不同覆膜方式对地温及冬小麦地上干物质累积规律的影响

在大田试验条件下,采取全膜覆土穴播（C）、全膜穴播（B）、膜侧条播（A）3种覆膜种植方式,并以露地条播为对照（CK）,研究了不同地膜覆盖方式对地温及冬小麦地上干物质积累规律的影响。结果表明：覆膜方式对冬小麦地温效应主要表现在地表(0～10 cm),在5 cm土层处的影响最大,随土层深度增加而减弱;温度效应可使冬小麦的灌浆期延长,全膜覆土处理在拔节期表现出明显的降温效应,全膜穴播处理在灌浆期地表温度最高;测定期内,全膜覆土方式下干物质积累量比露地条播CK高18.01%～19.48%。产量为全膜覆土>膜侧>全膜穴播>露地。全膜覆土穴播 方式有效穗数和干物质累积量对籽粒产量的贡献率较大,是该方式产量最高的关键因素。     

不同穴播种植方式与平衡施肥对旱地春小麦产量及水分利用效率的影响

采用田间试验方法,研究了不同穴播种植方式与平衡施肥对旱地春小麦产量及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,4种穴播种植方式中,全膜覆土穴播种植方式有利于小麦碳水化合物的合成,增加了小麦干物质积累量,实施N、P、K平衡施肥后干物质积累量增加效果明显;该种植方式下各施肥处理比全膜小垄沟覆土穴播、全膜不覆土穴播和露地穴播小麦产量分别增加3.7%～6.7%、9.4%～10.3%、30.7%～35.4%;该种植方式下,N、P2O5和K2O的用量分别为180 kg/hm2、120 kg/hm2、90 kg/hm2时(Z0F1处理),小麦产量最高,达到4 034 kg/hm2;该方式的小麦水分利用效率明显高于露地穴播,在相同施肥水平下,前者小麦水分利用效率比后者显著提高33.7%～48.3%。表明春小麦在全膜覆土穴播栽培技术条件下,平衡施肥可显著提高小麦籽粒产量和水分利用效率。     

陇东旱塬区冬小麦不同覆膜方式对土壤水热及产量的影响

以平凉43号冬小麦为试验材料,于2012—2014年在平凉市崆峒区草峰镇夏寨村进行全膜覆土穴播(A)、全膜平铺不覆土穴播(B)、膜侧沟播(C)和不覆膜露地条播(CK)4种栽培方式对土壤水热及小麦产量影响试验。结果表明:覆膜能够显著提高冬小麦出苗至拔节期土壤含水量和地温,并对表层土壤含水量和地温影响大于深层土壤,土壤含水量处理ABCCK,地温处理BACCK,A和B差异不明显,冬小麦抽穗期后各处理下土壤含水量和地温与对照相比提高不大,甚至小于对照;覆膜方式对水分利用效率和产量的影响结果为处理ABCCK,处理A、处理B和处理C的水分利用效率比CK分别提高83.75%,63.48%和41.31%;处理A、处理B和处理C的经济产量比CK分别增加了2 587.5、1 989.75 kg·hm~(-2)和1 617.0 kg·hm~(-2)。经方差分析,在1%水平下,处理A、处理B和处理C水分利用效率和经济产量与CK均有极显著的差异,且其各处理之间也有极显著的差异。综上所述,全膜覆土穴播是降雨资源高效利用和提高冬小麦产量的最佳覆膜方式,可在陇东旱塬区生产上推广应用。     

不同种植方式对高寒旱区地膜小麦耗水特征和产量的影响

于2019—2022年在陇中高寒旱区以裸地条播为对照（CK）,设置全膜覆土穴播（FM）和膜侧沟播（FS）两种覆盖方式,研究不同覆盖种植方式对冬小麦耗水特性、生长发育及产量的影响。结果表明：与CK相比,FM和FS处理播种期~拔节期0~20 cm土层土壤温度分别平均提高3.1℃和2.1℃,灌浆期分别降低0.6℃和1.0℃。覆盖能不同程度提高冬小麦各生育期0~200 cm土层土壤含水量,其中出苗期、返青期、拔节期和灌浆期提高幅度均高于20%。与CK相比,FM处理返青后冬小麦耗水量平均显著提高29.2%,返青前显著降低42.4%;FS处理返青期~灌浆期耗水量提高12.6%,返青前降低25.7%。各处理冬小麦基本苗、分蘖数、公顷穗数、穗粒数、千粒重和产量均表现为FM＞FS＞CK,处理间差异显著,其中FM和FS处理产量分别较CK平均提高74.7%和45.4%;处理间耗水量差异不显著;FM处理水分利用效率最大,较CK平均提高67.3%,FS次之,较CK平均提高46.1%。综上,地膜覆盖可调节土壤水分状况,改善冬小麦生长发育和成穗情况,显著提高产量和水分利用效率,其中全膜覆土穴播调节效应优于膜侧沟播,是适宜在高寒旱区地膜小麦生产中推广应用的种植方式。     

旱地胡麻全膜大小垄侧穴播栽培技术研究

针对甘肃中部半干旱旱作区春季降水少、土壤墒情差、胡麻保全苗难等问题探讨旱地胡麻地膜栽培模式对胡麻产量的影响。试验结果表明,旱地胡麻全膜大小垄侧穴播栽培可防止胡麻出苗板结,有效提高胡麻出苗率,明显减少土壤水分的无效蒸发,增加土壤水分含量,胡麻生长的前期地温明显提高,胡麻的经济性状明显改善,增产效果明显,经济效益显著;旱地胡麻全膜大小垄侧穴播栽培水分生产率,比全膜平铺覆土穴播栽培、旱地胡麻半膜膜侧穴播和露地穴播栽培分别提高28.28%、40.33%和116.17%;比全膜平铺覆土穴播栽培、旱地胡麻半膜膜侧穴播和露地穴播栽培分别增产22.04%、28.74%和53.74%,是目前旱地胡麻增产稳产高产的最佳的栽培模式。     

黄土高原休闲期深松后覆盖播种对旱地小麦产量的影响

为明确旱地麦田休闲期深松、生育期覆盖对土壤水分的影响及其与产量构成因素的关系,探索旱地小麦增产增效的最佳蓄水保墒土壤管理技术,于2014-2016年在山西省闻喜县旱地麦田进行大田裂区试验,以休闲期深松和当地传统耕作（对照）为主区,以全膜覆土穴播、膜际条播、常规条播三种播种方式为副区,研究休闲期深松、生育期覆盖播种对土壤水分和产量及其构成因素的影响。结果表明：两试验年度休闲期深松耕作显著提高了播种期土壤蓄水量,0~300 cm土层较传统耕作多蓄水达24~33 mm;越冬-成熟期土壤蓄水量提高了12%~16%,休闲期土壤蓄水效率显著提高了18%~24%,降水生产效率提高了6%~11%,水分利用效率显著提高了15%~23%。2 a休闲期深松较对照小麦产量分别提高了12%~16%、18%~24%。休闲期深松条件下两种覆盖播种模式较常规条播产量显著提高了9%~13%、8%~21%;对照条件下,产量分别提高了6%~13%、12%~19%。2 a膜际条播较全膜覆土穴播产量分别提高了3%~7%、6%~12%,降水生产利用效率和水分利用效率均以膜际条播最高。年份对产量和穗数有极显著影响,休闲期深松效果大于播种方式效果。此外,本试验条件下,穗数的形成与越冬期上层土壤水分、拔节期中层土壤水分、孕穗期深层土壤水分相关性极显著。产量的形成与越冬期上层、拔节期上层和中层、孕穗期和开花期深层水分相关性极显著。休闲期深松可实现蓄水增产,土壤蓄墒每增加1 mm,2 a休闲期增墒增产量分别达26 kg·hm^-2、46 kg·hm^-2,且结合膜际条播蓄水对产量的贡献最高。总之,休闲期采用深松、生育期采用覆盖,均有利于提高花前土壤水分,增产主要通过提高穗数来实现,且降水少的年份增产效果明显。因此,休闲期深松结合生育期膜际条播处理是兼顾高产蓄水高效的耕作栽培方式。     

水分和温度对冬小麦和玉米免耕作产量影响的研究

本文对宁夏彭阳县旱地冬小麦、玉米的免耕作中水分和温度对产量的影响进行了探索。试验结果表明:播种前、后,旱地免耕作膜侧种植冬小麦处理比无地膜覆盖常规耕作处理的土壤含水量高,膜侧种植冬小麦生育后期土壤水分明显高于无地膜覆盖常规耕作处理。膜侧的土壤含水量高于膜内的土壤含水量,有利于膜侧冬小麦的生长。旱地免耕作膜侧冬小麦产量达3540kg/hm2,比对照增产78.8%,纯收益比对照提高79.7%。旱地玉米免耕作秸秆覆盖处理的土壤含水量明显高于常规耕作玉米处理的土壤含水量。覆盖1/2玉米秸秆、全部玉米秸秆处理的土壤平均含水量分别比常规耕作增加11.1%和9.8%。但是常规耕作有地膜覆盖,对耕层土壤的增温效果最好,而玉米秸秆覆盖对土壤增温的效果较差。覆盖1/2玉米秸秆、全部玉米秸秆处理产量分别比常规耕作减产25.4%和11.2%。     

旱地小麦全膜覆土穴播技术肥料效应研究

采用多点田间小区试验研究了不同旱作区小麦全膜覆土穴播技术的肥料效益。结果表明,全膜覆土穴播技术能显著提高小麦肥料利用率和肥料利用效率。全膜覆土穴播小麦氮、磷、钾肥利用率最高分别为44.3%、24.7%、37.9%,平均分别为38.7%、21.0%、29.1%,较露地条播分别增加8.6、5.1、6.6个百分点;全膜覆土穴播小麦氮、磷、钾肥料利用效率最高分别为14.8、25.0、13.1 kg·kg^-1,平均分别为12.9、21.2、12.3 kg·kg^-1,较露地条播分别增长29.0%、31.7%、23.0%。全膜覆土穴播技术能增强小麦对土壤养分的吸收利用能力,显著提高缺素区小麦的相对产量,从而降低氮、磷、钾施肥依从度。全膜覆土穴播小麦缺氮、缺磷、缺钾区相对产量最高分别为60.0%、54.7%、89.7%,平均为58.7%、52.7%、88.8%,较露地条播分别增加3.7、3.9、2.7个百分点;全膜覆土穴播小麦氮、磷、钾施肥依从度最高分别为42.6%、49.5%、11.9%,平均为41.3%、47.3%、11.2%,较露地条播分别减少3.7、3.9、2.7个百分点。     

不同旱作区覆膜方式对小麦产量的影响

采用不同覆膜方式田间小区试验研究了不同旱作区小麦全膜覆土穴播技术的增产效果。结果表明:不同覆膜方式小麦增产幅度和增产量以全膜覆土穴播极显著地高于全膜平铺穴播,全膜平铺穴播显著地高于膜侧沟播;3种覆膜方式小麦较露地条播(对照)平均增产率分别为73.9%、60.3%和33.3%,平均增产量分别为2 457.9、2 007.2、1 045.9 kg·hm-2;不同旱作区全膜覆土穴播小麦增产幅度表现为半干旱偏旱区半干旱区半湿润偏旱区,3个旱作区全膜覆土穴播小麦较露地条播增产率分别为90.2%、73.7%和57.8%;而不同旱作区全膜覆土穴播小麦增产量则表现为半湿润偏旱区半干旱区半干旱偏旱区,3个旱作区全膜覆土穴播小麦较对照增产量分别为2 220.3、2 520.9、2 632.5 kg·hm-2,特别是在年降雨量500~600 mm的旱作区全膜覆土穴播小麦平均产量达到7 183.5 kg·hm-2,最高达到7 405.5 kg·hm-2,创造了该区域旱地小麦的最高产量。     

不同栽培模式对大麦生育期间土壤水分及产量的影响

通过大田试验分析了全膜覆土穴播、垄作沟灌及平作条播栽培模式对大麦的土壤水分时空动态、产量及其水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,全膜穴播处理极有利于大麦的早期出苗及营养生长。但垄作沟灌栽培处理有利于促进大麦生殖生长。全膜穴播处理产量较垄作沟灌和平作条播处理分别增产10.9%和15.31%,并且WUE分别高10.69%和11.09%,说明全膜穴播栽培处理增加了大麦土壤的可利用水分,提高了产量和WUE。     

覆膜对不同播期冬小麦根系生长和产量的影响

为探究覆膜对冬小麦根系生长和产量的影响,于2017—2018和2018—2019年度在冬小麦生育期设置2种栽培模式（CK: 裸地穴播,PM: 全膜穴播）和3个播种日期（0：传统播期,10：晚播10 d,20：晚播20 d）,分析了覆膜措施对不同播期冬小麦地上部和根系生长、产量及其构成,以及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,覆膜处理有效增加了不同播期冬小麦返青期后的根长密度（RLD）、根表面积密度（RSD）、根系生物量、地上部生物量;各生育期PM0处理的RLD、RSD、根系生物量、地上部生物量均最大。覆膜对晚播冬小麦根系生长具有一定的加速作用,使得两季冬小麦PM10处理的RLD、RSD和根系生物量在返青期分别比CK0处理高2.90%、13.63%和23.04%。与CK0处理相比,两季冬小麦灌浆期 PM0、PM10、PM20处理的地上部生物量分别显著增加65.63%、75.57%和54.71%（P<0.05）。两季冬小麦覆膜处理的产量和水分利用效率均比同播期裸地处理高,其中,两季冬小麦PM0、PM10处理的产量分别比CK0处理提高28.92%、14.35%,水分利用效率分别比CK0处理提高17.87%、7.90%。此外,研究还发现,冬小麦返青期、开花期、灌浆期总RLD均与有效穗数、产量、水分利用效率呈极显著正相关关系（P<0.01）;冬小麦返青期总RSD、根系生物量均与有效穗数、产量及水分利用效率呈极显著正相关关系（P<0.01）。综上,覆膜措施通过改良土壤的水热环境,加速并促进了冬小麦根系的生长发育,进而改善了冬小麦根系对水分和养分的吸收,增加冬小麦植株的抗逆性。     

Film-mulched continuous ridge-furrow planting improves soil temperature,nutrient content and enzymatic activity in a winter oilseed rape field,Northwest China

Film mulching system is a widely employed agricultural practice worldwide. However, the effects of different planting and mulching patterns on soil nutrient content and enzymatic activity have not been well documented. In this study, we examined the impact of four planting and mulching patterns(including control, flat planting without mulching; M1, flat planting with film mulching; M2, ridge-furrow planting with film mulching on both ridges and furrows; and M3, ridge-furrow planting with film mulching on continuous ridges) on the seed yield of winter oilseed rape, soil moisture, soil temperature, soil organic carbon(SOC) content, soil nutrient content, and soil enzymatic activity over three growing seasons from 2012 to 2015 in a winter oilseed rape field in the semi-arid area of Northwest China. Seed yield of winter oilseed rape, soil moisture, soil temperature, enzymatic activities, and contents of nitrate-nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassium were all significantly higher in mulching treatments(M1, M2 and M3) than in control treatment over the three growing seasons, whereas SOC content was significantly lower in mulching treatments than in control treatment during 2013–2014 and 2014–2015. Among the three mulching treatments(M1, M2 and M3), the M3 treatment showed consistently higher seed yield, SOC content, nutrient contents, and enzymatic activities than the other two treatments. Seed yield of winter oilseed rape was 41.1% and 15.0% higher in M3 than in M1 and M2, respectively. SOC content and soil enzymatic activities in the top 0–20 cm soil layers and nitrate-nitrogen content in the top 0–30 cm soil layers were all significantly higher in M3 than in M1 and M2. Therefore, we advise the ridge-furrow planting with film mulching on continuous ridges(i.e., M3) as an efficient planting and mulching pattern for sustainably improving the seed yield of winter oilseed rape and preserving soil fertility in the semi-arid area of Northwest China.     

Effects of mulches on water use in a winter wheat/summer maize rotation system in Loess Plateau,China

Limited water resources often result in reduced crop yield and low water productivity(WP). In northwestern China, crop production is generally dependent on precipitation. Therefore, a variety of agricultural rainwater harvesting(ARH) techniques have been used for conserving soil moisture, ameliorating soil environment, increasing crop yield, and improving water use efficiency. A two-year(2013–2015) field experiment was conducted under a typical sub-humid drought-prone climate in Yangling(108°24′E, 34°20′N; 521 m a.s.l.), Shaanxi Province, China, to explore the effects of mulching(same for summer maize and winter wheat) on soil moisture, soil temperature, crop water consumption, and crop yield with a winter wheat/summer maize rotation. Crops were planted in a ridge-furrow pattern and the treatments consisted of a transparent film mulch over the ridges(M1), a crop straw mulch in the furrows(M2), a transparent film mulch over the ridges and a crop straw mulch in the furrows(M3), a black film mulch over the ridges and a crop straw mulch in the furrows(M4), and a control with no mulch(CK). Results showed that M4 was the best treatment for improving soil water storage and content, and decreasing crop water consumption during the summer maize and winter wheat rotation. In both maize and wheat seasons, M1 had a higher soil temperature than M2 and CK, and M3 had a higher soil temperature than M4. In the maize seasons, M4 had the highest yield, WP, and precipitation productivity(PP), with the average values for these parameters increasing by 30.9%, 39.0%, and 31.0%, respectively, compared to those in CK. In the wheat seasons, however, M3 had the highest yield, WP, and PP, with the average values for these parameters being 23.7%, 26.7%, and 23.8% higher, respectively, than those in CK. Annual yield(maize and wheat yields combined) and WP did not differ significantly between M3 and M4. These results suggested that M3 and M4 may thus be the optimal ARH practices for the production of winter wheat and summer maize, respectively, in arid and semi-arid areas.     

垄膜沟播与平膜侧播对冬小麦光合特性及产量的影响

为了探索我国西北半湿润易旱区合理覆膜种植方式,为该区作物生产及覆膜种植制度的建立提供参考,本研究以传统平作为对照,设两种覆膜方式:垄膜沟播(R)与平膜侧播(F).结果表明,与传统平作(CK)相比,垄沟宽均为40 cm(R40)和60 cm(R60)的沟播处理全生育期0-200 cm土壤平均含水量分别提高8.82％(P ＜0.05)和10.84％ (P＜ 0.01),膜宽为40 cm(F40)和60 cm(F60)的侧播处理提高4.40％和3.96％,沟播处理较侧播处理平均提高了5.42％(P＜0.05).不同覆膜方式处理的旗叶叶绿素相对含量(SPAD)、净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和气孔导度(Gs)均较传统平作(CK)显著增加,同宽度的沟播处理较对应的侧播处理提高幅度明显,但胞间CO2浓度显著低于传统平作(CK).不同覆膜方式处理的小麦经济产量和水分利用效率均较传统平作(CK)显著提高,平均提高幅度达21.52％和30.97％,同宽度沟播处理的生物产量、经济产量和作物水分利用效率显著(P＜0.05)高于对应的侧播处理.试验表明,在半湿润旱作区冬小麦垄膜沟播是一种高效栽培模式.     

Responses of microbial activities and soil physical-chemical properties to the successional process of biological soil crusts in the Gurbantunggut Desert,Xinjiang

Biological soil crusts(BSCs) are capable of modifying nutrient availability to favor the establishment of biogeochemical cycles. Microbial activities serve as critical roles for both carbon and nutrient transformation in BSCs. However, little is known about microbial activities and physical-chemical properties of BSCs in the Gurbantunggut Desert, Xinjiang, China. In the present research, a sampling line with 1-m wide and 20-m long was set up in each of five typical interdune areas selected randomly in the Gurbantunggut Desert. Within each sampling line, samples of bare sand sheet, algal crusts, lichen crusts and moss crusts were randomly collected at the depth of 0–2 cm. Variations of microalgal biomass, microbial biomass, enzyme activities and soil physical-chemical properties in different succession of BSCs were analyzed. The relationships between microalgal biomass, microbial biomass, enzymatic activities and soil physical-chemical properties were explored by stepwise regression. Our results indicate that microalgal biomass, microbial biomass and most of enzyme activities increased as the BSCs developed and their highest values occurred in lichen or moss crusts. Except for total K, the contents of most soil nutrients(organic C, total N, total P, available N, available P and available K) were the lowest in the bare sand sheet and significantly increased with the BSCs development, reaching their highest values in moss crusts. However, pH values significantly decreased as the BSCs developed. Significant and positive correlations were observed between chlorophyll a and microbial biomass C. Total P and N were positively associated with chlorophyll a and microbial biomass C, whereas there was a significant and negative correlation between microbial biomass and available P. The growth of cyanobacteria and microorganism contributed C and N in the soil, which offered substrates for enzyme activities thus increasing enzyme activities. Probably, improvement in enzyme activities increased soil fertility and promoted the growth of cyanobacteria, eukaryotic algae and heterotrophic microorganism, with the accelerating succession of BSCs. The present research found that microalgal-microbial biomass and enzyme activities played important roles on the contents of nutrients in the successional stages of BSCs and helped us to understand developmental mechanism in the succession of BSCs.     

旱地冬小麦秸秆带状覆盖不同模式的水分效应

在黄土高原半干旱雨养条件下以露地种植为对照(CK),设置了4种玉米整秆带状覆盖方式:带状3行(MS3),带状4行(MS4),带状5行(MS5),带状6行(MS6),比较研究了不同带幅对冬小麦产量、土壤水分变化的影响。结果表明:适宜带幅(MS3、MS4)的秸秆带状覆盖能显著改善土壤水分状况并提高冬小麦产量和水分利用效率,MS3、MS4分别较CK增产69.1%、41.3%,水分利用效率提高88.1%、39.1%。MS3与MS4对土壤含水量在不同时期、不同土层均具有增墒和降墒的双重效应,但增墒效应更为突出,全生育期平均分别较CK提高土壤含水量1.00和0.35个百分点。MS3可以显著改善土壤水分在各生育时期各土层的分布情况,其在播种期~越冬期、返青期~孕穗期的供水效果,以及60cm以下土层对60 cm以上土层的水分补给效果均好于其它处理,有利于冬小麦生长、成穗,提高穗粒数,因此MS3更适合黄土高原半干旱雨养地区的冬小麦生产。     

Impact of sand burial on maize(Zea mays L.)productivity and soil quality in Horqin sandy cropland,Inner Mongolia,China

Croplands are often suffering from sand burial in dry regions of northern China.For studying this phenomenon,we carried out a case study of field experiment including four sand burial levels,i.e.shallow(1–3 cm),moderate(8–12 cm)and deep(15–20 cm)sand burials,and no sand burial(control,CK),in a typical agro-pastoral transitional zone in Naiman Banner of eastern Inner Mongolia.The aim of this study was to assess the impacts of sand burial on maize(Zea mays L.)productivity and the soil quality along a gradient of burial depths.Results showed that there was a strong negative effect of sand burial on maize productivity and soil quality,which significantly declined(P0.05)under moderate and deep sand burial treatments.In comparison with the CK,the maize yield and above-ground biomass reduced by 47.41% and 39.47%,respectively.The soil silt and clay,soil water,soil organic carbon and total nitrogen contents under deep sand burial decreased by 67.85%,40.32%,86.52% and 82.11%,respectively,while microbial biomass carbon,microbial abundance and enzyme activity decreased by 89.78%,42.28%–79.66% and 69.51%–97.71%,respectively.There was no significant effect on crop productivity and soil quality with shallow sand burial treatment.The correlations analysis showed that there was significant positive correlations of both maize yield and above-ground biomass with soil silt and clay,soil organic carbon and total nitrogen contents,p H,electrical conductivity,soil water content,microbial abundance and biomass and all tested soil enzyme activities.Stepwise regression analysis indicated that soil water and total nitrogen contents,urease,cellobiohydrolase and peroxidase activities were key determining factors for maize productivity.This combination of factors explains reason of the decreased maize productivity with deep sand burial.We found that degradation of cropland as a result of sand burial changed soil physical-chemical properties and soil enzyme activities in the plow layer,and decreased overall maize productivity.Furthermore,decreased soil enzyme activity was a better indicator to predict sandy cropland degradation.