Winter barley performance under different cropping and tillage systems in semiarid Aragon (NE Spain)

Winter barley is the major crop on semiarid drylands in central Aragon (NE Spain). In this study we compared, under both continuous cropping (BC) (5–6-month fallow) and a crop–fallow rotation (BF) (16–18-month fallow), the effects of three fallow management treatments (conventional tillage, CT; reduced tillage, RT; no-tillage, NT) on the growth, yield and water use efficiency (WUE) of winter barley during three consecutive growing seasons in the 1999–2002 period. Daily precipitation measurements and monthly measurements of soil water storage to a depth of 0.7 m were used to calculate crop water use (ET) and its components. The average growing season precipitation was 195 mm. Above-ground dry matter (DM) and corresponding WUE were high in years with high effective rainfalls (>10 mm day⁻¹) either in autumn or spring. However, the highest values of WUE for grain yield were mainly produced by effective rainfalls during the time from stem elongation to harvest. Despite the similarity in ET for the three tillage treatments, NT provided the lowest DM production, corresponding to a higher soil water loss by evaporation and lower crop transpiration (T), indicated by the lowest T/ET ratio values found under this treatment. No clear differences in crop yield were observed among the tillage treatments in the study period. On average, and regardless of the type of tillage, BF provided the highest values of DM and WUE and yielded 49% more grain than BC. These differences between cropping systems increased when water-limiting conditions occurred in the early stages of crop growth, probably due to the additional soil water storage under BF at sowing. Although no significant differences in precipitation use efficiency (PUE) were observed between BC and BF, PUE was higher under the BC system, which yielded 34% more grain than the BF rotation when yields were adjusted to an annual basis including the length of the fallow. The crop yield under BF was not dependent on the increase in soil water storage at the end of the long fallow. In conclusion, this study has shown that, although conventional tillage can be substituted by reduced or no-tillage systems for fallow management in semiarid dryland cereal production areas in central Aragon, the practice of long-fallowing to increase the cereal crop yields is not longer sustainable.     

免耕轮作对内蒙古地区农田贮水特性和作物产量的影响

2005—2011年,在内蒙古清水河县进行了免耕留高茬覆盖(NHS)、免耕留低茬覆盖(NLS)、免耕留高茬(NH)、免耕留低茬(NL)和常规耕作(T)5种耕作方式与3种轮作模式(燕麦-大豆-玉米、大豆-玉米-燕麦和玉米-燕麦-大豆)对土壤贮水特性和作物产量影响的研究。结果表明,不同免耕轮作处理中以免耕留茬覆盖结合燕麦-大豆-玉米轮作模式对土壤贮水量的提高程度最大,增幅为常规耕作的35.66%~41.63%。不同免耕轮作模式均能提高作物水分利用效率和作物产量,且作物产量高低与降雨量的变化趋势一致。第一个轮作周期后NHS、NLS、NH和NL分别较T作物水分利用效率增加43.77%、31.45%、26.74%和13.91%,作物产量增加29.68%、27.69%、18.05%和15.66%。第二个轮作周期内由于干旱比较严重,免耕方式结合燕麦-大豆-玉米模式效果较轮作第一个周期有所下降,但NHS、NLS、NH和NL仍分别较T作物水分利用效率增加29.83%、20.51%、6.18%和3.15%,作物产量增加17.52%、13.60%、4.33%和1.95%。因此,在土壤水分基本来源于自然降水的内蒙古旱作区,免耕轮作能够提高土壤蓄水保墒能力,增加作物产量,尤其以免耕秸秆覆盖结合燕麦-大豆-玉米模式效果最佳。     

Conservation Agriculture practices reduce the global warming potential of rainfed low N input semi-arid agriculture

