Formulation and Sensory Evaluation of Prosopis alba (Algarrobo) Pulp Cookies with Increased Iron and Calcium Dialyzabilities

Prosopis alba (algarrobo) is an important indigenous specie, which fruits are used as food and feed since ancient times. Cookies containing algarrobo pulp (AP) with increased iron and calcium availabilities were formulated and sensory evaluated. AP is preferred as food ingredient because of its high sugar content and pleasant flavour. Formulated cookies mean proximal composition was 8.9 g/100 g protein, 7.2 g/100 g dietary fiber, 25 g/100 g total sugar, and 18.5 g/100 g crude fat with iron and calcium contents 30 ppm and 340 ppm, respectively. Ascorbic (AA) and citric (CA) acids at different mM acid: mM Fe were added in order to increase mineral availabilities being evaluated by an in vitro method. Those ratios were 5:1 and 10:1 for AA:Fe whereas for CA:Fe were 50:1 and 100:1 and combinations of them. After chosen the best AA:Fe and CA:Fe ratios (5:1 and 50:1, respectively), sensory evaluation with trained sensory panel and a consumer acceptability test with one hundred and seventy untrained judges were carried out. Acceptability test showed that 77.65% of the people (<25 years old 41.76%, 25–50 years old 20.00% and>50 years old 15.89%) tasting final formulated cookies indicated that they “like very much” or “moderately like” and there were not consumers rejecting them.     

越南椰子资源果实品质分析及评价

以6份越南椰子资源、文椰3号和海南本地高种椰子为材料,对其果实品质相关的指标,如椰子单果重、果形指数、果实风味、可溶性固形物（TSS）等10个重要品质指标进行测定及分析。结果表明,不同资源的品质指标变化幅度较大,其中资源编号为1（YXS）和2（YTS）品质指标总体表现较好,可以作为椰子资源引进或重点培育的对象。经相关性分析可知,果实风味与TSS、果实风味与固酸比、TSS与固酸比、总糖与总糖/总酸比都呈极显著正相关（p<0.01）,总糖/总酸比与固酸比呈显著正相关（p<0.05）。结合聚类分析,可将果实品质评价指标简化为单果重、果实风味或TSS、脂肪含量和固酸比4个主要指标,有助于越南椰子优良果实性状品种的评价和筛选。     

Enrichment of cookies with glutathione by inactive yeast cells (Saccharomyces cerevisiae): Physicochemical and functional properties

Cookie is one of the favorite cereal products which could be formulated by using various ingredients for enrichment. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of the inactivate yeast cells addition to cookie formulation in terms of glutathione (GSH) content, antioxidant activities, physicochemical and sensorial properties. Also, the cookies were produced with GSH (pure, 98%) addition to compare the effects of inactive yeast GSH with pure GSH on revealed properties. According to results, The GSH contents and the antioxidant activities increased in dough and cookie samples with inactive yeast addition compared to control and pure GSH added dough and cookie samples. The increases in GSH contents and antioxidant activities were observed after baking in all samples. The pure GSH addition increased the moisture content, spread ratio and L* value while decreased the hardness and b* values of the cookies. The contrary results were obtained by inactive yeast addition in terms of the physicochemical properties where the protein content of the cookies increased with inactive yeast addition by approximately 25%. The loss of GSH content decreased while the antioxidant activities and nutritional value increased in cookies by inactivate yeast addition.     

Chemical composition and organoleptic evaluation of juice from steamed cashew apple blended with orange juice

Fully riped cashew apples (yellow variety) were steamed for 7 minutes prior to juice extraction. The extracted juice was blended with various proportions of sweet orange juice. Chemical composition and organoleptic evaluation were carried out on both the blended and unblended juices. The ascorbic acid content of unsteamed cashew apple juice was 287 mg/100 ml. Steaming of the cashew apple prior to juice extraction resulted in a decreased (230 mg/100 ml) content of ascorbic acid. It also led to slight decreases in soluble solids and titratable acidity. A comparison of the chemical composition of the two juices showed that the orange juice contained more sugars, titratable acidity and soluble solids but less ascorbic acid than cashew apple juice. Consequently, the soluble solids, titratable acidity, reducing and total sugars of the blends increased with increase in the proportions of orange juice while the content of ascorbic acid was decreasing. In spite of the decrease in ascorbic acid content of the blends, results showed that blended juice would no doubt be a very good source of ascorbic acid. Result of the organoleptic evaluation revealed that a 60% cashew apple and 40% orange juice gave a good quality juice in terms of flavor, after taste and overall acceptability.     

