雪兔室内条件下昼夜摄食与饮水量的观察

为了保证雪兔在进行人工饲养条件下身体的正常生长发育。本文观察并记录了室内饲养的5只雪兔的昼夜摄食量和饮水量。雪兔摄食量最小为114g,最大为175g,日均摄食量为129.8g/d·只,饮水量最小为240ml,最大为350ml,日均饮水量为276.2ml/d·只时,可保证其正常生长发育。     

两性不育灭鼠剂印楝油对高原鼠兔摄食量的影响及药效试验研究

通过对高原鼠兔野外饲养和印楝油摄食量的药效观察试验,选取高原鼠兔90只,分成2个试验组和1个对照组,各试验组投药浓度为30％和40％的印楝油;对照组饲喂青草,用药7d。试验期间观察各组鼠兔的临床表现,每天记录颗粒剂的采食量,并计算摄食系数;停药后27d处死,剖检雄雌鼠,做病理切片,剖开雌鼠子宫,统计怀孕率。结果表明,高原 药浓度 、40％的颗粒剂的摄食率分别为11．09％和25．10％,差异显著（P〈0．05）;筛选出主药浓度为40 两性不 颗粒剂适口性良好,对高原鼠兔有良好的抗生     

薄荷油颗粒剂对高原鼠兔的抗生育作用研究

探讨薄荷油颗粒剂对高原鼠兔的抗生育作用,为高原鼠兔种群数量的控制提供依据。用不同薄荷油含量的颗粒剂对高原鼠兔进行摄食系数研究,筛选出适口性良好的剂量进一步研究其对高原鼠兔怀孕率及生殖器官临床剖检和病理学的影响。结果表明:薄荷油含量为0.54、0.27和0.135 m L/kg的颗粒剂摄食系数分别为1.03、0.97和0.84。0.54 m L/kg的薄荷油颗粒剂对高原鼠兔的抗生育率达66%,经剖检,可见雄性高原鼠兔睾丸和输精管充血,雌性高原鼠兔出现子宫充血、胎儿吸收等现象;进一步组织病理学观察显示雄性高原鼠兔的睾丸和附睾内间质和精子均不同程度的减少,雌性高原鼠兔的卵巢和子宫可见细胞核碎裂等现象。结果提示,薄荷油颗粒剂对雌雄高原鼠兔均有良好的抗生育作用,主要作用器官为生殖器官,说明薄荷油颗粒剂具有应用于草原鼠害的防治潜力。     

C型肉毒梭菌毒素饵料剂防治高原鼠兔试验

旨在评价C型肉毒梭菌毒素饵料剂对高原鼠兔的防治效果。在青海省共和县开展不同投饵量(1.0、2.0、3.0 g/洞)的C型肉毒梭菌毒素饵料剂对高原鼠兔的防治效果研究;观察人工饲养条件下高原鼠兔对C型肉毒梭菌毒素饵料剂的适口性;探讨常温条件下不同保存期(10、20、30 d)对C型肉毒梭菌毒素饵料剂药效的影响。结果表明:C型肉毒梭菌毒素饵料剂投饵量为3.0 g/洞时校正防治效果最佳,为93.22%,其防治效果优于标准药剂;高原鼠兔对C型肉毒梭菌毒素饵料剂的摄食系数为1.51,优于对小麦基饵的适口性;C型肉毒梭菌毒素饵料剂的药效随保存时间的延长而不断降低。综上提示,C型肉毒梭菌毒素饵料剂对高原鼠兔的防治效果良好,且具有较好的适口性,在该地区的草原鼠害防治工作中具有一定的推广应用价值。     

化隆县草地鼠虫危害调查

1997～1998年对化隆县草场上发生的鼠虫危害进行了调查研究,发现5大类草场都有害鼠和蝗虫分布;其中,在山地草甸和山地草原上较多.全县鼠害草场面积22506hm2,虫害草场面积21986hm2;高原鼢鼠和高原鼠兔是优势害鼠,狭翅雏蝗、小翅雏蝗和红翅皱膝蝗是优势害虫.高原鼠兔密度为2.5只/hm2,高原鼢鼠为3只/hm2;蝗虫平均密度为21头/hm2.     