Conservation tillage and crop rotations improve soil quality. However, the impact of these practices on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and crop yields is not well defined, particularly in dry climates. A rainfed 2-year field-experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of three long-term (17–18 years) tillage systems (Conventional Tillage (CT), Minimum Tillage (MT) and No Tillage (NT)) and two cropping systems (rotational wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) preceded by fallow, and wheat in monoculture), on nitrous oxide (N₂O) and methane (CH₄) emissions, during two field campaigns. Soil mineral N, water-filled pore space, dissolved organic carbon (C) and grain yield were measured and yield-scaled N₂O emissions, N surplus and Global Warming Potentials (GWP) were calculated. No tillage only decreased cumulative N₂O losses (compared to MT/CT) during campaign 1 (the driest campaign with least fertilizer N input), while tillage did not affect CH₄ oxidation. The GWP demonstrated that the enhancement of C stocks under NT caused this tillage management to decrease overall CO₂ equivalent emissions. Monoculture increased N₂O fluxes during campaign 2 (normal year and conventional N input) and decreased CH₄ uptake, as opposed to rotational wheat. Conversely, wheat in monoculture tended to increase soil organic C stocks and therefore resulted in a lower GWP, but differences were not statistically significant. Grain yields were strongly influenced by climatic variability. The NT and CT treatments yielded most during the dry and the normal campaign, and the yield-scaled N₂O emissions followed the same tendency. Minimum tillage was not an adequate tillage management considering the GWP and the yield-scaled N₂O emissions (which were 39% lower in NT with respect to MT). Regarding the crop effect, wheat in rotation resulted in a 32% increase in grain yield and 31% mitigation of yield-scaled N₂O emissions. Low cumulative N₂O fluxes (<250 g N₂O-N ha⁻¹ campaign⁻¹) highlighted the relevance of soil organic C and CO₂ emissions from inputs and operations in rainfed semi-arid cropping systems. This study suggests that NT and crop rotation can be recommended as good agricultural practices in order to establish an optimal balance between GHGs fluxes, GWP, yield-scaled N₂O emissions and N surpluses.     

渭北旱塬免耕/深松轮耕麦田产量和土壤水分对施肥的响应模拟

为探索不同肥力水平对渭北旱塬连作冬小麦田在长周期免耕/深松轮耕措施下土壤蓄水保墒和作物增产效应的影响,在模拟精度验证基础上,应用Win EPIC模型长周期定量模拟研究了1980–2009年渭北旱塬免耕/深松轮耕连作麦田5个不同施肥水平下(T1,N 75 kg hm–2+P2O5 60 kg hm–2;T2,N 120 kg hm–2+P2O5 90 kg hm–2;T3,N 150 kg hm–2+P2O5 120 kg hm–2;T4,N 180 kg hm–2+P2O5 150 kg hm–2;T5,N 255 kg hm–2+P2O5 90 kg hm–2)冬小麦产量和土壤水分效应。在30年模拟期间,各处理的冬小麦产量、年度耗水量和水分利用效率均呈波动下降趋势,下降幅度表现为T5T4T3T2T1。0~5 m土层土壤有效含水量呈季节性波动降低趋势,且随施肥水平的升高而降低,5个处理的麦田平均干燥化速率依次为每年13.5、17.1、17.4、20.1和23.9 mm。0~1.5 m土层土壤湿度随季节降水波动;各处理在不同深度形成稳定的土壤干层,其中T1在1.5~2.0 m,T2和T3在1.5~3.0 m,T4和T5在1.5~4.0 m。上述结果表明,随着肥力水平的增加,旱作冬小麦产量和耗水量也增加,土壤干层加厚。综合考虑认为,在渭北旱塬免耕/深松轮耕长期连作小麦田适宜的施肥量为纯氮150 kg hm–2+P2O5 120 kg hm–2。     

Best management practices of tillage and nitrogen fertilization in Mediterranean rainfed conditions: Combining field and modelling approaches

In this work, appropriate management practices for crop production under the variable climate conditions of the Mediterranean region, in particular rainfall, were tested with the use of a modelling system applied to long-term (i.e. 18 years) field data. The calibration of the CropSyst model was performed using data collected from 1996 to 1999 at three different Mediterranean locations (i.e., HYP-Guissona, MYP-Agramunt and LYP-Candasnos, i.e. high, medium and low yield potential, respectively) within a degree of yield potential. The model simulated reasonably well barley growth and yield to different tillage and N fertilization strategies.Simulations of barley performance over 50 years with generated weather data showed that yields were often greater and never smaller under no-tillage compared to conventional tillage with a mean increase of 36%, 63% and 18% for HYP-Guissona, MYP-Agramunt and LYP-Candasnos. In MYP-Agramunt, the long-term data showed a 40% increase in grain yields when using no-tillage compared to conventional tillage, as an average of 18 years.The model also predicted that greater N applications in no-tillage were appropriate to take advantage of additional water supply. Taking into account the limited amount of soil water available, overall N fertilizer applications could be reduced to about half of the traditional rate applied by the farmers without yield loss. The 50-yr simulation, confirmed by the long-term experimental data, identified no-tillage as the most appropriate tillage practice for the rainfed Mediterranean areas. Also, N fertilization must be reduced significantly when tillage is used or when increasing aridity. Our work demonstrates the usefulness of the combination of long-term field experimentation and modelling as a tool to identify the best agricultural management practices. It also highlights the importance of posterior analysis with long-term observed field data to determine the performance of simulation results.     

