精胺对断奶仔猪小肠组织形态的影响

本文旨在研究精胺(spermine)对断奶仔猪小肠组织形态与功能的影响。试验选取来源一致、体重相近的21日龄断奶仔猪30头,随机分为5组,每组6个重复,分别口腔灌服0、300、600、900和1200μmol/d的精胺,连续灌服3 d。试验期为14 d。试验结束末,屠宰全部仔猪,取小肠组织样品,分析小肠黏膜形态、蛋白质含量、DNA和RNA含量以及双糖酶活性。于试验第7天和第14天灌服D-木糖,60 min后采血,测定血清中D-木糖含量。结果表明:(1)灌服1200μmol/d的精胺可提高小肠绒毛高度、降低隐窝深度(P<0.05);(2)1200μmol/d的精胺组空肠麦芽糖酶活性显著高于对照组(P<0.05);(3)断奶后第7天,精胺各组与对照组血清D-木糖含量无显著差异(P>0.05);断奶后第14天,1200μmol/d精胺组血清D-木糖含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。口腔灌服1200μmol/d剂量的精胺可改善断奶仔猪小肠形态结构与吸收功能,作用效果具有后续性。     

精胺对断奶仔猪生产性能和血清生化指标的影响

为了研究精胺对断奶仔猪生产性能和血清生化指标的影响,选用30头(21±2)d断奶的健康、体重相近的仔猪,随机分为5个处理组,每个处理6个重复,断奶当天起,分别每天口腔灌服0,300,600,900和1 200μmol的精胺,连续灌服3 d,试验期为14 d。结果表明:灌服900和1 200μmol的精胺,可显著提高仔猪的平均日采食量(P<0.05);在断奶后第7天,与对照组相比,灌服900和1 200μmol两组血清二胺氧化酶(DAO)活性分别降低了24.11%和23.17%(P<0.05),血清尿素氮含量分别增加了50.31%和49.69%(P<0.05);在断奶后第14天,与对照组相比,灌服900和1 200μmol两组DAO活性分别降低了16.80%和21.14%(P<0.05),而其他血液指标含量无显著差异(P>0.05)。     

饲料中添加精胺对哺乳仔猪血液生化指标及胃肠道发育的影响研究

试验研究外源精胺的添加剂量与时间效应对哺乳仔猪血液生化指标和胃肠道发育的影响,为降低"仔猪早期断奶综合症"的发生提供有效的技术支持。将6头体重和膘情相近、与配公猪相同、胎龄为3且分娩时间相近的(长白×大约克)哺乳母猪随机分成I、II和III三个处理组,处理组间的仔猪初生重和7日龄体重无显著差异,每个处理组设2个重复。在仔猪出生后的第7 d起开始补饲添加不同剂量精胺的哺乳仔猪饲料,其中I、II和III组哺乳仔猪分别补饲精胺添加量为0、3.0、6.0 mg/kg的全价饲料至第28 d断奶结束,在断奶时分别从每窝仔猪中各选1头与平均体重相近的仔猪进行抽血并屠宰,用于测定血浆皮质醇、胃肠道的重量和长度。结果表明,在哺乳仔猪饲料中添加6.0 mg/kg的精胺能显著(P<0.05)提高哺乳仔猪的空肠重量和十二指肠长度,但三个精胺处理组间的哺乳仔猪血浆皮质醇含量、消化道pH值、胃重和平均日增重均无显著差异(P>0.05)。在哺乳仔猪饲料中添加精胺有利于促进哺乳仔猪肠道的发育,增加肠道的重量和长度。     

