%左右的降雨量增加了土壤贮水量,其余62%被蒸散。     

黄土旱塬垄作覆膜栽培土壤水分及温度变化研究

黄土高原雨养农业区水分缺乏是制约农业生产的关键因子。本研究在黄土高原长武塬进行小区试验,通过垄作覆膜(RP)与平作不覆膜(FP)两种处理的对比研究,分析垄作覆膜下玉米生长时期土壤水分与温度的变化,以及降雨事件对于土壤水分的动态影响。结果表明,垄作覆膜在30~60 cm土层土壤水分显著高于平作不覆膜约8%,而平作不覆膜在深层(100~160 cm)土壤水分明显高于垄作覆膜,玉米生长季土体储水量变化垄作覆膜垄与沟在30~60 cm处均高出平作不覆膜20 mm,而在100~160 cm处垄作覆膜比平作不覆膜低25 mm。垄沟覆膜-垄(RPR)土壤表层10 cm处温度较垄沟覆膜-沟(RPF)与平作不覆膜分别高2.01℃和1.91℃。中雨情况下,垄作覆膜降雨土壤入渗深度可达30 cm,平作不覆膜下可以到10 cm,但强降雨事件中垄作覆膜土壤深层入渗受到抑制。降雨强度越大,土壤前期含水量越高,土壤水分峰值产生的时间越短;垄作覆膜由于土壤水分条件的改善使得土壤水分峰值出现时间较平作不覆膜早。垄作覆膜由于垄沟微地形改变使沟内具有集水效应,同时沟内集水对垄上水分存在侧向补充,但时间上存在滞后效应,滞后时间与降雨量和降雨前土壤含水量相关。垄作覆膜能够保水保墒,增加降雨入渗,抑制强降雨事件的深层入渗,抑制"自覆盖"现象的发生,从而对玉米生长具有重要的意义。     

黄土丘陵区深层干化土壤对降雨入渗的响应

在陕北米脂试验站设置了野外10 m地下大型土柱,分别利用BLJW-4小型综合气象观测站、CS650-CR1000自动监测系统对降雨状况和土壤水分状况进行长期连续定位观测,分析黄土丘陵区深层干化土壤对降雨入渗的响应。结果表明:(1)黄土丘陵区降雨可以划分为3种类型:快速蒸发型降雨(P≤13 mm)、缓慢蒸发型降雨(13 mmP26 mm)、入渗主导型降雨(P≥26 mm)。其中快速蒸发型降雨、缓慢蒸发型降雨在裸露地表情况下仅能引发浅层土壤的降雨入渗响应(Z_(rapid)≤30 cm, 30 cmZ_(slow)60 cm),不能对深层干化土壤形成有效的水分补给;而入渗主导型降雨则能够引发深层干化土壤的降雨入渗响应(Z_(infiltration)≥60 cm),能够促进干化土壤得到水分修复。(2)0～90 cm土层为降雨入渗、蒸发循环层,该深度范围土壤受降雨、蒸发作用影响强烈,土壤水分呈现频繁增、减波动;90 cm以下土层为降雨入渗主导层,该深度范围内土壤不再受蒸发作用影响,土壤水分呈增加趋势。(3)入渗主导型降雨年最大入渗深度在140～160 cm,雨后上层土壤水在蒸发作用下69～435 h恢复至雨前水平。裸露地表状况下,多年累积降雨能够促进深层干化土壤产生入渗响应,2014—2019年干化土壤对于自然降雨的入渗响应深度依次为180、220、400、700、900 cm及1 000 cm。     

典型草原禁牧条件下土壤水分对降雨模式的响应

通过在锡林郭勒草原设置禁牧和放牧试验点,对气象、植被、土壤要素和5 cm、10 cm、15 cm、30 cm层土壤水分进行监测分析,揭示典型草原禁牧条件下降雨和土壤水分的变化及转化规律,结果表明:禁牧3 a后土壤垂向异质性增强,降雨过程中各土层土壤含水量差异显著,放牧区则相反;土壤水分对降雨响应的滞后时间随土层深度增加而增加,相对于禁牧区,放牧区浅层土壤(5 cm、10 cm)持水性能较弱,入渗完成用时较短;5 mm以下的降雨对禁牧和放牧区土壤水分均无明显补给作用,当降雨连续均匀且强度不超过5 mm·h~(-1)时最有利于入渗,放牧区入渗深度达到15 cm和30 cm层分别需要7.9 mm和大于25 mm的降雨,而禁牧区大于5 mm的降雨就可以入渗到30cm土层;强度5～6 mm·h~(-1)的独立降雨只能入渗到表层土壤中(5 cm),强度大于15 mm·h~(-1)的降雨在禁牧区能通过大孔隙快速入渗到30 cm及更深层土壤,放牧区则表层入渗较快(0～5 cm),深层入渗较慢,会形成地表径流甚至洪水灾害。该研究的结果可以为草地生态水文过程研究和制定合理的放牧政策提供参考。     

