降水和遮荫对侧柏林地种子萌发的影响

植物从种子萌发到独立自营体系建立过程中的水热平衡是适应环境的重要机制。为了解决侧柏林地内更新欠佳、籽苗分布不均等问题,开展了气象大数据的统计分析和侧柏(Platycladus orientalis)种子萌发、籽苗萌生数量的调查。结合室内种子的发芽试验,研究了侧柏种子萌发与降水时空分布、母树及一些伴生树种的关系。结果表明,土壤水分是种子萌发和幼苗出土的限制因素。降水量作为土壤水分的主要来源,对种子的萌发和幼苗生长的影响达到显著水平。夏季干旱等水热失衡的诱发因素常抑制种子的萌发出土,母树树体下和适度遮荫环境有利于侧柏种子的萌发和幼苗生长。     

基于多模型离散覆盖的宿州初霜期动态灰预测

初霜冻害是影响宿州市秋收作物收成的重要因素。根据季节事件灰预测和多模型离散覆盖机理,创建不同零起点的灾变子序列并建立多个GM(1,1)模型,按照灰关联度择优选模,利用新息或灰数依次递补,对初霜期10月23日出现年份进行预测。提出按照频次对多模型离散覆盖进行白化以确定最有可能出现的年份,经预报检验效果较好,对初霜期的长期预测有一定的参考价值。     

Virtual modeling based on deep phenotyping provides complementary data to field experiments to predict plant emergence in oilseed rape genotypes

Breeding oilseed rape for oil and protein contents may have led to differences in seedling emergence in genotypes. New opportunities for deep automated phenotyping of germination and seedling growth are being developed on phenotyping platforms. Our aim was to demonstrate that using these data to parameterize a crop emergence model complements field experiments for the evaluation of differences among genotypes. Five genotypes, chosen in a diverse set of winter oilseed rape for their different germination speeds, were phenotyped for germination at different temperatures and water potentials as well as for radicle and hypocotyl growth. These data were used as parameters to run the SIMPLE crop emergence model over a period of 27 years (1985–2012), at two locations, one in France and one in Germany, and at four sowing dates. Field experiments were performed in 2012, 2013 and 2014, and the emergence of the five genotypes was measured at early and late sowing dates. First, model predictions were compared with observed field emergence in the French sowing trials in 2014. The model proved to be rather good at predicting the emergence of the genotypes. Then, for the simulation study, the model extended the observed differences between locations and sowing dates over a greater number of years. The model also identified the main reasons for non-emerging seedlings and their frequencies in the simulated sowings. Differences between the five genotypes were on average very small, but complex interactions appeared that led to bigger differences under certain sowing conditions. This study demonstrates that combining deep phenotyping with crop models in simulation studies paves the way for more precise and detailed evaluation of genotypes.     

CO_2对蒺藜状苜蓿种子萌发的影响

用标准发芽试验研究CO_2对蒺藜状苜蓿种子萌发的影响.结果表明:CO_2处理可促进蒺藜状苜蓿种子的萌发,20% CO_2处理促进效果最显著,发芽率达到对照2.17倍,发芽势达4.14倍,发芽指数3.49倍,而发芽天数缩短0.73 d;而20% CO_2前处理不同时间,对蒺藜状苜蓿种子萌发无影响;浓硫酸能加强CO_2处理效果.     

A tutorial on the statistical analysis of factorial experiments with qualitative and quantitative treatment factor levels

Agronomic experiments are often complex and difficult to interpret, and the proper use of appropriate statistical methodology is essential for an efficient and reliable analysis. In this paper, the basics of the statistical analysis of designed experiments are discussed using real examples from agricultural field trials. Factorial designs allow for the study of two or more treatment factors in the same experiment, and here we discuss the analysis of factorial designs for both qualitative and quantitative level treatment factors. Where treatment factors have quantitative levels, models of treatment effects are essential for efficient analysis and in this paper we discuss the use of polynomials for empirical quantitative modelling of treatment effects. The example analyses cover experiments with a single quantitative level factor, experiments with mixtures of quantitative and qualitative level factors, polynomial regression designs with two quantitative level factors, split‐plot designs with quantitative level factors and repeated‐measures designs with correlated data and a quantitative treatment response over time. Modern mixed model computer software for routine analysis of experimental data is now readily available, and we demonstrate the use of two alternative software packages, the SAS package and the R language. The main purpose of the paper is to exemplify standard statistical methodology for routine analysis of designed experiments in agricultural research, but in our discussion we also provide some references for the study of more advanced methodology.     