3个香蕉品种黄酮含量与果实发育成熟的关系

为了明确香蕉果实发育及成熟过程中黄酮含量变化规律,对巴西香蕉、粉蕉和皇帝蕉果实采前发育和采后成熟过程中的黄酮含量进行测定。结果表明:3个香蕉品种在果实发育成熟过程中果皮中黄酮含量均显著高于果肉中黄酮含量。从抽蕾、断蕾到采收,3个品种果皮中的黄酮含量逐渐降低,表现出与发育负相关。采前巴西蕉和黄帝蕉果肉中黄酮含量也是逐渐降低,但粉蕉果肉中黄酮含量呈先升后降的趋势。在采后成熟过程中,3个香蕉品种果皮果肉中的黄酮含量逐渐升高。且用外源乙烯和1-MCP处理后发现,香蕉果皮和果肉中的黄酮含量明显受外源乙烯诱导而增加,受1-MCP的抑制而减少,表现出与成熟正相关。     

Physicochemical,Nutritional and Antibacterial Characteristics of the Fruit of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bromelia pinguin</Emphasis> L.

Bromelia pinguin L. is a plant native to Sinaloa, Mexico, where its fruit is used as food or as a phytotherapeutic agent. The fruits of B. pinguin were characterized and they could be considered as a functional food. These fruits show an average weight of 13.7 g and a yellow color of high luminosity (b* = 43.2, L* = 74.5). The values for acidity (4.6%, as citric acid) and pH (3.7) of B. pinguin fruit are similar to those of citrics. The edible portion is characterized by a high content of vitamin C (126 mg/100 g), ash (10.6 g/100 g d.w.), crude fiber (3.4 g/100 g d.w.), calcium (1290 mg/100 g d.w.), magnesium (500 mg/100 g d.w.), manganese (2.95 mg/100 g d.w.) and it is a good source of zinc (2.8 mg/100 g d.w.). Polar fractions extracted from the pulp fruit showed activity against several genera of human pathogenic-bacteria (Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Enterococcus, Salmonella, Shigella, Escherichia and Pseudomonas).     

Physicochemical, Structural and Textural Properties of Tortillas from Extruded Instant Corn Flour Supplemented with Various Types of Corn Lipids

The chemical composition and the components of corn grain affect the quality of tortillas produced from extruded instant corn flour (EICF). We have studied the effects of various types of corn lipids added at several concentrations to the regular raw corn flour before processing. The structural properties of flour, the effective moisture diffusion coefficient and the weight loss during cooking of fresh masa, as well as the textural characteristics of tortillas were analysed as a function of concentration and type of corn lipid added. The concentration of added lipid ranged from 0·5 to 2% (w/w). Each type and concentration of lipid was observed to have a different effect in the quality of masas and tortillas. Commercially it is desired to have tortillas with good properties and a high yield, that is, optimum weight transformation from corn to tortilla. From our analysis, the lowest dehydration rate (lowest effective moisture diffusion coefficient) and the best physicochemical and textural characteristics of fresh masas and tortillas were obtained from flour supplemented with 0·5% (w/w) of the nonpolar lipid fraction III. The loss in starch crystallinity due to the cooking process of masa into tortilla was similar in all treatments.     

花期温湿度条件对储良龙眼生理落果的影响

为探索龙眼坐果率与开花后温度和湿度条件的关系,以储良龙眼为材料,分析28个温度和湿度自变量与花后30d坐果率的相关关系,结果表明:(1)花后7个日均低温变量与坐果率为显著或极显著正单相关关系,其中花后1～10d日均低温对坐果率直接影响最大。(2)开花后7个日均高温变量与坐果率具有显著或极显著相关性,除开花当日的相关为多项式相关外,其他6个变量均为正单相关,其中花后1～6d日均高温对坐果率的直接影响最大。(3)开花后7个日均温度变量与坐果率为显著或极显著正单相关关系,其中花后1～10d日均温度对坐果率直接影响最大。(4)坐果率与花后日均空气相对湿度的7个变量中仅花后1～6d达到负相关显著水平,且受到花后1～8d和1～15d日均空气相对湿度的影响。(5)在坐果率与温湿度的影响因素中,日均温度对坐果率的直接影响最大,日均低温和日均高温受间接因素影响较大,日均空气相对湿度与坐果率的相关性相对较小。     

‘金都1号’火龙果果实生长发育规律研究

以红肉火龙果桂红龙系列‘金都1号’为试验材料,研究测定从果实谢花后第1天到果实成熟采收时,果实果形指数、鲜重、干重及含水量的变化过程。结果表明：火龙果成熟时果形指数1.14,主要表现为近圆形,花后8～23 d为果实的快速生长期,平均增长速率为20.5 g/d,快速生长期结束后(果实开始转红),果皮厚度下降,果皮鲜重也随之下降。     

