Effects of epidural lidocaine anesthesia on bulls during electroejaculation

Two experiments were conducted to determine whether caudal epidural lidocaine anesthesia reduces a stress response to electroejaculation. In the 1st experiment, changes in cortisol and progesterone concentrations in serial blood samples were used to assess the stress response to restraint (control), transrectal massage, caudal epidural injection of saline, electroejaculation after caudal epidural injection of lidocaine, and electroejaculation without epidural lidocaine. In the 2nd experiment, behavioral responses were subjectively scored in bulls that were electroejaculated with or without caudal epidural lidocaine anesthesia. Cortisol and progesterone concentrations were significantly elevated after electroejaculation, whether or not bulls received caudal epidural anesthesia. Elevations in cortisol and progesterone were lower and fewer bulls vocalized during electroejaculation when given caudal epidural anesthesia; however, the differences were not significant.     

吡喹酮普治血吸虫病的副反应与牛血吸虫感染相关性的试验观察

普治是血吸虫病重疫区防治对策中的一项重要举措 ,既可治愈血吸虫病牛 ,又可杀灭病原 ,阻断传播 ,兼容防治双重功效。但是 ,牛血吸虫病化疗史始终伴随副反应史 ,当前首选的吡喹酮普治牛血吸虫病仍有部分牛发生副反应 ,而普治牛中则有相当部分牛属非血吸虫病牛 ,为观察探索吡喹酮治牛血吸虫病的副反应与其血吸虫病感染存否相关性 ,课题组于 2 0 0 2年在鄱阳湖区血吸虫病重疫区的波阳县 ,结合年度普治工作进行试验观察 ,现将试验观察情况报告如下。1　材料与方法1.1　试验区基本情况　试验点选择波阳县的血防重疫区普治乡莲湖、柘港 2个乡 ,莲湖四面环湖 ,黄牛多 ,柘港面湖而居 ,水牛多 ,且有副反应史 ,2乡耕牛比较集中 ,均于鄱湖草洲上全天放牧 ,属湖沼型重疫区。据 2 0 0 2年 6月间普查 ,莲湖 (黄牛 )、柘港 (水牛 )感染率分别为 6 .0 %、5 .2 % ,详见表 1。表 1　试验乡的当年基本情况试验地点人口钉螺面积 (hm2 )耕牛存栏 (头 )牛感染率 (% )莲湖 5 40 713 894660 6.0柘港 10 82 6683 62 0 5 .21.2　试验材料　 (1)试验范围 :莲湖、...     

Analgesic and gastrointestinal effects of epidural morphine in horses after laparoscopic cryptorchidectomy under general anesthesia

ObjectiveTo evaluate the hypothesis that epidural morphine (0.1 mg kg^?1) decreases pain in horses after laparoscopic surgery without adversely affecting gastrointestinal (GI) motility.Study designRandomized clinical trial.AnimalsEighteen horses undergoing laparoscopic cryptorchidectomy under general anesthesia.MethodsHorses were randomly assigned to receive either epidural morphine (0.1 mg kg^?1) or no epidural before the start of surgery. Pain behaviors were assessed during the first two post-operative days using a numerical rating scale. Barium-filled spheres were administered through a nasogastric tube before anesthesia. GI motility was assessed by recording manure production, by quantitating the spheres in the manure, and by abdominal auscultation of intestinal sounds. Heart rates and cortisol concentrations were also measured during the post-operative period.ResultsPain scores increased for 12 hours after surgery in the control group and were significantly higher than in the morphine group for the first 6 hours. Pain scores remained unaltered in the morphine group throughout the observation period. Heart rate and plasma cortisol concentrations did not differ between groups or with time. No signs of colic were observed in any horse.Conclusion and clinical relevanceEpidural morphine (0.1 mg kg^?1) did not adversely affect GI motility in horses after laparoscopic surgery under general anesthesia.     

Experimental studies on maedi-visna

In order to study pathogenicity of sheep lentiviruses, to obtain monospecific sera and to perfect ELISA, 3 experiments with different strains were carried out for 4 yr. In expt 1, one clone only of a French maedi-visna strain (564-79) elicits a clear seroconversion in inoculated sheep. In expt 2, K1514 is more immunogenic than K796 and PPV: intratracheal route seems more efficient than intracerebral route. Sheep infected by ts mutants (expt 3) are early positive as wild strain K796. Nevertheless, the level of positivity is less important than for the parental strain, suggesting that the defect of the ts mutants is not limiting their replication in vivo. An important result is the lack of clinical signs and anatomical and histopathological lesions, in spite of frequent isolations of virus from buffy coat cells. These results suggest that: different enhancing factors have to be taken in account in the apparition of clinical signs; all the clones are not infectious; viral infection might be effective with several types of virions.     