Maize Grain Yield Response to Tillage and Fertilizer Nitrogen Rates on a Tara Silt Loam

Effects of tillage on the appropriate fertilizer N applications needed to achieve maximal grain yield are poorly denned. The study objective was determination of relative corn grain yield response to N application rate for four tillage practices: no-tillage (NT), ridge tillage (RT), fall chisel plowing (CP) and fall moldboard plowing (MP). Maize (Zea mays L.) grain yield and N accumulation were monitored over a 6 year period with the same tillage treatment and the same fertilizer N rate applied each year to each plot. Two hybrids, differing in relative maturity rating, were planted each year. Fertilizer N rates ranged from 10 to 190 kg ha^?1 and consisted of 10 kg ha^?1 of liquid starter N applied at planting with varying amounts of fall applied anhydrous ammonia. With only starter fertilizer, grain yields increased with tillage intensity in the order NT ≤ RT ≤ CP ≤ MP. With ≥ 55 kg total applied Nha^?1, 6 year average grain yields were unaffected by tillage. Total N removed in grain annually with only starter fertilizer ranged from 25–85 kg ha^?1 Maximal amounts of N removed, about 145 kg N ha^?1, occurred with 100–145 kg applied N ha^?1 for all tillage treatments under the more favorable climatic conditions. Several interactions affecting grain yield appear climatically sensitive with exception of tillage by fertilizer N interactions. Because of variability in climate, planting dates varied by almost 4 weeks. Relative yield loss due to planting delay were Fertilizer N (mean change ??124 –?275 kg ha^?1 day^?1) > Starter N only and MP (mean ?? 259 kg ha^?1 day^?1) > other tillages in general. Yield loss due to delayed planting ranged from 0.0–275 kg ha^?1 day^?1. Grain yield gains due to early spring soil temperatures were 16.0–21.8 kg ha^?1 index-degree^?1 with MP tillage and averaged 2.7– 16.7 kg ha^?1 index-degree^?1 more than those of other tillage-hybrid combinations.     

The effect of tillage system and residue management on grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency in winter wheat in a cool Atlantic climate

The effects of soil tillage and straw management systems on the grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em. Thell.) were evaluated in a cool Atlantic climate, in central Ireland between 2009 and 2011. Two tillage systems, conventional tillage (CT) and reduced tillage (RT) each with and without incorporation of the straw of the preceding crop, were compared at five levels of fertiliser N (0, 140, 180, 220 and 260 kg N ha⁻¹).CT had a significantly higher mean grain yield over the three years but the effect of tillage varied between years. Yields did not differ in 2009 (Year 1), while CT produced significantly higher grain yields in 2010 (Year 2), while RT produced the highest yields in 2011 (Year 3). Straw incorporation had no significant effect in any year.Nitrogen application significantly increased the grain yields of all establishment treatment combinations. Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) ranged from 14.6 to 62.4 kg grain (85% DM) kg N ha⁻¹ and decreased as N fertiliser rate was increased.The CT system had a significantly higher mean NUE over the three years but the effect of tillage varied with years. While there was no tillage effect in years 1 and 3, CT had a significantly higher NUE than RT in year 2. Straw management system had minimal effect on NUE in any year.The effect of tillage and N rate on soil mineral N content also varied between years. While there was no tillage effect in years 1 and 3, RT had significantly larger soil N contents than CT in the spring before N application, and post-harvest in year 2. N application rates had no effect on soil N in year 1, increased residual N content in year 2 and had an inconsistent effect in year 3. Straw management had no significant effect on soil mineral N content.These results indicate that RT establishment systems can be used to produce similar winter wheat yields to CT systems in a cool Atlantic climate, providing weather conditions at establishment are favourable. The response to nitrogen is similar with both tillage systems where the crop is successfully established. Straw management system has very little effect on crop performance or nitrogen uptake.     

