贵州省葡萄有害生物发生种类及防治用药调查

为了解贵州葡萄有害生物及防治用药,于2013年~2015年对贵州省葡萄主要种植区的有害生物种类及防治用药进行调查。结果表明:贵州省葡萄园病害种类共17种,其中,侵染性病害12种,非侵染性病害5种;害虫种类5目11科11种;杂草29科106种;防治用药共61种,其中,杀虫(螨)剂有22种、杀菌剂有28种、除草剂有9种、生长调节剂有2种。     

打好秋粮作物重重大大病虫防控这场硬仗

8月9日，农业部在湖南长沙召开秋粮作物重大病虫防控工作会，对病虫监测预警、统防统治、绿色防控和农药减量控害工作进行了再部署、再落实。会议强调，2016年秋粮重大病虫防控工作任务艰巨，要切实做好各项监测防控工作，确保重大病虫不大面积暴发成灾，总体危害损失控制在5%以内，力争全国秋粮作物病虫害专业化统防统治率达到35%。     

余庆县桃树病虫发生种类调查及绿色防控技术

通过对余庆县桃树病虫调查,余庆县桃树发生病虫种类有25种,其中,病害12种,虫害13种;侵染性真菌病害8种,细菌病害1种,生理性病害3种,虫害共3目10科12种;螨类1目1科1种。发生普遍、危害严重的病害有6种,虫害7种。研究组装了以冬季清园处理为基础,在生长期间应用杀虫灯、黄板、多功能房诱虫器、糖醋液诱虫瓶、林下养鹅、种植绿肥、果实袋套等农业、物理、生物生态技术,辅以安全、精准施用高效、低毒低残留农药的化学防治的绿色防控技术体系,切实有效控制桃树病虫害,确保果实安全、生态环境安全,效果明显。     

上半年山东省济宁市林业有害生物发生呈下降趋势

<正>记者从山东省林业厅获悉,据统计,上半年山东省济宁市共发生主要林业有害生物13种,发生面积3.65万亩,以春尺蠖、杨扇舟蛾、杨小舟蛾、悬铃木方翅网蝽危害为主,美国白蛾在局部区域零星发生。济宁市总体病虫情较轻,与去年同期相比,发生区域大幅缩减,危害程度明显减轻。今年以来,济宁市继续坚持飞防为主、病虫统防的防控策略,同时辅以人工、物理、生物等综合防控措施,共实施防治作业面积236万亩次,其中飞防231万亩次;投入防控资金2000多万元、无公害农药200多吨、     

防病虫可少打农药 专家推介水稻、小麦绿色防控技术

<正>近年来,异常性气候现象频频出现,农户在种植水稻、小麦等作物时化学农药的施用量也在递增。农药在控制病虫危害损失的同时,也带来了病虫抗药性上升和病虫暴发几率增加等问题。为此,植保部门不断呼吁农户采用生态调控、生物防治、物理防治、科学用药等绿色防控技术。目前,安徽省病虫害绿色防控开展情况如何?农户又可以采取哪些绿色防控技术?     

打好秋粮作物重大病虫防控这场硬仗

<正>8月9日,农业部在湖南长沙召开秋粮作物重大病虫防控工作会,对病虫监测预警、统防统治、绿色防控和农药减量控害工作进行了再部署、再落实。会议强调,2016年秋粮重大病虫防控工作任务艰巨,要切实做好各项监测防控工作,确保重大病虫不大面积暴发成灾,总体危害损失控制在5%以内,力争全国秋粮作物病虫害专业化统防统治率达到35%。会议指出,受超强厄尔尼诺影响,高温高湿、强对流天气增多,南海季风偏晚,稻飞虱、稻纵卷叶螟等重大病虫     

农药功过谁人曾与评说

实践证明,单靠天然物的相生相克或某些生物、农业等防治方法和植物、无机农药等均无法对付病虫鼠草害等有害生物对农作物和人类健康带来的威胁和危害。近几十年来,世界上未发生有害生物大范围蔓延而导致的绝收饥荒和生命灾难,这其中化学农药、化肥等农化产品立下了汗马功劳……     