多环境试验中质量——数量性状的遗传分析

在利用F2, BC等分离世代进行质量一数量性状的遗传研究中,有时会遇到多环境试验的数据。本文提出应用混合分布模型对多环境试验数据进行联合分析以及测验主基因型与环境互作及环境效应的统计方法,并给出了一个应用实例。     

缅甸树萝卜种子萌发条件研究

本研究通过利用产地和保存时间双因素对缅甸树萝卜种子进行萌发试验研究,结果表明,缅甸树萝卜种子不存在休眠现象,刚收集1周的种子发芽率最高,随着保存时间的推移,发芽率逐渐降低.3个产地在保存时间较短时发芽率基本一致,但随着保存时间的增加,勐腊的缅甸树萝卜种子的发芽率比景洪和盈江更高,说明勐腊的缅甸树萝卜种子活力较高,可以保存更长时间.     

华重楼种子预处理对其萌发特性的影响

目的:筛选华重楼种子最佳预处理方法,为生产上及早破除种子休眠,促进种子萌发提供指导.方法:新鲜的华重楼种子经不同去皮方式、不同层积基质及不同浸种药剂处理后,于18℃层积条件下进行发芽试验,每周观察并记录,比较分析种子的发芽率、发芽势、平均发芽天数的差异.结果:与带皮种子相比,冷冻去皮可显著缩短种子平均发芽天数,而砂搓、纱布、手剥去皮的种子发芽率和发芽势均有显著降低;与壤土基质相比,细砂、蛭石、木屑层积的种子发芽率及发芽势均有显著提高,且蛭石基质层积可显著缩短平均发芽天数;NaN3、H2O2、KNO3浸种处理均能显著提高种子发芽率.结论:华重楼生产上宜采用冷冻法去除种子外种皮,使用0.001％浓度的H2 O2浸种14 h后于18℃蛭石中层积.     

Kriging and univariate modeling of a spatially correlated data

In soil science research, it is a common practice to analyze spatially correlated data sets of limited sample size. From another piont of view, even when a large data set is available the statistical techniques of analyzing spatially correlated data, such as Kriging, may not utilize the entire data set in fitting a model due to computational limitations. Of course, a model obtained by using only a portion of the data may not adequately describe the variation.In this study cover-clay thickness data collected over an area on a regular square grid were used to determine the nature of the spatial variability. After spatial semi-variances were calculated punctual and block Kriging were applied to the data. To utilize the entire data set in applying time series statistical techniques the two-dimensional data is transformed into a univariate space series by marching through the data from the northwest corner to the southeast corner of the field. Autoregressive integrated moving average and state-space models, which are new in soil science research, were subsequently used to model the spatial variation. Although the data manifests strong variation, the simple univariate models adequately describe the spatial variations. The univariate estimates are also consistent with Kriging estimates. Residual analysis and jack-knifing demonstrated the adequacy of the models. The simplicity and adequacy of autoregressive integrated moving average and state-space models as applied to cover-clay thickness data demonstrate the potential applicability of these models to soil data. The application of the three models to cover-clay thickness data is discussed.     

不同浓度柠檬酸对甜菜种子的引发影响

为了研究柠檬酸作为引发剂对甜菜单粒种引发的影响效果,并为甜菜种子包衣剂物料的选择提供依据。试验以甜菜单粒种1113×NY051为材料,不同浓度柠檬酸为引发剂,用直接测量法得到发芽势、发芽率等数据。结果表明,处理甜菜单粒种时,不同浓度柠檬酸和不同时间梯度的9个处理都能够有效地促进材料1113×NY051的发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数和活力指数,降低电导率。其中,5 mmol/L柠檬酸对甜菜种子1113×NY051在8、12、24 h 3个不同时间情况下的发芽势、发芽率、发芽指数和活力指数指标均高出对照组(CK),电导率低于对照组(CK)。不同浓度的柠檬酸能显著促进种子萌发,随着处理时间的变化和试剂浓度的不同对引发效果均有不同影响。     

矾根花粉离体萌发培养基组分及培养条件的优化

为筛选出适宜于矾根花粉萌发的培养条件和离体培养基,本研究以矾根‘红妆魅影’为实验材料,采用单因素实验分别对培养基的pH值、培养温度及培养时间进行优化,然后用正交设计试验进一步优化矾根花粉萌发的离体培养基配方。研究结果表明当培养基pH值为5.5、培养温度为25℃、培养时间达100 min时,萌发效率最高;对矾根‘红妆魅影’花粉萌发的影响程度依次为蔗糖>PEG4000>硼酸>氯化钙;最优处理组合为A3B1C3D5(11),即在10 %蔗糖+0 mg/L氯化钙+100 mg/L硼酸+20 %PEG4000的处理组合下,矾根‘红妆魅影’的花粉平均萌发率最高达73.2%。本研究优化所得的培养基组分及培养条件可为矾根属植物有关花粉活力相关研究奠定基础。     

The germination of freshly harvested seed of ripe and unripe barley and oats

Barley and oats were grown in a greenhouse and outside in the field to different stages of ripeness. After harvest the plants were threshed as soon as possible. The seeds were treated in different ways and sown immediately in a sand-bed. The kernels which germinated were counted.Seeds from plants which were grown in the greenhouse, on average germinated better than seeds from plants grown outside. Seeds from ripe plants germinated better than green seeds, but in some trials germination of green seeds was exceptionally good. The percentage of germination was increased by several treatments. Drying at 50°C was found to be the most efficient method.The result from such experiments may be different when the plants are grown in another environment. Under our conditions drying at a temperature of about 50°C was an efficient way to increase the germination of freshly cut seeds of barley and oats.     