Replacing bare fallow with cover crops in a maize cropping system: Yield,N uptake and fertiliser fate

Cover crops in dry regions have been often limited by low nutrient and water-use efficiency. This study was conducted during 3.5 years to determine the effect of replacing bare fallow by a cover crop on yield, N uptake, and fate of labeled fertiliser in an intensive maize production system. Three treatments were studied: barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), vetch (Vicia villosa L.) and bare fallow during the intercropping period of maize (Zea mays L.). All treatments were irrigated and fertilised following the same procedure, and a microplot in each plot was established with 210 kg N ha^?1 of double labeled ammonium nitrate. Crop yield and N uptake, soil mineral N (N_min), and recovery of ¹⁵N in plant and soil were determined after maize harvest and killing the cover crop. Replacing bare fallow with cover crops did not affect subsequent maize yield but affected N uptake. Vetch increased N supply by legume residues after the second year, and the N content in grain by the third. Nitrogen recover from fertiliser was not affected by treatment and averaged 46%. Barley recovered more ¹⁵N during the autumn–winter period than vetch or fallow. Under representative conditions, average barley N content was 47, vetch 51, and spontaneous vegetation content 0.8 kg N ha^?1. Recovery of ¹⁵N in barley comprised 19% of total N content in aerial biomass, while only 4% in vetch. Vetch enhaced soil ¹⁵N recovery more than other treatments, suggesting its presence in a fairly stable organic fraction unavailable for maize uptake or lost. Replacing bare fallow by a cover crop only reduced fertiliser losses in a year with abundant precipitation. Nevertheless, reduction in soil N_min in vetch and bare fallow treatments was similar, showing that N losses can be reduced in this cropping system, either by replace bare fallow with barley or smaller N fertiliser applicationto maize.     

河北平原麦玉两熟轮耕模式对土壤特性及作物产量的影响

于2016-2017年冬小麦-夏玉米一年两熟生长季,设小麦季深松+玉米季免耕（S-N）、小麦季旋耕+玉米季深松（R-S）和小麦季深松+玉米季深松（S-S）处理,以常规耕作方式小麦季旋耕+玉米季免耕（R-N）为对照,在河北平原中部南和县对不同轮耕模式下土壤理化性状、微生物特性、水热状况、产量及水分利用效率进行研究。结果表明,对比小麦播种前,R-S和S-S处理土壤非毛管孔隙度均有显著上升,0~15和15~30cm土层分别平均提高15.2%和18.0%;R-N处理0~15和15~30cm土层非毛管孔隙度比小麦播前分别下降11.3%和7.3%。单季或两季深松可显著提高农田土壤碱性磷酸酶、多酚氧化酶、过氧化氢酶和脲酶活性,其中R-S和S-S处理提高最明显。单季深松或两季深松均可显著提高微生物生物量碳和活跃微生物量,0~30cm土层分别平均提高6.3%和20.6%。两季深松土壤呼吸平均提高12.4%,且呼吸速率变幅增大。深松可增大土壤周年温度变幅,提高水分利用效率,两季深松可显著提高周年作物产量达8.62%。深松可改善土壤物理性状,提高作物产量,提高土壤关键酶活性和呼吸速率,扩大土壤温度日变幅,优化土壤微生物环境。     

Stable isotope technique in the evaluation of tillage and fertilizer effects on soil carbon and nitrogen sequestration and water use efficiency