青海玉树市高海拔地区高原鼠兔怀孕期解剖调查

目的为准确掌握青海玉树市天然草场高原鼠兔,在怀孕期危害程度及其繁殖性能,了解鼠害动态局势,及时开展灭鼠工作,提高草原生产力,方法是从2020~2021年对玉树市高原鼠兔全面进行了野外实地调查、动态监测,样方面积为1/15 hm²,捕捉、解剖、观察测定和统计。结果表明：高原鼠兔在玉树高海拔地区,气候严寒,一年只能繁殖一次,每胎产仔1~9只,3~6只者居多,占孕鼠的91%,平均产仔3.58只。雄鼠体重158 g,体长147 mm,雌鼠体重176 g,体长150 mm,雌鼠在种群中占52.5%,生殖能力与种群性别比例有着一定的相关性。经833例剖胃测定日食量为77.3 g,是其体重的50%左右,1只成鼠在牧草生长季节4个月可食牧草9.5 kg,52只成年鼠兔日消耗牧草量相对于1头藏系绵羊的日食量,而高原鼠兔混合种群的采食量每只每天66.0 g,食量大,繁殖率高,破坏力强。     

果洛地区高原鼠兔繁殖特性种群数量和对天然草地的危害

在果洛州3县5个样点2000—2004年的实验和调查结果表明:果洛地区鼠害区高原鼠兔5年的平均密度达908只/hm2,属极严重的鼠害区;高原鼠兔的性别比并非1∶1,5年的性别比平均为1.25∶1,高原鼠兔每年只怀孕一次,在5年的调查研究中没发现高原鼠兔有第二次的怀胎情况。     

退化高寒草甸上高原鼠兔的扩散研究

在高寒草甸上高原鼠兔是必不可少的生态关键种,同时由于密度过高又加剧着高寒草甸的退化.应加强对高原鼠兔种群动态的管理,使其保持适当的密度和适当的时空分布,发挥其关键物种的作用,但不对高寒草甸造成破坏.为此有必要掌握高原鼠兔的扩散规律.通过高原鼠兔的扩散试验得到了以下结果:环境容纳量K和植被高度h有如下关系:K={6.2237h 17.2237(h＜4.8717) 47.5438(h=4.8717) -4.0654h 67.3494(h＞4.8717);高原鼠兔月扩散距离为32.16 m;高原鼠兔对原有栖息地留恋的量α为0.3371.     

高原鼠兔繁殖及种群年龄结构的初步研究

为指导草地鼠害防治 ,我们对甘孜州草地主要害鼠———高原鼠兔的繁殖及种群更替特性进行了研究。结果表明高原鼠兔为季节繁殖的动物 ,其繁殖期为 4月下旬至 7月中旬 ,约 90天 ;雄雌比为 1 :1 31 ,S R为 44 3± 7 2 ,繁殖期中平均繁殖指数为 1 35 ;雌鼠年平均繁殖 2 4胎 ,胎仔数为 1— 6只 /胎 ,平均为2 93只 /胎。鼠兔种群数量呈季节变化     

高原鼠兔对西藏邦杰塘高寒草甸的影响

高原鼠兔是西藏高寒草甸的优势物种之一,其摄食和掘穴活动加快了邦杰塘高寒草甸退化速度,制约着当地草牧业的可持续发展。鉴于此,以林芝市工布江达县松多三村的冬季牧场作为试验地,以高原鼠兔活动为主要影响因素,初步探索高原鼠兔活动对不同退化程度的高寒草甸的影响。以期为邦杰塘天然草地的高原鼠兔防控和草地管理提供科学依据。研究表明,围栏外(A样地)的平均高原鼠兔鼠总洞数和有效鼠洞数均大于围栏内(B样地),A样地鼠兔掘穴土丘占地面积、洞口面积和草地占地面积也均大于B样地。高原鼠兔对植被有显著影响,表现为草地生物量减少,地上生物量干湿比增大,植物Gleason丰富度指数增加。在样地植物密度和种类基本一致的情况下,高原鼠兔的活动致使土壤种子库密度减少,尤以根茎型植物为最;地上地下植被Sorensen相似性指数减小,降低了草地根茎型植被更新潜力;其中A样地鼠区土壤种子密度仅为3 929.3粒·m^-2,显著低于B样地鼠区;同时鼠区土壤种子库中的根茎型牧草物种数占保护区的40%。说明高原鼠兔对两种不同退化程度的高寒草甸的影响不同,对轻微退化高寒草甸地表特征、植被特征和土壤种子库的影响小于对重度退化高寒草甸的影响。     