紫果型黑蕊猕猴桃种子萌发特性研究

对采收的紫果型黑蕊猕猴桃(Actinidia melanandra)种子进行了不同温度、不同层积时间和不同浓度赤霉素处理的发芽试验,结果表明,不同温度的种子发芽率有极显著差异(p<0.01),多重比较显示平均发芽率结果为23℃>18℃>28℃>13℃,23℃的发芽率为72.67%。不同层积时间的种子发芽率有极显著差异(p<0.01),多重比较显示发芽率60 d>45 d>75 d>30 d>0,层积60 d的平均发芽率为79.67%。不同浓度赤霉素处理的种子发芽率有极显著差异(p<0.01),多重比较显示发芽率600 mg·L^-1>900 mg·L^-1>300 mg·L^-1>0,600 mg·L^-1的发芽率最高,为14%。紫果型黑蕊猕猴桃种子最佳萌发条件为:温度23℃,低温层积60 d,600 mg·L^-1的赤霉素浸泡种子。     

市售甘草种子质量分析

甘草是中国最大宗的药材之一,具有益气补中、清热解毒、调和诸药等功效。除了药用价值外,还具有重要的生态及工业价值。随着人工栽培甘草的面积的加大,对种子的需求也不断增加,而甘草种子的质量决定着甘草成品的质量。笔者从种子净度、千粒重、籽粒大小、发芽率、硬实、霉变等几方面考查研究了目前市售甘草种子的质量状况。研究结果表明：不同来源的甘草种子在千粒重、籽粒大小等方面存在显著差异,其中内蒙古、宁夏甘草种子的千粒重和种子直径要显著高于新疆甘草种子。不同来源甘草种子的发芽率、净度、硬实率、霉变率都存在较大的变异范围,大部分甘草种子未经过种子破硬实处理,硬实率较高,种子无包装,无说明。笔者认为中国应当尽快制定甘草种子的质量分级标准及检验标准,以加强甘草种子市场的规范化。     

The possibilities of early selection of late-flowering almonds as a function of seed germination or leafing time of seedlings

Obtaining new, late‐flowering almonds by crossing is a very long process, mainly due to the long juvenile period of the seedlings obtained. It would be very useful to have an early selection method to identify the late‐flowering genotypes, which would increase the efficiency of the breeding programmes. In this work, a study was made of the possibility of using the chilling requirements of seeds for germination and the leafing time of seedlings as criteria for early selection of flowering time, in 502 seedlings belonging to 13 families, over a four‐year period. Crossings were carried out in 1997. Seeds were stratified at 7°C. and the number of weeks necessary for germination was determined. Seedlings were planted in 1998. Between 1999 and 2002 the leafing time was recorded, and in 2001 and 2002 the time of flowering was also recorded. The results showed that, although some correlation was observed between the germination or leafing time and the flowering time, these correlations were not strong enough to be used as efficient criteria for early selection of late‐flowering seedlings within each family. for which variability was limited. To obtain late‐flowering cultivars. the best method is to cross progenitors which flower as late as possible, and later select the seedlings according to their flowering time. Leafing time could be used for early selection with certain success when progenitors have very different flowering times (VCTJ early and very late), since the expected variability within families will be very large.     

AlomySys: Modelling black-grass (Alopecurus myosuroides Huds.) germination and emergence,in interaction with seed characteristics,tillage and soil climate: I. Construction

Models quantifying the effects of agricultural practices on weed emergence, in interaction with the soil, are necessary to evaluate and design cropping systems. In the present study, such a model was developed for black-grass (Alopecurus myosuroides Huds.), a harmful weed frequently found in rotations consisting mostly of winter crops. The model AlomySys was based on sub-models predicting (a) soil environment (climate, structure) resulting from the cropping system and weather, (b) vertical soil seed distribution after tillage, depending on the tool, the characteristics of the tillage implement and the soil structure; and (c) seed mortality, dormancy, germination and pre-emergent growth depending on soil environment, seed depth, characteristics and past history. Seed movements during tillage depend on the tool used, its characteristics, soil structure and on the initial position of the seed. Seed mortality increases with seed age; seed dormancy depends on seed age, seed depth, the conditions in which the seeds were produced and the past moisture and dryness conditions undergone by the seeds; germination is triggered by rain or tillage and driven by hydro-thermal time; pre-emergent shoot elongation depends on seed weight, on the conditions in which the seeds were produced and increases with thermal time; pre-emergent seedling mortality increases with soil dryness, clod size and seed depth. The sub-models were based either on existing models, or developed with literature data or additional experiments. Simulations were carried out to show how weed emergence can be reduced by adapting tillage mode and date to previous crop history.     