Agricultural soil could be made to serve as a sink rather than a source of greenhouse gases by suitable soil management. This study was, therefore, conducted to assess the impact of tillage and fertilizer application on soil and plant carbon and nitrogen fractionation and intrinsic water use efficiency (iWUE). The experiment was a split–split-plot factorial design with three replications. The main plot consisted of two tillage treatments: zero tillage (ZT) and conventional tillage (CT). The sub-plot contained four NPK fertilizer treatments (0, 90, 120 and 150 kg N ha⁻¹), while the sub–sub-plot comprised three poultry manure (PM) treatments (0, 10 and 20 Mg ha⁻¹). Soil carbon and nitrogen sequestration were evaluated using stable isotope of carbon (δ¹³C) and nitrogen (δ¹⁵N). The δ¹³C in maize plant was used to obtain iWUE. It was observed that soil δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N were more depleted under ZT than CT and in plots treated with 20 Mg ha⁻¹ PM (PM₂₀) implying carbon and nitrogen sequestration under ZT and by PM₂₀. Relative to the control, application of PM₂₀ raised soil δ¹⁵N enrichment by 82% and 96% under CT and ZT, respectively. Higher iWUE of 25.7% was obtained under CT and was significantly higher than the iWUE values under ZT in the second year of the study while the iWUE was significantly lower with PM₂₀ application than other fertilizer treatments. The significant δ¹³C depletion and hence lower iWUE with combination of NPK fertilizer and PM under CT than the control implied that soil disturbance under tilled plots was mediated by combined nutrient management thereby limiting soil C available for fractionation resulting in lower iWUE. This suggests that conservation tillage such as zero tillage and integrated application of organic and inorganic fertilizers are good strategies for reducing soil carbon and nitrogen emission.     

Impact of Water Stress on Maize Grown Off-Season in a Subtropical Environment

During the last decade, the production of off‐season maize has increased in several regions of Brazil. Growing maize during this season, with sowing from January through April, imposes several climatic risks that can impact crop yield. This is mainly caused by the high variability of precipitation and the probability of frost during the reproduction phases. High production risks are also partially due to the use of cultivars that are not adapted to the local environmental conditions. The goal of this study was to evaluate crop growth and development and associated yield, yield components and water use efficiency (WUE) for maize hybrids with different maturity ratings grown off‐season in a subtropical environment under both rainfed and irrigated conditions. Three experiments were conducted in 2001 and 2002 in Piracicaba, state of São Paulo, Brazil with four hybrids of different maturity duration, AG9010 (very short season), DAS CO32 and Exceler (short season) and DKB 333B (normal season). Leaf area index (LAI), plant height and dry matter were measured approximately every 18 days. Under rainfed conditions, the soil water content in the deeper layers was reduced, suggesting that the extension of the roots into these layers was a response to soil water limitations. On average, WUE varied from 1.45 kg m⁻³ under rainfed conditions to 1.69 kg m⁻³ under irrigated conditions during 2001. The average yield varied from 4209 kg ha⁻¹ for the hybrids grown under rainfed conditions to 5594 kg ha⁻¹ under irrigated conditions during 2001. Yield reductions under rainfed conditions were affected by the genotype. For the hybrid DKB 333B with a normal maturity, yield was reduced by 25.6 % while the short maturity hybrid Exceler was the least impacted by soil water limitations with a yield reduction of only 8.4 %. To decrease the risk of yield loss, the application of supplemental irrigation should be considered by local farmers, provided that this practice is not restricted by either economic considerations or the availability of sufficient water resources.     

耕作方式对烟地土壤养分流失及烟叶产质量的影响

为减少植烟地水土养分流失和实现烟叶产质量最大化,试验研究常规耕作、免耕、免耕+稻草覆盖3种耕作方式对深丘山地烤烟土壤水土流失、养分流失和烟叶产质量的影响。结果表明：与常规耕作比较,免耕和免耕+稻草覆盖均能减少水土流失,径流量分别减少9.54%,26.01%;不同耕作方式养分流失量不同,全氮和全磷流失特征表现为常规耕作＞免耕＞免耕+稻草覆盖;与常规耕作比较,免耕和免耕+稻草覆盖的全氮流失量分别减少13.68%、39.59%,全磷流失量分别减少9.72%、27.57%。免耕栽培能提高烟叶产量、产值和化学成分协调性,并以免耕+稻草覆盖效益最好,增加收益5822.85元/hm²。研究表明,免耕、免耕+稻草覆盖对减少地表径流作用明显,是遏制土壤养分流失的有效途径;免耕+稻草覆盖增产增值明显,具有推广应用价值。     

White lupine as a beneficial crop in Southern Europe: I. Potential for N mineralization in lupine amended soil and yield and N2 fixation by white lupine