作物病虫产生抗药性的主要原因与综合防控

<正>病虫产生抗药性并不奇怪,这是它们抵御不良和恶劣环境的一种本能生物反应。然而我们需要做的是,分析病虫产生抗药性的原因,并采取综合防控措施,以提高防控效果。一、病虫产生抗药性的主要原因1.同种或同类农药的连续使用长期、多次、连续、重复使用一种或一类农药,药效就会减弱或丧失,这就使病虫产生了抗药性。在农药浓度有效和合适的情况下     

2016年第22期“华星杯”参赛作品预告及征稿

<正>自然界的种种生物都要寻找适合自身生存和繁殖的场所和食物,实践证明,单靠天然物的相生相克或某些生物、农业等防治方法和植物、无机农药等均无法对付突如其来、传播凶猛的病虫鼠草害等有害生物对农作物和人类健康带来的威胁和危害。近几十年来,世界上未发生有害生物大范围蔓延而导致的绝收饥荒和生命灾难,人民丰衣足食,安居乐     

2016年第22期“华星杯”参赛作品预告及征稿

正自然界的种种生物都要寻找适合自身生存和繁殖的场所和食物,实践证明,单靠天然物的相生相克或某些生物、农业等防治方法和植物、无机农药等均无法对付突如其来、传播凶猛的病虫鼠草害等有害生物对农作物和人类健康带来的威胁和危害。近几十年来,世界上未发生有害生物大范围蔓延而导致的绝收饥荒和生命灾难,人民丰衣足食,安居乐     

植物新品种保护与品种审定的意义和异同

随着知识产权愈来愈受到社会各界的关注，植物新品种保护工作也显得尤为重要。该文着重介绍了植物新品种保护的发展概况、意义及其与品种审定的异同，使读者对植物新品种保护工作有所了解。     

大白菜施肥技巧与主要病虫害防治

1施肥技巧 大白菜施肥原则是：整地重施有机肥，苗后分次巧追肥。追肥要掌握“少量多次、前少后多、分期供给”。肥后及时浇水，以达到肥水均匀，充分发挥肥效。     

果蔬采后存在问题及贮藏保鲜技术发展

随着生活水平的提高,果蔬产品成为人们摄取营养元素的重要食品之一。分析了我国果蔬采后存在的问题,并对低温及气调保鲜、化学保鲜剂、涂膜保鲜技术及超声保鲜技术等贮藏保鲜技术研究进行了综述,指出我国果蔬贮藏保鲜技术持续、稳定、健康的发展要倚重于科技创新。     

Dry matter and nitrogen accumulation and residues of oil and protein crops

Oil and protein crops are of growing importance in cropping systems. This study was carried out to compare oil crops of linseed, rapeseed, sunflower and protein crops of faba bean and white lupin for grain production, residual plant dry matter and nitrogen. Two field experiments with either oil or protein crops were conducted in 1993 and 1994, respectively. Total dry matter production, grain yield, residues, N concentrations and mineral N in the soil were measured. Dry matter production and distribution as well as N uptake and residues varied greatly among species and between years. In 1993, oil crops gave up to 3 t ha⁻¹ grain and 16 t ha⁻¹ residues with sunflower, while in 1994 up to 5 and 11 t ha⁻¹, respectively, were recorded with winter rape. Protein crops showed an opposite reaction in years. Nitrogen uptake and residual N amounts were correlated with dry matter production. Plant residues of oil crops contained 20–140 kg N ha⁻¹; those of protein crops up to 80 kg N ha⁻¹. Despite the variation of residual plant N the variability of mineral N in the soil at harvest was hardly influenced by crops and amounted to only 20–50 kg NO⁻₃-N ha⁻¹.     