妊娠后期母猪和仔猪补饲外源精胺对初生和28日龄仔猪肠道形态结构及二糖酶活性的影响

本文通过研究妊娠后期母猪和仔猪补饲外源精胺对初生和28日龄仔猪肠道形态结构和二糖酶活性的影响,初步探讨干预“仔猪早期断奶综合征”的技术措施.试验第1阶段,选择6头体重和膘情相近、胎次为3、已怀孕91 d的健康“长×大”母猪,随机分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ3个组,每个组设2个重复,每个重复1头母猪.Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ组妊娠母猪饲粮中外源精胺的添加量为0、1.5和3.0 mg/kg,饲喂至分娩结束;第2阶段,分娩后母猪采食同一种不含外源精胺的饲粮,Ⅰ、Ⅱ和Ⅲ组哺乳仔猪于7日龄起相应补饲外源精胺添加量为0、3.0和6.0 mg/kg的哺乳仔猪饲粮至28日龄.在仔猪初生和28日龄时,分别从每窝仔猪中选1头接近平均体重的健康仔猪进行屠宰,用于胃肠发育指标的测定.结果表明:与未添加外源精胺相比,妊娠母猪饲粮添加3.0 mg/kg外源精胺显著提高了初生仔猪十二指肠和回肠的柱状细胞数量、十二指肠和空肠的杯状细胞数量(P＜0.05),显著增加了空肠隐窝深度(P＜0.05),显著提高了麦芽糖酶和蔗糖酶比活力(P＜0.05);哺乳仔猪饲粮添加6.0 mg/kg外源精胺显著增加了28日龄仔猪空肠黏膜重(P＜0.05),显著提高了十二指肠和空肠的麦芽糖酶和蔗糖酶比活力(P＜0.05),极显著增加了空肠柱状细胞和杯状细胞数量(P＜0.01),极显著增加了十二指肠和空肠隐窝深度(P＜0.01).因此,在妊娠后期母猪和哺乳仔猪饲粮中添加外源精胺有利于初生和28日龄仔猪肠道形态结构的改善和二糖酶活性的提高.     

银杏叶复方对LPS应激断奶仔猪小肠黏膜形态及上皮内淋巴细胞和杯状细胞数量的影响

为探讨银杏叶复方对免疫应激断奶仔猪小肠黏膜形态及其上皮内淋巴细胞和杯状细胞数目的影响,本试验将36头断奶仔猪随机分为对照组(灌服110 mL生理盐水)、大肠杆菌脂多糖(LPS)应激组(灌服110 mL生理盐水)、银杏叶复方组(灌服110 mL银杏叶复方制剂),每组4个重复,每个重复3头。预试期7 d,正试期27 d。试验第23天采用腹膜注射LPS刺激断奶仔猪建立免疫应激模型。结果表明:与对照组及LPS应激组相比,银杏叶复方显著提高了断奶仔猪十二指肠、空肠及回肠段的小肠绒毛高度/隐窝深度(P0.05);银杏叶复方组小肠各段上皮内淋巴细胞和杯状细胞数量均显著高于LPS应激组(P0.05)。综上,银杏叶复方可维持和修复由免疫应激引起的断奶仔猪肠道损伤并能增强肠道黏膜的免疫功能。     

外源精胺对断奶仔猪小肠黏膜成纤维细胞因子-2蛋白质表达量及小肠发育的影响

本试验旨在研究外源精胺对断奶仔猪小肠黏膜成纤维细胞因子-2( FGF2)蛋白质表达量及小肠发育的影响。将9窝胎次和初生体重相近的7日龄“杜×长×大”哺乳仔猪随机分配到0、12和15 mg/kg外源精胺组,每组3窝。仔猪从7日龄起补饲相应的饲粮,21日龄断奶后继续补饲断奶前饲粮至28日龄结束。从每窝选2头接近平均体重的仔猪屠宰,采集小肠及黏膜样品,测定FGF2蛋白质表达量和小肠的发育状况。结果表明：1)12 mg/kg外源精胺组仔猪小肠黏膜FGF2蛋白质表达量分别高于0和15 mg/kg外源精胺组,但3个外源精胺组仔猪小肠黏膜FGF2蛋白质表达量之间无显著差异(P>0.05)。2)12和15 mg/kg外源精胺组仔猪小肠绒毛高度和宽度分别极显著大于0 mg/kg外源精胺组( P<0.01),而12 mg/kg外源精胺组仔猪十二指肠和空肠黏膜绒毛高度与隐窝深度比值( V/C )分别极显著高于0 mg/kg外源精胺组( P<0.01)。3)28日龄仔猪小肠黏膜蔗糖酶和麦芽糖酶活性随外源精胺添加量的增加而升高。由此可见,给7~28日龄仔猪连续补饲外源精胺能提高28日龄仔猪小肠黏膜FGF2蛋白质表达量、V/C和二糖酶活性。     