Water Use and Reuse in Commercial Turkey Processing Facilities

A survey of turkey processing facilities was conducted to determine the average volume of water used per bird during processing, the average amount of recycled processing water, and the types of poultry processing antimicrobial treatments. Ninety-three surveys were sent out to turkey processing facilities in the United States. Twenty-six surveys were completed and returned (28%). The combined processing capacity of the 26 facilities that responded to the survey was approximately 1.03 million birds per day or 71% of the total US turkey production (252 million annually). Most of the facilities that responded to the survey reported operating 5 d each week using city water (85%) and discharging wastewater through the city sewer system (77%). The average amount of water used during processing was reported to be approximately 30 gal per turkey—an increase of 23% with the implementation of the Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point program. Approximately 92% of the respondents reported using a cage or truck washing station. Thirty-one percent of the facilities reported that they recycle processing water. Data from the present survey may be of interest to turkey processing facilities that want to establish a water conservation program.     

Food value of straw meal in the nutrition of pigs. 1. Digestibility of the nutrients and N-balance after feeding with partially hydrolized straw meal]

Straw Meal was mixed with concentrated HCl at a mass proportion of approximately 10 : 1. After a one-hour duration of action the mixture was diluted with water (in proporation to the added HCl volume the double amount of water) and steamed in an electric steaming caldron for one hour. The partially hydrolised final product was neutralised with calcium hydroxide (3,5 kg per 10 kg HCl). In a digestibility experiment 4 pigs were fed according to the differential method with barley (supplemented with lysine and methionine) without straw meal resp. with straw meal (717 g barley dry matter+386 g straw meal dry matter per animal and day for pigs with an average live weight of 64.3 kg). In this test 21.0% of the organic matter of partially hydrolised straw meal, 0.5% of the crude fibre and 42.3% of the N-free extractives were digestible. When the animals were fed with barley exclusively (1045 g dry matter per day and animal of an average body weight of 61,4 kg), 17,1% of the 26,0 t N per animal and day were excreted in feces. After the feeding with straw meal admixtures, 34,5% of the 20,9 g N per animal and day were excreted in feces. When the feed consisted of 1,99 kg barley, 220 g fish meal and 565 g straw meal (dry matter in each case) per animal and day for the same pigs with an average body weight of 97,1 kg a digestibility of the organic matter of the partially hydrolised straw meal of 24,6% was achieved. 24.3% of the nitrogen consumed (72.9 g) by each animal per day were excreted in feces. After slaughtering, the pH-value in the caecum sould be ascertained as 6.0 to 6.5. The conclusion of this is that partially hydrolised straw meal contains approximately 20% utilisable carbohydrates and has a positive dietic effect in the digestive tract.     

紫貂育成前期饲粮适宜能量浓度与蛋白质水平的研究

为探讨紫貂育成前期饲粮适宜的能量浓度与蛋白质水平 ,本研究选用 90只 8周龄断奶紫貂幼兽 (公、母各半 )进行了 (GE:2 0 934,2 2 1 90 .0 4和 2 3446.0 8KJ/kg)× 3(CP:35%、40 %和45% )二因子交叉饲养试验和消化代谢试验。试验结果表明 ,紫貂育成前期饲粮适宜能量浓度和蛋白质水平分别不应低于 2 2 1 90 .0 4 KJ/kg和 40 %。随着饲粮能量浓度的提高 ,育成前期紫貂的干物质消化率、日食入总能、日食入消化能、日食入代谢能、能量代谢率、日存留氮和氮存留率均逐渐提高。随着饲粮蛋白质水平的提高 ,育成前期紫貂日进食干物质量、日食入总能、日食入消化能、日食入代谢能和能量代谢率均逐渐降低 ,而日食入总氮和日食入可消化氮随之逐渐提高。     

