Negative differential resistance on the atomic scale: implications for atomic scale devices

Negative differential resistance (NDR) is the essential property that allows fast switching in certain types of electronic devices. With scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and scanning tunneling spectroscopy, it is shown that the current-voltage characteristics of a diode configuration consisting of an STM tip over specific sites of a boron-exposed silicon(111) surface exhibit NDR. These NDR-active sites are of atomic dimensions ( approximately 1 nanometer). NDR in this case is the result of tunneling through localized, atomic-like states. Thus, desirable device characteristics can be obtained even on the atomic scale.     

Real-space imaging of nucleation and growth in colloidal crystallization

Crystallization of concentrated colloidal suspensions was studied in real space with laser scanning confocal microscopy. Direct imaging in three dimensions allowed identification and observation of both nucleation and growth of crystalline regions, providing an experimental measure of properties of the nucleating crystallites. By following their evolution, we identified critical nuclei, determined nucleation rates, and measured the average surface tension of the crystal-liquid interface. The structure of the nuclei was the same as the bulk solid phase, random hexagonal close-packed, and their average shape was rather nonspherical, with rough rather than faceted surfaces.     

Ohm's law survives to the atomic scale

As silicon electronics approaches the atomic scale, interconnects and circuitry become comparable in size to the active device components. Maintaining low electrical resistivity at this scale is challenging because of the presence of con?ning surfaces and interfaces. We report on the fabrication of wires in silicon--only one atom tall and four atoms wide--with exceptionally low resistivity (~0.3 milliohm-centimeters) and the current-carrying capabilities of copper. By embedding phosphorus atoms within a silicon crystal with an average spacing of less than 1 nanometer, we achieved a diameter-independent resistivity, which demonstrates ohmic scaling to the atomic limit. Atomistic tight-binding calculations con?rm the metallicity of these atomic-scale wires, which pave the way for single-atom device architectures for both classical and quantum information processing.     

Optical atomic coherence at the 1-second time scale

Highest-resolution laser spectroscopy has generally been limited to single trapped ion systems because of the rapid decoherence that plagues neutral atom ensembles. Precision spectroscopy of ultracold neutral atoms confined in a trapping potential now shows superior optical coherence without any deleterious effects from motional degrees of freedom, revealing optical resonance linewidths at the hertz level with a good signal-to-noise ratio. The resonance quality factor of 2.4 x 10(14) is the highest ever recovered in any form of coherent spectroscopy. The spectral resolution permits direct observation of the breaking of nuclear spin degeneracy for the 1S0 and 3P0 optical clock states of 87Sr under a small magnetic bias field. This optical approach for excitation of nuclear spin states allows an accurate measurement of the differential Landé g factor between 1S0 and 3P0. The optical atomic coherence demonstrated for collective excitation of a large number of atoms will have a strong impact on quantum measurement and precision frequency metrology.     

Real-space observation of helical spin order

Helical spin order in magnetic materials has been investigated only in reciprocal space. We visualized the helical spin order and dynamics in a metal silicide in real space by means of Lorentz electron microscopy. The real space of the helical spin order proves to be much richer than that expected from the averaged structure; it exhibits a variety of magnetic defects similar to atomic dislocations in the crystal lattice. The application of magnetic fields allows us to directly observe the deformation processes of the helical spin order accompanied by nucleation, movement, and annihilation of the magnetic defects.     

Spatiotemporal self-organization in a surface reaction: from the atomic to the mesoscopic scale

Scanning tunneling microscopy data revealed the atomic processes in propagating reaction fronts that occur in the catalytic oxidation of hydrogen on Pt(111). The fronts were also characterized on mesoscopic length scales with respect to their velocity and width. Simulations on the basis of a reaction-diffusion model reproduce the experimental findings qualitatively well. The quantitative comparison reveals the limitations of this traditional approach to modeling spatiotemporal pattern formation in nonlinear dynamics.     

Machining oxide thin films with an atomic force microscope: pattern and object formation on the nanometer scale

An atomic force microscope (AFM) has been used to machine complex patterns and to form free structural objects in thin layers of MoO(3) grown on the surface of MoS(2). The AFM tip can pattern lines with 相似文献   

Real-space observation of molecular motion induced by femtosecond laser pulses

Femtosecond laser irradiation is used to excite adsorbed CO molecules on a Cu110 surface; the ensuing motion of individual molecules across the surface is characterized on a site-to-site basis by in situ scanning tunneling microscopy. Adsorbate motion both along and perpendicular to the rows of the Cu110 surface occurs readily, in marked contrast to the behavior seen for equilibrium diffusion processes. The experimental findings for the probability and direction of the molecular motion can be understood as a manifestation of strong coupling between the adsorbates' lateral degrees of freedom and the substrate electronic excitation produced by the femtosecond laser radiation.     