Two experiments were carried out at Pegões (central Portugal) to determine the potential N mineralization in a pulse amended disturbed and undisturbed soil incubated at several temperatures, and to evaluate for 2 years the yield and N₂ fixation capacity of sweet lupine (Lupinus albus L. cv. Estoril) inoculated with a mixture of rhizobia strains or nodulated by indigenous soil bacteria and submitted to conventional tillage or no-till practices. A completely randomized block design for soil mobilization with three replicates was used for the laboratory study, and completely randomized blocks for inoculation and tillage treatments with four replicates were used for the lupine yield and N₂ fixation experiment. Residue N immobilization occurred immediately after mature residue return to the soil independent of temperature, and was greater at 7 °C especially in the disturbed topsoil. Greater immobilization was also observed by doubling the amount of mature residue incorporated in the soil. This was expected since soil microorganisms would be in direct contact with the fresh organic matter and would be provided with more organic carbon under these circumstances. Nitrogen mineralization proceeded after 5 days of amendment. Potential N mineralization was higher at 25 °C than at 18 or 7 °C, for both conventional and no-till practices. At 25 °C, 42% of buried residue-¹⁵N was released over 210 days, at a smaller rate than 18 °C (49%) over 81 days. Lupine yield and N₂ fixation capacity were similar in plots that were not inoculated and those receiving the mixture of three rhizobia strains. White lupine had an efficient symbiosis with indigenous soil rhizobia at pod-filling (>99%, >100 kg N ha⁻¹ year⁻¹) which was not affected by tillage. At this stage, plant residue including visible roots and nodules accounted for a soil N input of +96 kg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ (91% of crop N), showing the large soil N benefit by the crop at this stage. The lupine residue at pod-filling stage can be used as a green manure under the conditions of organic farming systems. The apparent N “harvest” index of the pulse at pod-filling was only 9% though at maturity phase it should result in a higher value and the legume will show a lower fertilizer N value.     

Nitrogen use efficiency and fertiliser fate in a long-term experiment with winter cover crops

The use of winter cover crops enhances environmental benefits and, if properly managed, may supply economic and agronomic advantages. Nitrogen retained in the cover crop biomass left over the soil reduces soil N availability, which might enhance the N fertiliser use efficiency of the subsequent cash crop and the risk of depressive yield and pre-emptive competition. The main goal of this study was to determine the cover crop effect on crop yield, N use efficiency and fertiliser recovery in a 2-year study included in a long-term (10 years) maize/cover crop production system. Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and vetch (Vicia sativa L.), as cover crops, were compared with a fallow treatment during the maize intercropping period. All treatments were cropped following the same procedure, including 130 kg N ha⁻¹ with ¹⁵N fertiliser. The N rate was reduced from the recommended N rate based on previous results, to enhance the cover crop effect. Crop yield and N uptake, soil N mineral and ¹⁵N fertiliser recovered in plants and the soil were determined at different times. The cover crops behaved differently: the barley covered the ground faster, while the vetch attained a larger coverage and N content before being killed. Maize yield and biomass were not affected by the treatments. Maize N uptake was larger after vetch than after barley, while fallow treatment provided intermediate results. This result can be ascribed to N mineralization of vetch residues, which results in an increased N use efficiency of maize. All treatments showed low soil N availability after the maize harvest; however, barley also reduced the N in the upper layers before maize planting, increasing the risk of pre-emptive competition. In addition to the year-long effect of residue decomposition, there was a cumulative effect on the soil’s capacity to supply N after 7 years of cover cropping, larger for the vetch than for the barley.     

Applications of Foliar Fertilizers Containing Glycinebetaine Improve Wheat Yields