L-精氨酸对脂多糖刺激的断奶仔猪肠道损伤的缓解作用

研究L-精氨酸(Arg)对脂多糖(LPS)刺激的断奶仔猪小肠黏膜蛋白质、DNA、RNA含量、二糖酶活性和血浆D-木糖含量的影响,旨在探讨L-Arg是否可以缓解LPS刺激所导致的肠道损伤.选取24头健康的(21±1)d断奶仔猪,分成4个处理,每个处理6个重复.采用单因子设计(1)基础日粮(非应激对照组);(2)基础日粮 LPS(应激对照组);(3)基础日粮 LPS 0.5%Arg(0.5%Arg组);(4)基础日粮 LPS 1.0%Arg(1.0%Arg组).在第16天,给应激对照组、0.5%和1.0%Arg组注射100 μg/kg BW的LPS,非应激对照组注射等量的生理盐水.注射LPS 2 h后,按1 mL/kg BW的剂量分别给仔猪灌服D-木糖溶液,注射LPS 3 h后,采血,分离血浆待测;注射LPS后48 h屠宰仔猪,刮取小肠黏膜待测.结果表明(1)和非应激对照组相比,应激对照组的十二指肠黏膜蛋白质含量,空肠、回肠黏膜DNA含量,空肠黏膜蔗糖酶活性,回肠黏膜乳糖酶、蔗糖酶、麦芽糖酶活性,血浆D-木糖含量均显著降低(P＜0.05),这表明LPS刺激导致断奶仔猪肠道损伤;(2)0.5%Arg组十二指肠黏膜蛋白质含量,空肠黏膜DNA含量,回肠黏膜乳糖酶、蔗糖酶、麦芽糖酶活性,血浆D-木糖含量以及1.0%Arg组空肠DNA含量,空肠黏膜蔗糖酶活性,回肠黏膜乳糖酶、蔗糖酶、麦芽糖酶活性,血浆D-木糖含量均高于应激对照组,且与非应激对照组无显著差异(P＞0.05).这表明L-Arg在一定程度上缓解了LPS刺激所造成的肠道损伤.     

精胺的特性及其在饲料中的应用

精胺广泛分布于生物体内,对细胞的增殖和分化有重要作用,能够显著促进仔猪的肠道发育和成熟。文章介绍了精胺的性质与合成代谢,浅析了饲料中精胺的来源、含量变化与应用前景,并对今后的研究方向作了探讨。     

外源多胺对断奶仔猪肠道结构和功能的作用及机制

多胺(腐胺、精胺、亚精胺等)是原核生物和真核生物的生长因子.科学地添加外源多胺能促进断奶仔猪肠道的生长发育和营养物质的吸收,对其黏膜的生长、发育、成熟、修复损伤有重要作用.适量的外源多胺可以缓解由断奶对仔猪肠道结构和功能产生的损伤,帮助仔猪更好地适应由哺乳到采食的过渡.本文将围绕多胺对断奶仔猪肠道结构和功能的作用及机制进行综述.     

免疫应激对仔猪肠道发育及胰高血糖素样肽-2分泌的影响

通过2个试验研究了断奶仔猪胰高血糖素样肽-2（GLP-2）分泌规律和免疫应激对断奶仔猪肠道发育及GLP-2分泌的影响。试验1研究表明，仔猪断奶厌食降低了GLP-2的分泌，而随着采食量的恢复GLP-2分泌增加。试验2研究发现，免疫应激导致仔猪采食量急剧下降（P〈0.01），并使全身免疫系统活化；同时，试验前期（0-4 d）GLP-2分泌受免疫应激的影响而显著下降（P〈0.05），并影响了仔猪肠道形态学（绒毛高度/隐窝深度）和肠黏膜乳糖酶、蔗糖酶的活性。免疫应激条件下仔猪肠道黏膜杯状细胞数量也有下降的趋势。结果表明，免疫应激造成仔猪采食量下降和全身免疫系统活化，并引起GLP-2分泌不足，从而影响肠道发育。     

Enteral exposure to crude red kidney bean lectin induces maturation of the gut in suckling pigs.