不同时期套袋对菠萝果实发育和品质的影响

以菠萝品种‘无刺卡因’为试材,分析了不同套袋时间对果实发育和品质的影响。结果表明,套袋可以防止日灼的发生,提高果实的外观质量。但是,套袋处理会降低果实可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、类黄酮含量,导致果实风味品质下降。套袋过早,平均单果重明显减少,而较晚时期的套袋会提高维生素C和总酚的含量,最适宜的套袋时期为谢花后40～60 d。     

不同树形对中国樱桃生长和果实品质的影响

[目的]研究不同树形对中国樱桃生长和果实品质的影响。[方法]以诸暨短柄樱桃为试材,研究自然丛状形、自然开心形和Y字形树形对樱桃树生长习性、果实品质的影响。[结果]无论是自然开心形、自然丛状形还是Y字形树形,都能有效将树高控制在2.5~3.0 m,增加站立采摘率,其中Y字形树形树体最低,由于其栽植密度较大,产量最高。3种树形均未对果实品质产生显著影响。[结论]在中国樱桃设施生产过程中可优先考虑Y字形树形。     

枇杷果实发育过程中果肉质地与胞壁酶活性的变化

以果肉质地差异较大的白肉枇杷（Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.）“白梨”和黄肉枇杷“解放钟”为试材, 探讨果实发育过程中胞壁酶活性变化与果肉质地形成的关系。 结果表明, 2个品种枇杷果实发育过程中多聚半乳糖醛酸酶（PG, EC 3.1.1.15）、 果胶酯酶（PE, EC 3.1.1.11）与纤维素酶（Cx, EC 3.2.1.4）活性总体呈上升趋势, 这3种酶活性在果实发育后期（即花后100~115 d）极显著高于前期并出现峰值。“白梨”枇杷PE,PG和Cx酶活性高于“解放钟”, 果实发育前期, 2个品种枇杷PE, PG和Cx酶活性差异较小; 果实发育后期,“白梨”PE, PG和Cx酶活性显著或极显著高于“解放钟”。Cx, PG和PE与枇杷果肉质地形成密切相关, 而β-半乳糖苷酶（EC 3.2.1.23）、 α-葡萄糖苷酶（EC 3.2.1.20）、 α-半乳糖苷酶（EC 3.2.1.22）、 α-甘露糖苷酶（EC 3.2.1.24）等4种糖苷酶对“白梨”枇杷果实发育后期果肉软化起到一定的作用。     

不同彩色甜椒果实发育过程中色素和抗氧化物质含量的变化

对培育的3个不同颜色彩椒果实发育过程中色素和抗氧化物质含量的变化规律进行研究。结果表明:白色彩椒和绿色彩椒有着相似的变化规律,即随着果实的发育成熟,叶绿素呈下降趋势,花青素和类胡萝卜素呈上升趋势,总酚和类黄酮呈先降后升的趋势;紫色彩椒含有相对较高的色素和抗氧化物质,且具有不同的变化规律,即随着果实的发育成熟,叶绿素和花青素呈下降趋势,类胡萝卜素、总酚和类黄酮则呈降-升-降的变化趋势。     

木菠萝果腐病中一种新病原菌的分离与鉴定

在海南省东升农场发现一种新的木菠萝果腐病,采用常规组织分离法获得一个菌株B1,经柯赫氏法则验证确定其为该病的病原菌。通过形态学鉴定和rDNA-ITS序列分析,结果表明:该病原菌为帚梗柱孢霉(Cylindrocladium sp.);帚梗柱孢霉(Cylindrocladium sp.)引起的木菠萝果腐病为首次报道。     

花生多肽的理化性质及抗氧化性质研究

本文研究了pH、温度、蛋白浓度等因素对花生多肽活性的影响,与花生分离蛋白相比,在温度30-80℃和pH值2～12时花生多肽具有较高的溶解性,更好乳化性、起泡性和泡沫稳定性,但有较低的吸水性和吸油性。此外,花生多肽体外抗氧化能力较强,具有较强的还原力、羟自由基清除力、2,2-二苯基苦味苯肼（DPPH）自由基清除力。表明花生多肽具有良好的理化特性和抗氧化性能,可作为功能食品或保健食品主要成分或添加剂。     

Formulation,Optimization and In Vivo Evaluation of Fucoidan-Based Cream with Anti-Inflammatory Properties

Fucoidan is a polysaccharide found in brown alga with glorious potential for pharmacological activities, among which its anti-inflammatory properties have gained meaningful attention. Due to several advantages of formulations for topical application, this study aimed to develop and optimize a fucoidan-based cream formulation and to investigate its anti-inflammatory potential after topical application in vivo. Fucoidan from Fucus vesiculosus L. was used. The cream base consisting of olive oil and Kolliphor RH40 was optimized followed by in vitro agar diffusion and drug release studies. The fucoidan-based cream with 13% Kolliphor P 407, 1% Transcutol P, and 5% PEG400 showed good spreadability, washability, and colloidal stability, and it did not irritate the skin. The kinetics of fucoidan release from the optimized cream exhibited the best fit to the Korsmeyer–Peppas and Higuchi models with R² > 0.99. Fucoidan release was controlled by drug diffusion and anomalous transport provided by the optimized cream base. The formulation was stable and provided high fucoidan release after storage for 1 year. Topical application of the fucoidan-based cream dose-dependently inhibited carrageenan-induced edema and ameliorated mechanical allodynia in rats. The efficacy of the fucoidan-based cream at a high dose was comparable with the efficacy of diclofenac gel. The fucoidan-based cream could be considered a promising anti-inflammatory formulation.     