Nitrogen availability and drought influence wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grain yields in the semiarid and subhumid Pampas region of Argentina. The application of fertilizers containing osmoprotectants, such as glycinebetaine, to crop canopies might reduce crop losses caused by environmental stresses. The objectives of this study were (a) to determine the effects on wheat grain yields of the foliar application of a commercial fertilizer with glycinebetaine, and (b) to establish, under farmers’ field conditions, the relation between soil properties and the productivity of wheat crops treated with the same product. Two experiments were conducted in the north‐western part of the Buenos Aires province of Argentina on Typic Hapludolls and Entic Hapludolls. In the first, the treatments were N fertilization (0, 23 and 46 kg ha^?1) and the foliar application to the wheat crop, in the vegetative stages, of a foliar fertilizer containing N, P, Zn and glycinebetaine (0 and 2.5 l ha^?1). The second experiment was carried out on 10 farmers’ fields, for each of which the treatment was the foliar application to the wheat crop, in the vegetative stages, of the same foliar fertilizer (0 and 2.5 l ha^?1). In both experiments, the grain yield, the individual grain weight, the number of grains per spike and the spike and plant density at the physiological maturity of the crops were determined. Soil organic matter (SOM) and available P were determined in each of the 10 fields of the second experiment. Wheat grain yields were increased by N fertilization and glycinebetaine treatment. The number of grains per spike was higher in the treatments with glycinebetaine application. In the farmers’ fields, the grain yields of the treatments with the application of the product with glycinebetaine were, on average, 18 % higher than those of the non‐treated plots, with greater responses at sites with low SOM levels. We conclude that, in subhumid regions with a dry period between the tillering and flowering stages of wheat, the foliar application of foliar fertilizers containing glycinebetaine at the vegetative stages of crop development enhances grain yields by increasing the number of grains per spike. This response is independent of the SOM level or the N fertilization rate.     

不同保墒耕作措施对小麦、玉米耗水特征及周年水分利用的影响

为探明土壤结构改良与保墒耕作措施对小麦、玉米周年水分利用的作用机制。采用田间试验,研究了常规耕作、秸秆还田、保水剂、有机肥、免耕、深松、深松+秸秆覆盖等措施对小麦、玉米生长过程中的耗水特征、光合特征及周年水分利用的影响。结果表明:深松+秸秆覆盖在小麦生育期内储水量较高。从小麦播种-返青期,深松+秸秆覆盖处理的耗水量最低。而在返青-拔节期,该处理最大,而其在孕穗-抽穗期的耗水量却最低。在拔节-孕穗期,保水剂处理的耗水量最大,而在抽穗-灌浆期,其耗水量最小。在灌浆-收获期,秸秆还田和保水剂处理的耗水量较其他处理低。在玉米整个生育期内,保水剂和免耕处理的耗水量较其他处理低。不同措施改善了小麦和玉米的光合生理特征,促进了小麦、玉米产量和水分利用率的提高。各处理中,以免耕处理的小麦产量和水分生产效率最高,分布较常规耕作提高了18.3%和20.0%。以秸秆还田处理的玉米产量和水分生产效率最高,分别较常规耕作提高了21.6%和23.8%。而深松处理的小麦-玉米复合产量最高,其次为免耕处理,其分别较常规耕作处理增产14.9%和14.3%。而深松+秸秆覆盖处理和免耕处理的总水分生产效率较其他处理高,分别较常规耕作处理提高了18.5%和18.1%。说明深松和免耕处理更利于小麦、玉米周年节水增产。     

施氮量对晋南旱地冬小麦光合特性、产量及氮素利用的影响

在自然降水条件下,通过2年大田试验研究了施氮量对晋南旱地冬小麦光合特性、产量、氮素利用效率以及0~200 cm土层NO₃-N残留的影响。结果表明,在0~270 kg hm^-2施氮量范围内,随施氮量的增加,旗叶的净光合速率和叶绿素含量增加,气孔导度增大,胞间二氧化碳浓度降低,旗叶蒸腾速率显著提高; 但施氮量超过180 kg hm^-2时,除蒸腾速率外其他光合指标均无显著变化。N180处理的氮素当季回收率及氮素农学效率均最高,且显著高于N90处理。生物产量以N270处理最高,且与其他处理差异显著; 但施氮量超过180 kg hm^-2时,氮素营养对籽粒产量不再有显著贡献。从产量构成因素来看,提高穗数和穗粒数是增加当地旱作小麦籽粒产量的关键。施氮量90~270 kg hm^-2会造成土壤NO₃-N的残留,残留量占施氮量的35%左右,其中20~40 cm和40~60 cm土层出现NO₃-N积累峰值,NO₃-N残留会导致氮素淋失风险增加及产量对氮肥反应不明显。综合考虑光合特性、产量、氮素利用率和NO₃-N残留量,当地旱作冬小麦施氮量以180 kg hm^-2左右为宜。     