The present investigation characterized the effect of red kidney bean lectin exposure on gut maturation and function in young piglets. Eleven suckling pigs were given by stomach tube a crude red kidney bean lectin preparation (containing about 25% lectin, 400 mg/kg BW) (lectin-treated pigs) at 10, 11, and 12 d of life, and an additional 16 pigs (control pigs) were given saline instead. On the next day, the intestinal absorptive capacity was determined in vivo, and on the 14th d of life the piglets were killed and organs and small intestine samples were collected for analyses and in vitro permeability experiments. The lectin-treated pigs showed an increase in stomach weights and mucosa thickness, whereas no weight effect was found for the small intestine, spleen, liver, or adrenals. Morphometric analyses of the small intestine in lectin-treated pigs showed a decrease in villus heights, an increase in crypt depths and crypt cell mitotic indices, and fewer vacuolated enterocytes per villus and reduced vacuole size. Lectin treatment also resulted in a decrease in the absorption of different-sized marker molecules after gavage feeding, a decrease in intestinal marker permeability, and a change in small intestinal disaccharidase activities, with increased maltase and sucrase activities. The size of the pancreatic acini was also greater in the lectin-treated pigs, but no increases in enzyme content or pancreatic weight could be determined. In addition, the blood plasma levels of cholecystokinin were higher in the lectin-treated than in the control pigs. The results indicate that exposure to crude red kidney bean lectin induces structural and functional maturation of the gut and pancreatic growth in young suckling piglets. This possibility of inducing gut maturation may lead to an improvement in the piglets' ability to adapt to weaning and to an increase in the growth and health of these animals.     

日粮蛋白质来源对早期断奶仔猪胃内消化酶活性的影响

本试验将95头新生迪卡小公猪随机分为4组,第1、2、3组每组19头,均由两头经产母猪哺乳喂养,21日龄断奶。第4组仔猪38头,由4头经产母猪哺乳喂养,35日龄断奶。7日龄起至35日龄各组仔猪分别饲喂不同蛋白质来源的日粮。试验各组仔猪在24、28和35日龄进行屠宰试验,取胃内样品进行酶活性测定。试验结果表明:21日龄断奶使仔猪胃内蛋白酶、脂肪酶活性显著降低,酶活性在1周内不能得到完全恢复,胃蛋白酶活性可在断奶后2周得到恢复;全植物性蛋白日粮使早期断奶仔猪胃内蛋白酶和脂肪酶活性显著降低;日粮中加一定量乳清粉和动物性蛋白质饲料能有效提高胃蛋白酶和脂肪酶的活性。因此,断奶及日粮蛋白质来源显著影响早期断奶仔猪胃内消化酶活性。     

Effect of fosfomycin,Cynara scolymus extract,deoxynivalenol and their combinations on intestinal health of weaned piglets

Weaning is a challenging stage of pig farming. Animals undergo environmental, social and dietary changes leading to weaning stress syndrome. In order to compensate for the detrimental effects of weaning stress, antibiotics and natural extracts are used as feed additives, sometimes without fully understanding the interactions between them or even with low concentrations of mycotoxins that are frequently present in feed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of fosfomycin (FOS), Cynara scolymus extract (CSE), deoxynivalenol (DON) and their combined administration on intestinal health of weaned piglets. The experiment was designed as a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial arrangement with 3 factors (FOS, CSE and DON treatments), 2 levels each (presence and absence) and 3 repeats. Weaned piglets (n = 24) were randomly divided in groups to receive the different treatments, namely DON administered in diet (50 μg/kg BW), FOS administered into the drinking water (30 mg/kg BW), CSE administered in diet (15 mg/kg BW) and all their combinations. After 15 d, the animals were euthanized and gastrointestinal tract samples were immediately taken to evaluate gastrointestinal pH, Enterobacteriaceae to lactic acid bacteria (E:L) ratio, volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations, disaccharidase (lactase, sucrase and maltase) activity, histology (intestinal absorptive area [IAA] and goblet cells count) and mucus ability to adhere pathogenic Escherichia coli. From our results, FOS and CSE treatments, individually or combined, produced a lower E:L ratio, an enhanced production of butyrate, increased disaccharidase activity (particularly maltase), and a greater IAA and goblet cells count along with an increase in pathogenic bacteria adherence to intestinal mucus. Deoxynivalenol did not show interactions with the other factors and its administration produced decreases on VFA, disaccharidase activity and goblet cells count. In conclusion, weaning piglets receiving diets containing FOS, CSE or both exhibited evident beneficial intestinal effects compared to animals receiving diets free from these compounds. On the contrary, the presence of DON at sub-toxic concentrations produced detrimental effects on intestinal health. The knowledge of the physiological and pathological gut changes produced by these compounds contributes to understand their potential productive consequences.     

