超高产栽培下氮肥运筹对春玉米干物质积累及转运的影响

以金山27为试验材料,采用田间试验的方法,研究了超高产栽培下氮肥运筹对春玉米干物质积累及转运的影响。结果表明,在开花期和成熟期各器官干物质积累量随着施氮量的增加而增大,积累速率以穗部最快。干物质转移量随施氮量的增加而增大,各器官表现为叶>茎>穗。干物质转移效率和子粒产量均以300kg/hm2(种肥、拔节肥、大口肥的比例为1∶3∶6)施氮处理最大。试验证明优化施氮处理(Opt-N)是西辽河平原地区春玉米超高产栽培的最佳施氮模式。     

春玉米农艺性状及养分积累动态对水溶肥管理的响应

探索东北半干旱区春玉米的最佳水溶肥管理措施是实现节肥增产的有效途径。试验在覆膜滴灌大田条件下,以‘迪卡159’为试验对象,研究吉林省西部半干旱区春玉米农艺性状及养分积累动态对水溶肥管理的响应。相关性和通径分析表明,产量(Y)与各农艺性状的相关关系由强到弱依次为行粒数(X₄)>穗粗(X₁)>穗行数(X₃)>穗长(X₂)>百粒重(X₅)。产量与穗行数和行粒数的最优回归方程为Y=-14878.79+465.886X₄+855.646X₃(R²=0.863,F=18.92)。同时,氮、磷、钾肥均追施4次不仅有利于春玉米穗粗、穗长、穗行数、行粒数和百粒重的增加,还能促进出苗63天后氮、磷、钾养分的积累与分配。在水溶肥用量与施肥方式相同的基础上,分次追施氮、磷、钾肥对春玉米产量的提高至关重要。     

大豆种植密度对玉米/大豆间作系统产量形成的竞争效应分析

旱区作物间作系统是优化作物群体质量、提高产量的一种重要种植方式,从产量构成因子角度探讨作物间作竞争优势机制还鲜见报道。本研究设置3个大豆密度梯度和4个种植比例(玉米与大豆以2∶0、0∶2、2∶2和2∶4间作),分析间作系统的作物竞争指数、产量构成和最终产量的差异性变化,探讨间作群体产量增加的作物竞争机制。结果表明,不同大豆密度和种植比例组合下的间作系统产量提高14%～23%。玉米的实际产量损失大于0,大豆的实际产量损失小于0。间作系统中玉米的穗重、穗长、穗粗、穗粒重、轴重和千粒重均显著高于单作;除结荚长度和主茎节间长度外,间作系统中大豆的单株粒重、单株荚数、单株总粒数、单株有效粒数、主茎节数和百粒重低于单作或与单作间无显著差异。间作系统中玉米的竞争比率大于1,大豆的竞争比率小于1,在3种大豆密度下玉米和大豆的竞争比率分别为2.08、1.84、1.68和0.49、0.56、0.63,表明随着大豆密度的增加,间作中玉米的竞争比率增加的同时大豆的竞争比率降低。玉米的侵占力大于0,大豆的侵占力小于0。玉米产量与轴重、千粒重、穗重、穗粒重、穗长、行粒数呈正相关关系,与秃尖长呈负相关关系。通径分析表明,直接作用中,穗粒重对玉米产量的贡献最大(2.18);间接作用中,轴重、千粒重通过每穗粒重对玉米产量的贡献较大(1.64和1.58)。综上所述,大豆间作玉米有间作优势,间作优势来源于每穗粒重。     

高产栽培条件下夏玉米穗部性状研究

本文采用灰色关联分析理论,对16个玉米杂交种穗部性状与产量的关系进行研究。结果表明,在高产栽培条件下,玉米产量与穗部性状的关联度排序为：粒数/m2＞千粒重＞穗粒数＞出籽率＞穗行数＞行粒数＞穗粗＞穗数/hm2＞穗长＞秃尖长。进一步分析表明与高产栽培条件相适应的杂交种是单位面积粒数较多、穗粒数和千粒重较高的中大穗耐密型玉米杂交种,出籽率较高;从玉米的形态性状来看,穗行数和穗粗对产量的影响大于行粒数和穗长对产量的影响。     

华北地区不同年代玉米杂交种主要农艺性状演变规律研究

通过对我国华北地区1970-2005年审(认)定的26个玉米单交种的主要农艺性状的分析,认为我国华北地区玉米杂交种主要农艺性状的演变规律为:株型由平展型逐渐向紧凑型和半紧凑型过渡;产量稳步提高;穗长、穗粒数和行粒数增多;穗位高有下降趋势;秃尖长和秃尖度有上升趋势;千粒重、株高、穗行教、穗粗、出子率、ASI和成熟期等性状趋于稳定;产量的绝对杂种优势和相对杂种优势分别呈上升和下降趋势.试验结果认为,千粒重、行粒数、穗粒数和穗行数对提高玉米产量的作用最大,是我国华北地区20世纪70年代以来玉米杂交种提高产量的重要因素.     