二维结合彩色多普勒超声对诊断乳腺肿块的价值

目的探讨二维及彩色多普勒超声(CDFI)对乳腺肿块鉴别诊断的价值。方法120例女性患者,术前应用二维超声观察乳腺肿块的大小、形态、位置、边界、包膜、内部回声;采用CDFI检测肿块周边及内部的血流形态、特点,并将彩色血流分为0~Ⅲ级。结果超声诊断乳腺肿块检出率为100%,良、恶性肿瘤超声诊断符合率分别为88.5%、85.7%。良性肿瘤多表现为边界光滑,侧缘回声减弱,CDFI血流分级以Ⅰ~Ⅱ级为主;恶性肿瘤多表现为形态不规则,边界不清,内部回声不均,CDFI血流分级以Ⅱ~Ⅲ级为主。恶性组的收缩期峰值流速(Vmax)、阻力指数(RI)、搏动指数(PI)分别为(28.2±7.3)cm/s、(0.78±0.09)、(1.8±0.3),良性组则分别为(13.5±6.7)cm/s、(0.63±0.07)、(1.2±0.2),差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论二维超声联合CDFI在乳腺良恶性肿瘤的鉴别诊断中有较高的应用价值。     

建立"大农学专业"的实践

农学专业是农业院校的主体专业，也是办学历史十分悠久的专业，多年来为我国农业教育和科研事业的发展做出了重要贡献。随着社会的进步和经济科技的发展，农学专业的人才培养规格，教学内容和课程体系，以及培养模式等都不能适应形势发展的需要。“九五”期间教育部组织全国农业院校开展了“面向21世纪教学内容和课程体系改革”研究项目，农学专业提出了“基础加模块”、基础加农业背景——必修专业加选修专业“两段式”等教学模式，收到了良好的效果。     

桃介壳虫药剂防治试验

桃介壳虫室内药剂筛选和田间药效试验结果表明,成蚧期用1波美度石硫合剂喷雾树枝、树干2次,能强烈抑制卵的孵化;在若蚧分散期用1波美度石硫合剂或煤油乳剂30倍或30%强力杀蚧微湿颗粒200倍或40%乐斯本乳油1 000倍喷雾树枝、树干1次,若蚧死亡率达70%以上。     

省域尺度下土壤养分的最佳采样尺度确定

合理的采样尺度,尤其是在大尺度区域,对实时掌控土壤养分的空间分布状况以及精准农业的发展具有重要意义。本文以山西省为例,以368 843个土壤养分采样点数据为原始数据,选择11个格网尺度(0.5km×0.5km、1km×1km、1.5km×1.5km、2km×2km、2.5km×2.5km、3km×3km、3.5km×3.5km、4km×4km、4.5km×4.5km、5km×5km、5.5km×5.5km)对土壤养分点进行样点选择,比较分析不同尺度下土壤有机质、全氮、速效钾、速效磷的基本统计信息、半方差变异函数和普通克里金插值精度,以确定山西省土壤养分的最佳采样尺度。研究表明:在不同尺度下,这4种土壤养分均处于中等变异强度,平均值、中位数、标准差变化不大。土壤有机质和全氮在大尺度下受结构性因素影响变大,速效钾则变化不明显,速效磷空间变异分析结果较差,对该指标进行了剔除。分析不同尺度下插值精度指标,土壤有机质、全氮、速效钾的最佳预测尺度分别为4.5km、3.5km、2.5km尺度。综合各分析结果,最后确定2.5km为山西省土壤养分最佳的采样尺度。对不同地貌原始密度样点和2.5km尺度下样点空间制图,分析不同地貌下土壤养分含量各等级分布面积占总面积的差异,发现两种密度分布状况在不同地貌、不同等级的差异甚小。     

农业规模经营探讨

通过土地承包经营权的流转，实现农业规模经营，发展规模经营效益型农业，对提高中国农业的国际竞争力、实现农业现代化、解决“三农”问题具有十分重要的意义。农业规模经营的基本模式有租赁制经营、股份制经营、合作制经营、倒包制经营、集体经营、产业化经营等。