杜仲叶中绿原酸的提取方法与精制工艺研究

对杜仲(Eucommia ulmoides)叶片中绿原酸的提取与精制工艺进行研究,比较了酸水提取、40%乙醇提取以及纤维素酶提取对绿原酸提取效果的影响,结果表明,酶提取更有利于后续工艺对绿原酸的精制。通过静态吸附试验,比较HPD-100A、AB-8、HPD-400A、DM-130、HPD-600、HPD-826六种大孔吸附树脂对绿原酸的吸附及脱附性能,筛选出性能较好的HPD-826树脂进行动态试验,结果表明,该树脂在室温下对杜仲叶中绿原酸的动态吸附-脱附最佳工艺参数为:上柱液p H值3.0,上柱流速2 BV/h,上柱体积7 BV;脱附剂为60%乙醇,洗脱流速1BV/h,洗脱剂用量为2 BV。用优化后的工艺进行试验,所得绿原酸粗产品的纯度可达49.85%,且工艺具有良好的稳定性。     

天然低共熔溶剂提取杜仲叶绿原酸及其抗氧化活性

以杜仲叶为原料,采用超声波辅助天然低共熔溶剂(NADES)提取杜仲叶绿原酸并考察其抗氧化活性.首先筛选出较优的天然低共熔溶剂体系,然后在单因素试验的基础上通过响应面优化提取工艺,并考察杜仲叶绿原酸的抗氧化活性.研究结果表明:较优的溶剂体系由甜菜碱、L-乳酸与水组成,各组分的物质的量比为1:1:4,低共熔溶剂中水用量为5...     

杜仲叶提取绿原酸的中间试验研究

本研究在以前研究的基础上进行中间试验,利用以下工艺流程从杜仲叶中制得绿原酸纯品：40％乙醇提取(80℃,2h,l：16料液比,提取2次)→制备浸膏(真空浓缩,80℃鼓风干燥)→加水转溶(4次)→铅盐沉淀(每100g杜仲叶用140g乙酸铅)→解析绿原酸(20％H2SO4)→乙酸乙酯萃取(约20次)→浓缩析出粗品→重结晶得纯品,平均得率0．53％,纯度98．35％。研究中还发现杜仲叶中不含异绿原酸。     

响应面法优化杜仲叶中绿原酸提取工艺

为了优化杜仲叶中绿原酸的提取工艺,采用有机溶剂萃取杜仲叶中的绿原酸,研究乙醇质量分数、固液比、提取温度、提取时间、提取次数等因素对绿原酸提取率的影响。在单因素试验的基础上优选试验因素与水平,根据中心组合试验设计原理,采用3因素3水平响应面分析法,拟合实验因素与响应值的多元二次方程,并对各因素的显著性及交互作用进行分析,运用Design-Expert 8.0 Trial软件优化得到提取杜仲叶中绿原酸的工艺最佳参数。结果表明:在料液比1∶11、乙醇质量分数40%、提取温度61.4℃的条件下,绿原酸提取率为0.872 8%。     

杜仲叶中绿原酸的提取工艺条件研究

采用单因素和正交试验的方法 ,通过多重比较等统计手段 ,对影响绿原酸提取率的主要因素进行了分析 ,找出了从杜仲叶中提取绿原酸的最佳工艺条件 :原材料杜仲叶用整叶 (不粉碎 ) ,用 4 0 %乙醇以 1∶16的料液比在 80℃提取 2h。     

不同影响因素下杜仲叶中绿原酸含量变化特征研究

杜仲(Eucommia ulmoides Oliv)是我国特有植物,现有资源量大。杜仲叶富含绿原酸。本文分别研究了季节,树龄,坡向,存储时间,干燥方式等几个因素影响下杜仲叶中绿原酸含量的变化特征,为杜仲叶提取绿原酸的产业化提供了理论支撑。     

杜仲叶中3种主要活性成分的动态变化

采用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测得江西栽培杜仲叶中绿原酸、京尼平苷和桃叶珊瑚苷3种活性成分在不同月份之间呈动态变化,绿原酸在6月含量最高(10 817.91μg/g),在12月含量最低(2 179.938μg/g);京尼平苷和桃叶珊瑚苷含量均在6月和10月出现2次积累高峰期,暗示与杜仲树体生长具有一定的相关性。6月杜仲生长较慢、3种活性成分含量相对较高、叶面积较大,6月采收杜仲叶既减少了对树体的损伤,又保证了杜仲叶的产量和质量,故杜仲叶6月采收最佳。     

杜仲叶多糖、杜仲精粉、杜仲胶的提取分离及其性能分析

为实现杜仲叶中生物活性成分和杜仲胶的高效提取分离,采用连续热水浸提、碱提取、酶水解和石油醚提取杜仲叶,分别得到了杜仲精粉、杜仲多糖(水溶性多糖和碱提多糖)及杜仲胶。考察了料液比和温度对活性成分提取得率的影响,探讨了酶解时间和酶种类对杜仲叶残渣水解的影响,最后对杜仲精粉、水溶性多糖和碱提多糖的铁离子还原能力和DPPH自由基(DPPH·)清除活性进行了测定,并对杜仲胶相对分子质量进行了测定。研究结果表明:料液比为1∶10(g∶mL),温度为80℃时,总黄酮和绿原酸的提取得率最大分别为50.08和6.83 mg/g。杜仲水溶性多糖、碱提多糖、杜仲精粉均具有较好的抗氧化能力,其中杜仲精粉抗氧化活性最高, 5 g/L时杜仲精粉的铁离子还原能力为4.01 mmol/L, 300 mg/L时DPPH·的清除率为94.46%,与Vc相当。杜仲叶水提残渣酶解48 h时,葡聚糖和木聚糖水解率最大,分别为86.77%和15.62%。杜仲叶中水溶性多糖的得率为13.2%,杜仲胶得率为1.86%,碱提多糖得率为9.8%,杜仲精粉得率为8.0%。杜仲胶的M_w和M_n分别为330 398和84 526,远大于水溶性多糖和碱提多糖的相对分子质量,但相对分子质量分布指数为3.91,分散程度明显低于杜仲多糖。     

杜仲叶残渣酶预处理提取杜仲胶生产工艺

为了优化杜仲胶提取工艺,以酶解液中的总糖含量和酶解杜仲胶的提取率为试验考察指标,来确定纤维素复合酶预处理杜仲叶残渣的生产工艺条件。试验结果表明:纤维素复合酶预处理杜仲叶残渣的最佳工艺条件为pH值5.5,温度50℃,酶用量为1.6 mg/g,料液比为1∶15(g∶mL),酶解4 h。与非酶解原料相比,杜仲叶残渣经酶解预处理后胶提取率是未经酶解的1.49倍。表明纤维素复合酶可用于杜仲叶残渣提取杜仲胶的酶解预处理过程。     

纤维素酶辅助提取银杏叶总黄酮的工艺条件

研究了纤维素酶辅助提取银杏叶总黄酮工艺条件.对银杏叶粒径、纤维素酶用量、酶解时间进行单因素考察,根据单因素考察结果设计正交试验,以总黄酮得率为指标确定适宜的正交试验参数:银杏叶细粉100目、纤维素酶用量30 FPIU/g银杏叶、酶解时间50 min,该工艺条件下银杏叶总黄酮提取得率为2.51%,与未添加纤维素酶相比,总黄酮得率增加了54.93%.     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.