免耕不同处理对土壤养分、土壤酶活性及燕麦产量的影响

通过设置免耕高留茬高覆盖、免耕低留茬高覆盖、免耕高留茬低覆盖、免耕低留茬低覆盖和常规耕作5个处理,研究旱作免耕不同留茬覆盖处理对燕麦田土壤养分、土壤酶活性及燕麦产量的影响,以期为当地燕麦生产实施免耕技术提供理论依据。结果表明,免耕留茬覆盖各处理均能显著提高土壤耕层中有机质、全量养分及速效养分含量;随燕麦生育时期的推进,土壤酶活性呈先升后降的变化趋势,免耕留茬覆盖能显著提高土壤脲酶、碱性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶活性,其活性大小均表现为：免耕留茬覆盖处理显著高于常规耕作,免耕高覆盖处理显著高于低覆盖,免耕高留茬高于低留茬;免耕留茬覆盖处理对提高燕麦产量作用显著,其中免耕高留茬高覆盖产量最高,为2 111.4kg/hm ²,较常规耕作增产18.6%,其产量表现为：高留茬高覆盖>低留茬高覆盖>高留茬低覆盖>低留茬低覆盖>常规耕作。     

氮肥用量及钾肥施用对稻麦周年产量及效益的影响

为探明优化施氮量与高施氮量下不同钾肥施用处理对稻麦周年产量及效益的影响。本试验于2010年5月–2011年7月在江苏省如皋市农业科学研究所试验基地的田间稻麦轮作条件下,对常规粳稻品种镇稻11和春性中筋品种扬麦16设置了两个氮肥用量下不同钾肥用量及施用方法处理,测定稻麦周年的产量和组成因子,成熟期不同器官的氮、钾浓度和累积量,氮、钾利用效率及经济效益。试验结果表明,钾肥的施用显著提高了周年稻麦的产量,同时提高了稻麦的有效穗数、穗粒数和结实率,钾肥的利用效率和经济效益。稻麦周年钾肥(K₂O)的偏生产力(PFP)、农学效率(AE)、回收利用率(RE)和经济效益均以周年钾肥(K2O)土壤施用150 kg hm^-2 + 叶面喷施16.2 kg hm^-2 (K_S150 + K_F16.2)处理最高。氮肥用量的结果表明,相对于优化施氮量,高施氮量有利于提高水稻的氮素营养而增产,但对稻麦周年产量的影响不显著,且优化施氮量的氮肥利用效率及经济效益均高于高施氮量。因此,综合考虑土壤环境因素、经济效益和肥料资源管理,本地区最佳氮肥(N)用量为水稻200 kg hm^-2,小麦180 kg hm^-2;最佳钾肥(K₂O)用量及方法为水稻土壤施用90 kg hm^-2 + 叶面喷施9.7 kg hm^-2 (K_S90 + K_F9.7),小麦土壤施用60 kg hm^-2 + 叶面喷施6.5 kg hm^-2 (K_S60 + K_F6.5)。     

苏丹草-黑麦草轮作制中施肥对饲料产量、养分吸收与土壤性质的影响

大田试验条件下采用苏丹草(Sorghum sudanense)与黑麦草(Lolium L.)轮作,分别设CK(不施肥)、NP(施氮磷肥)、NK(施氮钾肥)、PK(施磷钾肥)、NPK(施氮磷钾肥) 5个处理研究施肥对饲草产量、养分吸收及土壤养分的影响。结果表明,氮磷钾肥配施显著提高苏丹草与黑麦草鲜草产量,2005—2006年与2006—2007年两季饲草分别为162.7 t hm^-2、114.9 t hm^-2,分别比同期PK、NK、NP处理增产312.9%、26.9%、17.9%和338.5%、20.3%、17.2%。施肥影响饲草的氮、磷、钾含量,且氮磷钾配施可以改善饲草养分吸收,2005—2006年NPK处理的饲草N、P、K吸收量分别为500 kg hm^-2、91 kg hm^-2和997 kg hm^-2,2006—2007年NPK处理的饲草N、P、K吸收量分别为312 kg hm^-2、56 kg hm^-2和402 kg hm^-2。轮作系统中,氮磷钾肥配施条件下氮、磷盈余最少,而钾亏缺。在苏丹草-黑麦草轮作制中,随着种植次数的增多,各施肥处理土壤有机质、全氮均有不同程度上升,施磷(NPK、NP、PK)处理的速效磷、施钾(NPK、NK、PK)处理的速效钾均有上升,而NK处理的速效磷、NP处理的速效钾略有下降。