我国蔬菜产业和科学技术的发展与展望

1　我国蔬菜产业的发展现状蔬菜是人们日常生活中不可缺少的副食品,也是我国目前种植业中最具活力的经济作物。改革开放以来,随着市场经济的发展,农产品产销体制的不断改革和完善,特别是1988年实施“菜篮子工程”以来,蔬菜产业得到了蓬勃发展。1.1　播种面积1987~1999年,全国蔬菜播种面积由533.3万hm²,发展到1333.3万hm²,增长139.5%。1.2　总产量1987~1999年,全国蔬菜总产量由1.55亿t增加到4.05亿t,增长161.3%,使年人均鲜菜占有量达到330.7kg(世界各国人均105kg……     

向日葵抗盐碱生理生化机制与生长发育特性分析

以Y05-222A和Y06-136R杂交得到的135株F₂群体为研究材料,测定过氧化物酶（POD）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、脯氨酸（Pro）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、可溶性蛋白和丙二醛（MDA）等6个生理指标,并进行方差分析、相关性分析和通径分析,对F₂群体进行偏度及峰度分析。结果显示,以上6个生理指标在F₂群体中P>0.05,分布频率符合正态分布,同时存在双向超亲分离现象;相关性分析和通径分析显示,这些指标与抗盐碱系数均呈极显著相关（正相关或负相关）,且相关系数与总间接通径系数方向一致。POD活性的直接通径系数为0.5003,可见POD直接影响抗盐碱性;CAT活性和Pro含量的直接通径系数分别为-0.1317和-0.0384,间接影响抗盐碱性;SOD活性、MDA及可溶性蛋白含量直接或间接影响抗盐碱性。POD、SOD、Pro、CAT、可溶性蛋白和MDA各生理指标的抗盐碱作用表现为POD>CAT>Pro>可溶性蛋白>MDA>SOD。叶片数、株高、茎粗和盘径与抗盐碱系数呈极显著正相关,其相关性表现为叶片数>盘径>株高>茎粗。以上结果可为研究油用向日葵抗盐碱性提供一定的理论基础。     

Approaches and Applications of Chemomics and Chemoinformatics

Some novel concepts of chemomics/molomics are proposed including hydrocarbomics, alcophenomics, carboxomics, pepitomics, metabonomics, etc. like genomics, protomics and glycomics in bioomics. Some examples are given to demonstrate the chemomics and/or molomics methodology and technology based chemoinformatics and bioinformatics and their wide applications in Chemistry and Biology.     

On Fengshui and Rockery and Water Layout

Definition of Fengshui and the theories of selecting mountain and water environment in Fengshui were elaborated. Theories about mountain-water relationship were expounded from the perspective of piling of rockeries and layout of water, a residential area in Hefei City, Beijing Olympics Park, Hangzhou Prince Bay Park, mineral pit of Shanghai Chenshan Botanic Garden, Beijing Beihai Park, Shanghai Changfeng Park were taken for example to demonstrate the influence of traditional rockery and mountain layout in Fengshui on modern landscape design.     

果蔬食品的褐变与控制

结合生产实际,对果蔬食品产生褐变的机理及其控制途径进行探讨。通过遗传学途径,培育果蔬新品种,使之不含易氧化变色物质,增强其天然抗褐变性,是控制果蔬褐变的根本途径。     

Acidity and sweetness in apple and pear

Summary Sweetness and acidity in apple and pear inherit independently and can be organoleptically evaluated separately, but less accurately in pear than in apple. For breeding purposes an analysis of fruits for acidity and sweetness with pH indicator paper and a hand refractometer is to be prefered to the organoleptic method.In apple, the acidity-decreasing with time-of the unripe fruit was already strongly indicative of that of the eating-ripe fruit; sugar-increasing with time-not before the fruit was picking ripe. Sugar content in apple and pear, and the pH in pear, appeared to be normally distributed; the pH in apple showed a segregation into an acid and a low-acid group, which occurred in both the unripe and ripe stage. The segregation ratio between these groups was found to be highly variable. On the whole, the mean acidity and sugar content of apple and pear progenies is significantly determined by that of the parents. Most of the observations made did not support the theory that low acidity in apple is determined by one recessive gene. The relationship between the pH of leaf juice and fruit juice in apple may offer a possibility for pre-selection.