六盘山半干旱区华北落叶松林土壤水分对降雨的响应

研究土壤水分对不同量级降雨的响应,探讨森林生态系统的土壤水分形成与消耗规律,可为我国干旱半干旱地区基于土壤水分承载力的森林植被建设和水土资源管理提供依据。在宁夏六盘山北侧半干旱区,利用气象站及土壤水势仪监测并分析了2010年生长季(5-10月)58次降水事件及华北落叶松林地根系分布层(0-60cm)各层土壤水分的响应过程。结果表明:华北落叶松林土壤水分变化与降水关系密切,土壤含水量峰型与降雨分布格局较为一致,月均土壤含水量(%)与月降水量(mm)呈极显著正相关(R=0.573,P<0.01)。不同深度处的土壤水分对降水量级的响应有差异,在小雨条件下,0-10cm土层的累计降水量响应阈值为7mm;在中雨条件下,0-10、10-20cm土层的累计降水量响应阈值为10和25mm;在大雨条件下,0-10、10-20、20-40cm土层的累计降水量响应阈值依次为8、22和36mm;在暴雨条件下,0-10、10-20、20-40、40-60cm土层的累计降水量响应阈值依次为12、29、37和63mm;随土层向深处,响应变幅呈减少趋势,对降水的响应滞后时间逐渐增加;在小雨和中雨条件下,侧向流不明显,但在大雨条件下侧向流趋势明显,最大为7.88mm。综上可知,土壤含水量的变化幅度随土层深度增加,各层次呈减小趋势,土壤含水量与降雨的同步性呈下降趋势且各层响应存在时间的滞后性。     

黄土高原半干旱区降雨入渗试验研究

黄土高原地区地下水资源缺乏,降雨是土壤水的唯一补给来源。为研究降雨补给地下水过程,在黄土丘陵半干旱区的米脂试验站,对野外10 m土柱土壤水分进行了定位观测,分析自然降雨下土壤水分入渗深度和补给量。结果表明:自动监测显示单次降雨量为5.2 mm(小雨)时,11 h后入渗达到最大深度0.3 m,此深度以下几乎没有变化;单次降雨量为15.8 mm(中雨)时,4 d内影响深度可达0.6 m;单次降雨量为33.6 mm(大雨)时,8 d内1.2 m处土壤含水量增长明显,1.4 m以下没有变化。水分循环主要在0.8 m以内的蒸发带,该层土壤水分易被蒸发,0.8 m以下随着深度增加,土体含水率变化逐渐滞后,增幅逐渐减小。受多种因素影响,入渗过程持续时间不一。覆盖处理观测期土壤水分补给量显示:覆膜石子树枝裸地,补给量与降雨量呈线性关系,覆膜补给量上升最大。     

固沙植被土壤水分动态及其对降雨的响应

水分是影响固沙植被生长发育的最重要的限制因素,同时也是沙漠环境中最容易受到影响的生态因子。因此,定位观测研究流动沙地建立固沙植被后土壤水分变化具有重要的现实意义。文中采用Watchdog土壤水分自动监测系统,定位定时记录了7月1日-10月31日期间杨柴固沙林、固定沙丘天然草地和流动沙丘土壤体积含水量数值。结果表明:相同降水量条件下,不同固沙植被土壤重力水湿润深度存在明显差异。5.33mm降雨时流动沙丘水分湿润深度小于20cm,13.97mm降雨时水分湿润深度达40cm,30.3mm降雨时水分湿润深度达80cm,40.3mm降雨时水分湿润深度达120cm。而30.3mm及以下降雨时杨柴固沙林和天然草地植被土壤水的湿润深度小于40cm;40.3mm降雨时杨柴固沙林地水分湿润深度达80cm,天然草地植被水分湿润深度达120cm。植物生长季流动沙地土壤水分状况最好。流动沙丘20cm、40cm、80cm和120cm土层含水量平均值分别为2.15%、2.42%、1.96%和2.94%;而杨柴固沙林和天然草地植被下土壤水分状况明显不良,特别是80cm土层以下土壤水分状况明显恶化。杨柴固沙林生长期20cm、40cm、80cm和120cm土层含水量平均值分别为1.89%、1.67%、0.81%和1.08%;天然草地植被生长期20cm、40cm、80cm和120cm土层含水量平均值分别为2.34%、1.96%、1.02%和1.43%。     