Antagonistic effects of intravenous or epidural atipamezole on xylazine-induced dorsolumbar epidural analgesia in cattle

This study was performed to clarify the antagonistic actions of intravenous or epidural atipamezole on the sedative and analgesic effects of xylazine administered between the epidural fat and dura mater through the first interlumbar space in cattle.Cattle received 5 mL of a solution containing 0.05 mg x kg(-1) xylazine in 0.9% saline. Thirty minutes later, 5 mL of 0.9% saline was administered through the same needle (treatment 1) (XSE). In treatments 2 (XAE) and 3 (XAV), 5 mL of a solution containing 0.025 mg x kg(-1) atipamezole in 0.9% saline was administered epidurally or intravenously, respectively.Sedation and analgesia were similar in all three treatment groups and could be reversed by atipamezole given by either route. In the XAV treatment, the flank area relapsed into analgesia 25+/-5.8 min following reversal of the analgesic effect, and was maintained for 112.5+/-63.8 min.The present study confirmed that the sedative and analgesic effects of xylazine are completely reversed by atipamezole and can be influenced by the epidural fat in cattle. Furthermore, it seems probable that analgesia following epidural administration of xylazine is mediated by alpha(2)-adrenergic receptors, not by a local anaesthetic effect.     

The volume effect of lidocaine on thoracic epidural anesthesia in conscious Beagle dogs

ObjectiveTo evaluate the volume effect of local anesthetic solution on thoracic epidural analgesia in dogs.Study designProspective, experimental trial.AnimalsFive healthy adult Beagle dogs weighing 9.7 ± 1.3 kg.MethodsA catheter was inserted into the seventh thoracic epidural space using a lumbosacral approach, and secured with suture under total intravenous (IV) anesthesia with propofol. Each dog was administered four volume treatments (0.05, 0.10, 0.15 and 0.20 mL kg⁻¹) of 2% lidocaine via the catheter at 12 hour intervals. In every treatment, dogs were re-anesthetized with propofol (6 mg kg⁻¹, IV) and isoflurane, and received iohexol at each volume to visualize the epidural distribution (ED) through computed tomography. Three hours after epidurography, when dogs had recovered from anesthesia, the appropriate volume of lidocaine was injected through the catheter, and sensory blockade (SB) in dermatomes was evaluated by pinching with a mosquito forceps. Results were presented as median (range), and the volume effect on ED and SB was analyzed with one-way Kruskal–Wallis anova.ResultsIn proportion to volumes (0.05, 0.10, 0.15 and 0.20 mL kg⁻¹), there were significant increases in the extent of ED from 7.4 (5.5–9.0) to 10.4 (8.0–12.0), 13.2 (12.5–13.0), and 15.2 (13.0–18.0) vertebrae, respectively, p < 0.001, and in SB from 2.7 (1.0–5.0) to 6.8 (4.5–10.5), 9.9 (6.5–13.0), and 13.1 (11.0–15.0) dermatomes, respectively, p < 0.001. Unilateral ED and SB were observed in all treatments with various grades, and this distribution was more frequent in the low volume treatments. In the high volume treatments, temporary complications including Horner's syndrome, ataxia, paraplegia, depression, stupor, and intermittent cough occurred often.Conclusions and clinical relevanceThe increase in volume of local anesthetic solution improved SB by resulting in more consistent bilateral dermatome blockade as well as an extended blockade. However, caution should be exerted, as higher volume injections of lidocaine caused side effects in all dogs.     

Experimental studies on the course and the effects of pediculosis in domestic swine

Weaned piglets, aged between six and eight weeks, underwent one single experimental infection, using few imaginal stages as well as second and third larval stages of Haematopinus suis. Louse populations of various densities developed on animals of the same litter under the same keeping and feeding conditions. No unambiguous reduction in body weight increase was observed throughout the two months of the experiment. Even pigs with 2,107 or 2,135 adult lice and their larval stages were not affected. Some of the pigs developed allergic dermal inflammations in the course of pediculosis and suffered from considerable aggravation of pruritus which used to be of minor importance before. Excessive rubbing, in response to that itching, led to mechanically caused skin lesions, some of them bleeding.     

Hemodynamic effects of unilateral segmented lumbar epidural analgesia in cattle.

Hemodynamic measurements, arterial and mixed venous blood gas tensions, and pH were determined in 12 adult cows (mean weight 538 kg) following the injection of 8 ml of 5% procaine between the first and the second lumber vertebra into the epidural space. Comparison of base-line data with obtained during unilateral segmented lumbar analgesia between T(13) and L(3) segments indicated significant decreases (P is less than 0.05) in total peripheral resistance and diastolic and mean arterial blood pressures, and significant increases (P is less than 0.05) in heart rate and cardiac output. Arterial and mixed venous blood gas tensions and pH, O(2)-uptake, stroke volume, left ventricular stroke work, left ventricular minute work and hematocrit did not change significantly (P is less than 0.05). Cardiovascular and respiratory values in two cows (mean weight 700 kg) given xylazine (50 mg, IM), were depressed from base-line data, but did not change significantly (P is less than 0.05) during unilateral segmental epidural analgesia of segments T(13 to L(3). The nonsedated healthy cow tolerates sympathetic vasomotor blockade between T(13) and L(3) segments well and is able to mobilize circulatory mechanisms effectively.