回交自交系(BIL)群体4对主基因加多基因混合遗传模型分离分析方法的建立

主基因加多基因混合遗传模型是用于分析数量性状表型数据的统计分析方法, 该方法便于育种工作者利用杂种分离世代的数据对育种性状的遗传组成初步判断,制定相应的育种策略,也可用于校验QTL定位所揭示的数量性状的性状遗传组成。回交自交系(BIL)群体是永久性群体,可以进行有重复的比较试验,适用于受环境影响较大的复杂性状的遗传研究。本研究以BIL群体为对象构建了４对主基因、主基因加多基因分离分析方法的遗传模型,包括2类11个遗传模型。利用基于IECM (iterative expectation conditional maximization)算法的极大似然分析方法估算各个混合遗传模型中的分布参数,用AIC值和一组适合性测验结果选取最优模型,并从入选模型的分布参数通过最小二乘法估计遗传参数。由1个模拟的随机区组试验对模型进行验证,模拟群体中遗传参数的估计值与设定值之间具有很好的一致性。利用本文建立的模型重新分析大豆回交自交系群体(Essex×ZDD2315)及其亲本对胞囊线虫(Heterodera glycines Ichinohe) 1号生理小种的抗性数据后发现4对主基因模型优于原报道的3对主基因模型,说明本方法的有效性和正确性。     

Response of some Andean cultivars of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) to temperature: Effects on germination, phenology, growth and freezing

This article presents various experiments conducted under semi-controlled conditions to determine the effects of temperature on germination, phenology, growth and freezing in Chenopodium quinoa, a pseudocereal originating from the cold and dry Andean altiplano. Traditional landraces and recently released cultivars from distinct geographical origins were compared in order to look for local adaptation or breeding improvement with respect to low temperatures. Germination was evaluated in 10 cultivars at temperatures between 2 and 20 °C. Plant growth and development were examined in three cultivars over the growing cycle, under minimum temperature between 8 and 13 °C and maximum temperature between 20 and 28 °C. The thermal time concept was used to compare the various treatments and estimate the phyllochron, as well as the base temperature and optimum temperature for leaf appearance, time to flowering and leaf width growth. Two cultivars at the vegetative stage were compared for night freezing tolerance down to −6 °C, registering leaf exotherms and plant survival rate. The influence of plant water status and the possible protective or detrimental role of leaf epidermal vesicles were also examined. Low temperatures down to 2 °C delayed germination without impeding it totally. Base temperature for germination varied between −1.9 and +0.2 °C, with negative values in 9 cultivars out of 10. Thermal sensitivity in germination was not related to the geographic origin of the cultivars. Leaf appearance and time to flowering showed similar base temperatures near 1 °C. Phyllochron varied from 12.9 to 17.2 °C d with lower values in the two recently released varieties than in the traditional landrace. Leaf width increased from a base temperature around 6 °C up to an optimum temperature between 20 and 22.5 °C. Freezing experiments showed that no plant could survive after 4 h at −6 °C, while no serious effect was noted down to −3 °C. Leaf exotherms confirmed that ice nucleation occurred between −5 and −6 °C in most of the plants, the traditional landrace showing a lower freezing tolerance than the selected line. Low leaf water status delayed the freezing process, while leaf vesicles did not seem to play any protective or detrimental role towards leaf freezing. Implications of these results for quinoa crop adaptation to the Andean environment are discussed.     

苹果花粉萌发生理影响因子的研究

选用‘红星’、‘美红’、‘荷红’、‘全家红’4个品种的花粉作为试材,分别通过染色法（TTC、过氧化物酶法）和离体萌发法来测定苹果花粉的生活力,并通过花粉离体萌发、生长试验,观察其在不同培养条件下的萌发生长状况。结果表明：染色及离体培养试验中,品种间花粉活力存在较大差异,其中‘红星’花粉生活力最高,‘美红’、‘荷红’次之,‘全家红’最低;离体萌发试验中,不同培养条件下各种花粉的萌发及花粉管生长随温度、浓度的增加均呈先增后减趋势;不同温度条件下,花粉萌发生长最适培养基浓度不同,高浓度（15%、20%）的培养环境对花粉的萌发生长有一定抑制作用;试验还发现,各花粉最高萌发率与花粉管最大长度生长条件不一致,花粉管的生长最适温度及培养浓度均高于萌发最适条件,这可能与花粉管萌发生长时新陈代谢旺盛有关。