番茄SlARF2基因表达模式及其在果实发育中的功能分析

为了分析Sl ARF2基因在番茄生长发育过程中的功能,利用定量PCR技术分析Sl ARF2基因的表达模式,发现Sl ARF2基因在番茄花芽中表达量最高,在幼果中次之,说明Sl ARF2基因可能在番茄花果发育中起着重要作用。为进一步研究Sl ARF2的功能,构建Sl ARF2基因超表达、抑制表达载体,农杆菌介导转化番茄成功获得了相应转基因植株。通过与野生型番茄植株花、果不同时期的表型进行比对分析,发现Sl ARF2基因的超表达对花的形态学特征无明显影响,但能够显著提高植株的结实率、降低果实大小和重量。说明Sl ARF2基因参与调控番茄花、果发育过程。     

Effects of Two Energy-Restricted Diets Containing Different Fruit Amounts on Body Weight Loss and Macronutrient Oxidation

The consumption of specific foods in energy-restricted diets may affect the weight loss process. The purpose of this research was to evaluate whether obese women following two hypocaloric diets with distinct fruit content differ in weight loss and metabolic responses. Fifteen obese women were included, who were randomly assigned to follow a low or a high-fruit energy-restricted diet for 8 weeks. The main outcome variables were weight and fat losses. Metabolic measurements concerning macronutrient oxidation were also assessed by using ¹³C labelled fructose and indirect calorimetry. The induced weight loss was similar for both diets (6.9 ± 2% vs. 6.6 ± 2%, p = 0.785). Both experimental diets similarly improved the lipid plasma profile in the participants, but the cholesterol fall was higher in obese subjects receiving the diet containing more fruit. No statistical differences in lipids carbohydrates and ¹³C labelled fructose utilisation were observed, but protein oxidation was differently affected by the experimental diets. The compensatory effects of the associated fibre/fructose intake may explain the lack of a specific effect of the fruit amount on hypocaloric diets designed to weight loss, although the increased fibre content from enriched fruit diets may be involved in the favourable effects on cholesterol plasma levels.     

安徽麦区软质小麦籽粒品质和终端制品品质评价

为明确安徽大田生产环境下软质小麦籽粒和终端产品品质表现,评价优质软麦品种的加工适用性,本研究选取该区当前推广种植的24个软质小麦品种,对其籽粒和面粉的主要品质性状及其制品南方馒头和曲奇饼干的品质进行差异性、相关性分析,并以美国软白麦近五年的主要品质性状平均值为理想指标进行灰色关联度比较。结果表明,供试材料的硬度、面粉色泽b^*、湿面筋含量、面团形成时间、稳定时间等籽粒品质性状变异系数较大,而容重、面粉L^*值和吸水率变异系数较小。南方馒头品质性状中,白度差异最小,比容差异最大;曲奇饼干品质性状中,感官评分变异系数较大,饼干直径均值和变异系数都较小。蛋白质含量、湿面筋含量、稳定时间均符合弱筋标准(GB/T 17320-2013)的样品数为0。相关分析表明,容重、降落值、面粉L^*、b^*、白度与大部分性状间相关性不显著;籽粒硬度与水SRC和乳酸SRC均呈显著正相关,与湿面筋含量和面粉a^*值均呈显著负相关。蛋白质含量与面粉a^*值等7个指标均呈显著正相关,与面粉b     

不同树势枇杷枝梢生长、果实品质及经济效益的比较分析

试验拟探讨不同树势对枇杷枝梢生长、果实品质和产量效益的影响。结果表明:树势强的‘早钟6号’树,枝梢长度、粗度、叶片数均显著或极显著大于弱树,但强树、中等树和弱树植株的叶片大小、厚度和干重的差异均不显著;强树果实的单果重、横径、纵径,均显著或极显著大于中等树和弱树,而三者间的可溶性固形物、可滴定酸、可溶性糖含量和可食率差异均不显著;强树和中等树的果穗数、株产、单位面积产量和产值均显著大于弱树,强树的效益显著高于中等树、极显著高于弱树。说明了培育强壮的树势,是实现枇杷优质、高效生产的关键。