采煤塌陷对固定沙丘土壤水分动态的影响研究

通过对毛乌素沙地东南边缘沙地采煤塌陷对固定沙丘的水分时空动态分布规律影响的研究表明,沙土含水量的时空变化与降雨季节和降雨量有密切关系。沙丘0-80cm土层为土壤水分受降雨影响的活跃层,其中0-40cm土层变化最为明显。沙丘的迎风坡和坡顶含水量低于沙区的其他部位,但受沙丘高度以及植被和土壤质地的影响这种差异并不明显。在沙区采煤引起的地表塌陷对土壤水分的时空变化影响较小。     

三种沙生灌木叶片含氮量的季节变化及其水分响应

沙生灌木叶片含氮量的季节变化及其对土壤水分的响应对理解植物资源利用、胁迫适应以及生态系统氮水过程耦合具有重要意义。文中研究了宁夏盐池油蒿(Artemisia ordosica),沙柳(Salix psammophila)和杨柴(Hedysarum mongolicum)叶片含氮量的季节动态及其与土壤水分的关系。结果表明:杨柴叶片含氮量显著高于油蒿和沙柳。在展叶期三种植物叶片含氮量均随时间下降;在叶变色期和落叶期叶片含氮量再次呈现下降趋势。在完全展叶期,三种植物叶片含氮量均不随时间发生趋势性变化,但随10cm土壤含水量的升高而增加,而不随深层(30,70cm)土壤含水量变化。此外,叶片含氮量对水分响应的敏感性存在种间差异,油蒿较其它两种植物更为敏感。在整个生长季,0-30cm土壤含氮量随10cm土壤含水量的升高而增加,表明土壤水分是通过改变土壤含氮量而间接影响植物叶片氮动态的。     

大青山区阳坡油松人工林土壤水分特征研究

对大青山区阳坡30a油松人工林生长季土壤水分特征进行研究,根据2006年的观测数据分析,得出以下结果:1)油松人工林0~20cm层土壤水分季节动态与降雨量变化相似,7月份土壤含水量最高,后逐渐减小趋于平缓,20~60cm层随季节变化波动很小,基本呈现水平趋势;2)土壤水分在垂直分布上可分为土壤水分速变层、活跃层、相对稳定层;3)0~60cm土层范围内,土壤含水量随密度增加,呈下降趋势,但表层变化规律不显著。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.     

Characterization of potato potyvirus Y (PVY) isolates from seed potato batches. Situation of the NTN, Wilga and Z isolates

A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVY^N strain and six to the PVY^O strain. No PVY^C was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVY^O, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Ny_tbr gene and probably represent the PVY^Z group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVY^O and PVY^N and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVY^O, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVY^N-Wilga. Some PVY^N isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVY^NTN group. The PVY^NTN, PVY^N-Wilga and PVY^Z groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVY^N and PVY^O, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5 end within the PVYN strain.     

The autumn leafroller: Phenology,damage and parasitoids in a Dutch apple orchard

The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed.     

Characterization of Sclerotinia minor populations in Texas peanut fields

In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population.     

Eyespot of Cereals Revisited: ITS phylogeny Reveals New Species Relationships

Four species so far classified in Pseudocercosporella or Ramulispora (hyphomycetes) are associated with eyespot disease symptoms of cereals. Two of these have been linked to teleomorphs that were described in Tapesia. Sequence data derived from the Internal Transcribed Spacer region (ITS1, 5.8S and ITS2) of the rDNA operon showed, however, that the eyespot fungi associated with Tapesia are not congeneric with Ramulispora sorghi, the type of Ramulispora. The genus name Tapesia is now rejected in favour of the conserved name Mollisia, which appears to comprise heterogeneous fungi. Tapesia yallundae is not closely related to the type of Mollisia, M. cinerea, but clusters separately, being more closely allied to species with Cadophora anamorphs. A new holomorph genus, Oculimacula, is therefore proposed for teleomorphs of the eyespot fungi, while the anamorphs are accommodated in Helgardia gen. nov.     

Tumours of Begonia and some other ornamentals,induced by Corynebacterium fascians

In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten.