PP333提高干旱胁迫下油橄榄幼苗叶片细胞膜保护系统的机制

以油橄榄（品种为弗奥）一年生幼苗为试验材料,喷施66．7 mg／L的多效唑（PP333）于油橄榄幼苗叶片表面,每株喷施量为100 mL,且设置对照（喷施相同量的蒸馏水）,随后停止浇水,分别取干旱胁迫0,2,7 d的油橄榄幼苗叶片进行各项生理生化指标的测定及比较分析,以期探讨干旱胁迫下叶面喷施多效唑对油橄榄幼苗叶片细胞膜保护系统的影响。结果表明,当干旱胁迫（停止浇水7 d）使细胞膜受到显著破坏时,叶片喷施PP333显著减轻了细胞膜损伤程度,其细胞膜稳定指数比对照（叶片喷施对应量的蒸馏水）高41．5％;研究结果还显示,干旱胁迫下叶面喷施PP333相对减小了油橄榄叶片叶绿素含量、类胡萝卜素含量下降幅度,显著提高了脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量,进一步提高了SOD、POD和CAT活性,抑制MDA含量、O2·－产生速率和H2 O2含量升高的幅度,提高了Vc和还原型谷胱甘肽这2种重要抗氧化物质的含量。可见,干旱胁迫下叶面喷施PP333能通过相对提高干旱胁迫下叶片的抗氧化酶活性、抗氧化物质及渗透调节物质含量,减轻了光合色素含量的下降和活性氧、自由基的累积,由此加强了对油橄榄幼苗叶片细胞膜的保护。     

Determination of Moisture Deficit and Heat Stress Tolerance in Corn Using Physiological Measurements and a Low‐Cost Microcontroller‐Based Monitoring System

In the southern United States, corn production encounters moisture deficit coupled with high‐temperature stress, particularly during the reproductive stage of the plant. In evaluating plants for environmental stress tolerance, it is important to monitor changes in their physical environment under natural conditions, especially when there are multiple stress factors, and integrate this information with their physiological responses. A low‐cost microcontroller‐based monitoring system was developed to automate measurement of canopy, soil and air temperatures, and soil moisture status in field plots. The purpose of this study was to examine how this system, in combination with physiological measurements, could assist in detecting differences among corn genotypes in response to moisture deficit and heat stress. Three commercial hybrids and two inbred germplasm lines were grown in the field under irrigated and non‐irrigated conditions. Leaf water potential, photosynthetic pigments, cell membrane thermostability (CMT) and maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) were determined on these genotypes under field and greenhouse conditions. Variations observed in air and soil temperatures, and soil moisture in plots of the individual corn genotypes helped explain their differences in canopy temperature (CT), and these variations were reflected in the physiological responses. One of the commercial hybrids, having the lowest CT and the highest CMT, was the most tolerant among the genotypes under moisture deficit and heat stress conditions. These results demonstrated that the low‐cost microcontroller‐based monitoring system, in combination with physiological measurements, was effective in evaluating corn genotypes for drought and heat stress tolerance.     

渗透胁迫对玉米幼苗类囊体膜上结合态多胺含量的影响

研究了渗透胁迫下,玉米品种农大108(抗旱性较强)和掖单13(抗旱性较弱)幼苗类囊体膜上非共价结合态(Noncovalently conjugated,NCC)多胺(Polyamines,PAs)和高氯酸不溶性共价结合态(Perchloric acid insoluble covalently con-jugated,PISCC)多胺(PA)含量的变化。发现渗透胁迫下,抗旱性弱的掖单13的NCC-亚精胺(Spermidine,Spd)、PISCC-腐胺(Putrescine,Put)和PISCC-Spd下降幅度明显大于抗旱性强的农大108;掖单13的NCC-Put含量明显上升,NCC-精胺(Spermine,Spm)含量明显下降,而农大108的NCC-Put和NCC-Spm含量变化不明显。外源Spd处理明显抑制了渗透胁迫下掖单13类囊体膜上NCC-Spd含量的下降,也提高了掖单13玉米幼苗的抗性;Spd生物合成的专一性抑制剂——MGBG处理,则明显促进了渗透胁迫下农大108类囊体膜上NCC-Spd含量的下降,也降低了农大108玉米幼苗的抗性。PISCC-PAs生物合成的专一性抑制剂——o-phen处理,促进了渗透胁迫下玉米幼苗类囊体膜上PISCC-PAs含量的下降,而且明显降低了玉米幼苗的抗性。表明玉米幼苗类囊体膜上NCC-Spd、PISCC-Spd和PISCC-Put在胁迫条件下的稳定有利于增强玉米幼苗适应渗透胁迫的能力。     

Drought Stress Effects on Seed Yield, Yield Attributes, Growth, Cell Membrane Stability and Gas Exchange of Synthesized Brassica napus L.

Drought stress effects on leaf gas exchange, cell membrane stability, seed yield and yield attributes of synthesized Brassica napus L. cv. Bangla kale and Bangla cabbage were compared. Drought stress treatments were imposed at early vegetative, late vegetative and flowering stages by withholding watering. Bangla cabbage produced greater pods/plant, larger seed size, greater total dry matter/plant, seeds/pot, and 17% greater yield than Bangla kale. The seed yield in plants stressed at early vegetative, late vegetative and flowering stages were 59, 74, 88% lower respectively, than watered plants. Drought stress reduced leaf photosynthesis by 67 to 97%. Bangla cabbage had 68% greater photosynthesis and 56% greater stomatal conductance than Bangla kale under stress at flowering stage. Leaf temperature was 1 to 2°C higher in stressed plants than watered plants. The cell membrane stability (CMS) increased up to 83% at flowering stage under stress compared to 21% under watered conditions. Although Bangla cabbage had high seed yield, yield attributes and photosynthesis under stressed conditions at flowering stage, its CMS values were lower than those of Bangla kale.     

干旱对梨树叶片质膜氧化还原系统的影响

对苹果梨和杜梨两种梨树叶片的质膜氧化还原系统进行了研究。研究结果表明,干旱使梨幼树叶片质膜NADH(还原性辅酶Ⅰ)和NADPH(还原性辅酶Ⅱ)的氧化速率及Fe(CN)63-和EDTA-Fe3 的还原速率降低。在干旱胁迫时,GSH(谷胱甘肽)和Vc(抗坏血酸)的氧化速率却明显增加,表明除了NADH和NADPH外,GSH和Vc也可以作为质膜氧化还原系统的电子供体。进一步而言,在水分胁迫条件下,GSH和Vc可能是代替NADH和NADPH的质膜氧化还原系统的电子供体。     

水分胁迫对冬小麦旗叶细胞质膜及叶肉细胞超微结构的影响

随着水分胁迫程度的加剧，冬小麦叶的膜质过氧化物丙二醛的含量升高，膜脂 酸不饱和度降低，叶肉细胞内叶绿体、线粒体的形态、结构异常，甚至裂解，质膜内陷，胞液泡化，胞壁层次减少。表明土壤水分胁迫损害小麦旗叶细胞质膜及叶肉细胞的超微结构，加速衰老进程。     

玉米种子萌发期根缘细胞对 NaCl 胁迫响应

NaCl胁迫是导致玉米盐害的主要因素,研究了NaCl对玉米萌发期根系和离体根缘细胞的影响。结果表明,随着NaCl浓度从0 mmol/L增加到250 mmol/L,胚根长和次生根数量受到显著抑制,同时根缘细胞存活率也显著降低。但在100 mmol/L的NaCl胁迫下,根缘细胞的数量比对照和高浓度胁迫有显著增加,同时100 mmol/L的NaCl胁迫也显著刺激了玉米离体根缘细胞的凋亡速度。由于试验材料对100 mmol/L的NaCl胁迫有一定耐性,因此,认为该胁迫浓度下根缘细胞数量增加可能与其耐盐性有关,为进一步探讨根缘细胞与玉米耐盐机制的关系奠定了基础。     

水分胁迫对玉米保护酶系活力及膜系统结构的影响

在ＰＥＧ诱导的水分胁迫下，ＳＯＤ活力在不同抗旱性的玉米品种或杂交组合中均呈现下降─回升─下降的变化趋势；ＣＡＴ活力在抗旱性强的品种中先升（或基本不变）后降，而在抗旱性弱的品种中一直降低；ＰＯＤ活力在所有品种均呈明显降低。同时，叶片质膜透性增大，叶绿体和线粒体超微结构受损，抗旱性强的品种受损程度较轻。ＳＯＤ和ＣＡＴ活力与质膜、叶绿体和线粒体膜系统结构的损伤程度呈负相关，与品种抗旱性呈正相关，可作为玉米抗旱鉴定的生化指标；而ＰＯＤ活力与上述膜系统的损伤程度及品种抗旱性相关不大。     

低温胁迫对甜菜抗氧化系统的影响

旨在研究低温胁迫对甜菜细胞膜过氧化及抗氧化系统的影响,并为研究其他植物的抗寒性生理机制提供参考依据。以甜菜品种‘KWS9147'为实验材料,采用水培方式栽培,设置了4℃的低温处理(L)和25℃的室温对照(CK),测定低温处理前后甜菜叶片中丙二醛(MDA)含量和抗氧化系统酶活性的变化。结果表明,低温胁迫会对细胞膜造成损害并促使抗氧化系统产生防御作用,甜菜低温胁迫处理1天后与对照组对比,丙二醛(MDA)含量和抗氧化系统酶活性发生了显著的变化,丙二醛(MDA)的含量增加了31.32%,总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)及过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性显著上升,分别上升了10.74%、4倍、2.22倍、32.85%、和2.56倍。综上,甜菜在低温胁迫下抗氧化能力提高,从而清除活性氧自由基(ROS)的积累,减缓细胞膜脂过氧化对细胞造成的伤害。     

干旱胁迫对蒲公英渗透调节物质、酶保护系统及质膜水孔蛋白PIP2-3基因表达的影响

为了揭示蒲公英在干旱胁迫下渗透调节和酶保护系统的作用机理以及质膜水孔蛋白PIP2-3基因的表达特征,采用盆栽控水试验,研究了不同干旱胁迫RWC=(90±5)%、RWC=(75±5)%、RWC=(50±5)%下蒲公英渗透调节物质、酶保护系统以及质膜水孔蛋白基因的相关表达。结果表明:随着干旱胁迫的加重,蒲公英叶片中的可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、游离脯氨酸的含量显著增加,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性显著提高,在轻度胁迫(MS)中呈持续上升的趋势,重度胁迫(SS)中则呈现先升高后下降的趋势(可溶性糖除外);质膜水孔蛋白PIP2-3基因的相对表达量上调,轻度胁迫(MS)显著高于重度胁迫(SS)。复水7 d后,渗透调节物质的积累以及SOD的含量下降,但仍显著高于CK,POD、CAT的含量以及质膜水孔蛋白PIP2-3基因的相对表达量恢复正常,说明在干旱胁迫条件下蒲公英通过增加渗透调节物质的积累,提高酶保护系统的活性来增强植株的抗逆性,上调质膜水孔蛋白基因的相对表达量来加强水分运输能力。     

甜菜碱预处理对盐胁迫下小麦幼苗类囊体膜脂脂肪酸组分和功能的影响

以2个小麦品系旱丰9703（抗旱性强）和山农215953（抗旱性弱）为材料，研究了对盐胁迫的反应，以及外源甜菜碱在提高小麦抗盐性方面的作用。结果表明，盐胁迫导致小麦幼苗类囊体膜脂脂肪酸组分相对含量发生改变，山农215953的磷脂酰甘油（PG）和磷脂酰胆碱（PC）中亚麻酸（18∶3）相对含量均显著下降，旱丰9703仅PC中亚麻酸（18∶3）相对含量显著下降。甜菜碱预处理能显著缓解盐胁迫导致的山农215953的PG和旱丰9703的PC中18∶3相对含量的下降。盐胁迫导致小麦幼苗类囊体Ca²⁺-ATPase活性、Hill反应活力和叶绿素含量及光合作用的降低，抗旱性较弱的山农215953下降程度较大；甜菜碱预处理能显著缓解其下降程度。抗旱性不同的小麦品系在抗盐性方面具有相同的趋势。     

稀土对水分胁迫下棉花幼苗膜脂过氧化作用的影响

稀二元素能明显增加聚已二醇(PEG)水分协迫下棉花叶片的相对含水量,减少水分的丢失,提高其保水能力。稀土处理的棉花叶片,超氧物歧化酶、过氧化物酶及过氧化氢酶活性增加,其中超氧物歧化酶活性与稀土浓度呈正相关。膜脂的过氧化声物丙二醛含量减少,质膜透性降低,提高了棉花的抗旱性。     

Experimental Study of Soil Stress on the Holding Sheet of Pile-Anchor Holding-Block Structure System

This paper studies the soil stress on the holding sheet between the pile-anchor erecting columns of the pile-anchor holding block structure system often used in Chongqing. Based on the indoor model tests, this paper makes a qualitative analysis about the variation rules of the soil stress on the holding sheet. The results are compared with the calculation results on classical soil stress theory. Then, this paper suggests that the classical soil stress theory is unsuitable to calculating and analyzing the soil stress on the holding sheet.     

盐胁迫条件下外源Ca2+对蚕豆气孔运动及质膜K+通道的调控

研究了Ca²⁺ 对NaCl胁迫下蚕豆气孔运动及质膜K+通道的影响。结果表明,100 mmol L^-1 NaCl可明显诱导气孔开放,该现象可被10 mmol L^-1 CaCl₂ 显著抑制。为探讨盐胁迫下Ca²⁺对K⁺和Na⁺跨膜运输的调控机制,我们利用膜片钳技术记录全细胞K⁺ 电流发现,在100 mmol L^-1 NaCl胁迫下,加入10 mmol L^-1 CaCl₂胞外处理,显著抑制质膜K+内向及外向通道电流,这种抑制可被1 mmol L^-1 La³⁺ (Ca²⁺通道抑制剂)缓解。非盐胁迫下,10 mmol L^-1 CaCl₂ 胞外处理也能显著抑制质膜内向K⁺通道,但明显激活其外向通道,加入1 mmol L^-1 La³⁺并不能被缓解。用H₂O₂专一的荧光探针二氯荧光素二乙酸酯(H2DCF-DA)单细胞分析保卫细胞内H₂O₂含量变化显示,在100 mmol L^-1 NaCl盐胁迫下,10 mmol L^-1 CaCl₂ 处理明显诱导H₂O₂在保卫细胞中积累;100 mmol L^-1 NaCl和10 mmol L^-1 CaCl₂单独处理并不能诱导H₂O₂积累。推测Ca²⁺在盐胁迫下可能先诱导H₂O₂在胞内积累,进而激活质膜Ca²⁺通道,迅速提高胞内Ca²⁺浓度以抑制Na⁺通过质膜K⁺通道跨膜内流,同时调节Na⁺外流,两种效应共同作用促使气孔关闭,减少盐胁迫下水分的过度散失。上述结果将为Ca²⁺调控作物抗盐机制研究提供新的思路。     

Experimental Study on Influence of Stress Path on the Constitutive Relations for Reshaped Clay

In order to study the influence of stress path on the constitutive relations for reshaped clay,the triaxial compression tests under stress paths with drainage in cases of increased,constant and decreased mean normal stress and undrained conventional triaxial compression test have been carried out,the stress-strain relations under the four stress paths are obtained.Through visualization the three-dimensional surfaces of shear and volume strain in the whole stress field under the four stress paths are given respectively by numerical modeling.In addition,the four families of shear and volume yield loci are plotted respectively.It is found through comparing the deformation results under the four stress paths that there are obvious differences in the stress ranges,the strain peaks,the shapes of strain surfaces and the trends of variation of volume yield loci,however,for the four families the shear yield loci are similar.These results demonstrate that the influence of stress path on the constitutive relations of clay is considerably large and could not be neglected,and it relates to the effective mean normal stress closely.     

用mRNA差别显示方法分析黑麦盐胁迫下应答基因cDNA片段的表达特性

利用mRNA差别显示方法分析经250mmol/LNaCl处理3d的黑麦幼苗,14个差异cDNA片段,包括8个诱导表达片段,2个增强表达片段和4个抑制表达片段被检测到.NorthernBlot分析证实,其中0.8kb、0.65kb和0.35kbcDNA片段有强烈阳性信号,命名为SI800、SI650、SI350(SaltInduced800bp、650bp、350bp),证明与盐胁迫有关.以SI800为探针与分别经