Importance of water for the health and productivity of the dairy cow

Four lactating Friesian cows (average weight 485 kg, milk yield 22 kg d-1) were maintained in completely controlled circumstances and deprived of water for 72 hours. During this period they were carefully monitored and lost 100 kg in bodyweight, principally accounted for by cumulative losses of water in milk, urine, faeces and respired air. The mean rates of respiration and rumen contraction decreased by approximately 50 per cent. Mean body temperature increased by 0.5 degrees C, but pulse rate did not change significantly. Dry matter intake, particularly of hay, decreased rapidly to less than 10 per cent of normal on the third day. Milk yield decreased only slightly during the first 24 hours but on the third day the average yield was only 28 per cent of normal; the composition of the milk did not change significantly. There were significant progressive increases in serum sodium concentration (after four hours water deprivation), osmolality (after 24 hours), urea (after 38 hours), copper (after 48 hours) and magnesium and total protein concentration (after 62 hours); packed cell volume (measured with a Coulter Counter) increased after 38 hours but packed cell volume (determined in a microhaematocrit centrifuge) increased only after 62 hours. In spite of the dehydration the cows showed no signs of distress. Within 48 hours of the cows being given free access to water, bodyweight, appetite, milk yield and blood composition had returned almost completely to normal.     

高原鼠兔影响高寒草甸生态系统服务价值的评价方法

高原鼠兔(Ochotona curzoniae)干扰与高寒草甸生态系统服务价值的关系,是全面评价高原鼠兔在高寒草甸生态系统中地位和角色的途径之一.本研究采用单位面积价值当量因子法和单位服务功能价格法,同步评价了高原鼠兔干扰对青藏高原高寒草甸家畜食物生产、水源涵养、碳固持、土壤养分物质循环和物种多样性维持等服务价值的影响...     

Plasma and blood volume in the calf from birth till 90 days of age.

Determinations of plasma volume were made of 9 clinically healthy Swedish Red and White calves from birth to 90 days of age by means of the isotop dilution technique. Commercially available ¹³¹I labelled human serum albumin was used. Calculation of the total blood volume was based on the plasma volume and packed cell volume.The plasma and blood volumes increased per kg body weight in average 17 and 14% respectively from directly after birth to 24 hrs. old. From 1 to 90 days of age the plasma and blood volume fell steadily per kg body weight. Plasma volume expressed as a percentage of body weight was 5.3% at birth, 6.5% at 1 day old, and 4.9% at 90 days old. Corresponding values for blood volume were 8.4, 9.3 and 7.0%.     

Subclinical effects and fenbendazole treatment of turkey ascaridiasis under simulated field conditions

Under simulated natural conditions of bird production and parasite challenge, the effects of ascaridiasis and the effectiveness of fenbendazole treatment (6-day regimes in the feed at 16 ppm) were documented. Birds were artificially challenged with ascarid larvae on a daily basis from day 35 to 112, with bird grow out ending on day 119. Experimental groups, on a per pen basis, were infected control, treated with fenbendazole at days 63-69, treated with fenbendazole at days 63-69 and days 91-97, and uninfected control. In the same order as above, and on an experimental group mean bird basis, final weights were 13.34, 13.47, 13.59, and 13.78 kg, average daily gains from day 7 to day 119 were 117.8, 118.9, 120.1, and 121.8 g, and units gained per unit of feed consumed from day 7 to day 119 were 0.337, 0.341, 0.347, and 0.362. Infected control bird mean Ascaridia dissimilis burdens, with all stages combined, ranged from 351.1 on day 63 to 117.2 on day 91, levels seen commonly with naturally infected commercial turkeys. Trial data dearly indicated that moderate A. dissimilis burdens negatively impacted animal performance (average daily gains and feed efficiencies) and that these parasite burdens are effectively removed by fenbendazole treatment.     

一日龄大通牦牛和平原黄牛骨骼肌显微结构的比较

为了探讨1日龄大通牦牛骨骼肌组织学特点及对低氧的适应,以平原黄牛为对照,利用光镜和计算机图像分析系统测定骨骼肌肌纤维直径、表面积密度;通过透射电镜比较骨骼肌线粒体的面数密度、面积密度、体积密度、平均体积等结构参数。结果显示,1日龄大通牦牛骨骼肌肌纤维直径显著细于1日龄平原黄牛,表面积密度明显大于平原黄牛,差异极显著(P<0.01);1日龄大通牦牛骨骼肌细胞中线粒体平均体积小于1日龄平原黄牛,并具有极显著差异(P<0.01);而1日龄大通牦牛骨骼肌细胞中线粒体体积密度、面积密度、面数密度均大于1日龄平原黄牛,且差异极显著(P<0.01)。以上结果表明,大通牦牛通过增加骨骼肌线粒体面数密度、面积密度、体积密度,降低线粒体平均体积来提高其在低氧环境中对氧的利用,并且在长期进化中形成了肌纤维直径小,表面积密度大的组织学特点。