河北省冀东地区9个主栽春玉米品种的灌浆特性

为明确冀东地区主推春玉米品种子粒发育调控机理,以及为区域品种选择提供理论依据,选用冀东地区9个主栽春玉米品种,对其灌浆特性进行了研究。结果表明,产量以金科玉3306最高,粒收1号最低;金科玉3306的穗行数、行粒数、千粒重分别较其他品种平均高出3.11%、7.69%和6.41%。在产量构成因素和相关性状中,对产量影响最大的因素是行粒数,其次是穗行数和千粒重,增加穗长并兼顾其他性状是提高玉米产量的有效途径。不同品种子粒灌浆参数之间存在较大差异,早粒1号的活跃灌浆期短,但最大灌浆速率和平均灌浆速率均最高;纯玉958的活跃灌浆期最长,但最大灌浆速率最低。产量与最大灌浆速率（R_max）和平均灌浆速率（R）呈正相关,与灌浆持续期（T）、活跃灌浆期（P）呈负相关。说明在保证子粒安全成熟的前提下,选用灌浆持续期短,灌浆速率高的品种,对产量形成有积极作用。综上所述,在冀东地区春玉米品种的选择上推荐金科玉3306、东单913和早粒1号3个品种。     

玉米果穗主要性状与产量的灰色关联分析

利用灰色关联分析的方法研究了玉米杂交种的穗重、穗长、穗粗、穗行数、行粒数、轴重、轴长、轴粗8个主要性状与产量的关系,计算了玉米产量与果穗各主要性状的灰色关联度,并进行了排序。果穗各主要性状影响产量的因素顺序为穗长>穗行数>穗重>行粒数>穗粗>轴长>轴重>轴粗。结果表明在选择玉米穗型性状时,要注重对穗长、穗行数、穗重、行粒数、穗粗的选择,而对于轴粗、轴长、轴重可适当放宽要求。本研究为玉米育种工作中穗型方面的性状选择提供理论依据。     

施用钾肥对春玉米产量及品质的影响

以黑龙江省2个主栽的玉米品种嫩单12和兴垦3为试验材料,研究了不同钾肥用量对春玉米生育期、植株性状和产量性状以及子粒品质的影响.结果表明,施用钾肥对春玉米生长发育具有促进作用,可使生育期提前,秸秆坚硬,抗倒伏能力增强,有利于光合产物的形成和积累,增加百粒重、穗粒数、穗长,减少秃尖长,有效提高玉米产量.同时,可改善春玉米子粒品质,提高粗脂肪含量.     

不同培土处理对玉米产量及抗倒性的影响

通过对不同培土处理玉米产量及抗倒伏效应进行研究测定结果表明：不同培土处理对玉米生长的叶面积系数的影响很小;玉米追拔节肥时不培土可以降低株高和穗位,降低玉米自身的重心,从而有利于提高玉米的抗倒伏性;不同培土处理对穗粗、穗长、结实长、穗行数、行粒数这几个产量性状的影响不明显;不同培土处理以及同一品种不同培土处理间的玉米产量...     

玉米–大豆套作模式下氮肥运筹对玉米产量及干物质积累与转运的影响

玉米-大豆套作是西南地区玉米的主要种植模式之一,研究该模式下玉米适宜的氮肥运筹方式,对该区玉米生产具有重要指导意义。通过2年田间试验,研究了施90、180、270和360 kg N hm–2及底肥∶拔节肥∶穗肥=5∶0∶5、3∶2∶5、5∶2∶3对玉米–大豆套作模式下玉米产量及干物质积累与转运的影响。结果表明,在相同底追比条件下,玉米产量及干物质积累量随施氮量增加呈先增后减的变化趋势。施180 kg N hm–2可以显著促进玉米穗粒数、千粒重及有效穗数的增加,提高花前干物质转运量和花后干物质同化量,植株干物质积累量和最大增长速率亦达到最大;相同施氮量条件下,不同底追比对玉米产量及干物质积累的影响表现为:3∶2∶55∶0∶55∶2∶3。氮肥后移(3∶2∶5)可以促进花后干物质积累和向籽粒中转运,增大干物质最大增长速率,改善玉米穗部性状,与传统施肥方式(5∶0∶5)相比,氮肥后移处理2年平均产量提高了4.11%。施氮量及底追比对产量的交互影响显著,2010年以施270 kg N hm–2并按3∶2∶5底追比处理玉米产量最高,与相同底追比条件下施180 kg N hm–2处理差异不显著;2011年玉米产量以施180 kg N hm–2按3∶2∶5底追比处理显著高于其他处理,达到7803 kg hm–2。在本试验研究范围内,施180 kg N hm–2及底追比为3∶2∶5的处理是获得玉米–大豆套作模式下玉米高产的最佳氮肥运筹方式。     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.