The effect of PHA-lectins and diet composition on performance and intestinal development in weaning piglets

Anti-nutritional factors such as PHA-lectins (phytohaemagglutinin) in piglet diets can compromise piglet's performance and health by gut damage, which is especially important at weaning. Two trials were conducted to investigate the effect of PHA and fermentable carbohydrates on performance, gut morphology, physiology and microbiology in piglets weaned at 26 days.

We studied dietary PHA as a model to standardize gut damage and its effect on intestinal morphology and microbiology in piglets until 2 weeks post weaning. In general, significant lower values were observed on day 7 compared to day 14 post weaning (d7 vs. d14: 358 vs. 442 μm villus height; 42.1 vs. 108.7 U/g protein sucrase-isomaltase), indicating gut maturation. We observed very few changes between day of weaning to day 7 post weaning, lactobacilli counts being most affected (8.9, 6.9, 7.4 cfu/g for d0, d7, d14). Apart from these marked time effects the effect of PHA was negligible and thus a less suitable model to standardize gut damage in this setup.

Furthermore we studied the effect of PHA in combination with rapid or slow fermentable carbohydrates (CHO) on performance and physiological parameters. We observed a dramatic effect on performance (ADG g/d: 245 no PHA + low CHO, 111 PHA + low CHO, 132 PHA + rapid CHO, 105 PHA + slow CHO), which was less clearly reflected in the physiological parameters.     

仔猪补饲及不同类型的饲粮蛋白质对仔猪小肠粘膜形态结构的影响

试验研究了玉米—豆饼(CSM)、豆饼(SM)、乙醇处理豆饼(TSM)和乳蛋白(MP)等不同类型蛋白质对3周龄断奶仔猪小肠形态变化的影响。仔猪从7日龄起补饲,断奶后一部分仔猪换喂复合开食料(CS),其余仔猪饲料类型不变。试验至35日龄结束。结果表明,断奶导致绒毛变短(P<0.05),腺窝增深(P<0.05),绒毛/腺窝比下降(P<0.01),空肠上皮淋巴数增加(P<0.05),蔗糖酶活降低(P<0.01),血清脲氮上升(P<0.01)。断奶后肠道损伤程度与蛋白类型有关(P<0.01):豆饼引起的损伤程度最大,乳蛋白最小;玉米代替部分豆饼或用乙醇处理豆饼后可明显降低小肠粘膜损伤程度。断奶后换料组的粘膜损伤比相同料型组严重(P<0.01),但补饲豆饼组例外。十二指肠的绒毛萎缩(P>0.05)和腺窝增深(P<0.01)比空肠明显。断奶后第一周肠粘膜损伤最严重,第二周开始恢复。这些结果充分证明,仔猪对补饲及不同类型蛋白质的反应符合过敏理论。     

The influence of different management systems and age on intestinal morphology, immune cell numbers and mucin production from goblet cells in post-weaning pigs

At time of weaning, the immune system in piglets is not fully mature resulting in reduced growth and increased mortality. Early-weaned pigs transported to a segregated early weaning (SEW) facility have enhanced performance and gut development compared to conventional (CONV) pigs which may be due, in part, to decreased pathogen challenge. To gain further insight into SEW enhanced performance and gut development, gut samples from pigs weaned at 19+/-2 days were assessed during the post-weaning (PW) period. The numbers of cells expressing CD2, CD4, CD8, and CD172 (the 74-22-15 (SWC3) antibody is now known to be specific for CD172), MHC class II, and CD25 were quantified using immunohistochemistry. Additionally, samples of duodenum, jejunum, and ileum were evaluated for the production of neutral, acidic, and sulfuric mucins from goblet cells and morphological measurements were also made. No effects due to the management systems alone were observed for any of the parameters. However, there were interactive effects of age/time post-weaning and management system on the immune cells as well as on the mucin secreting goblet cells. There were no differences in gut morphology between SEW and CONV reared pigs.     

Ruminal microbial development in conventionally or early-weaned calves

Eight bull calves (four Holsteins and four Ayrshire calves with mean birth weight of 38.8 kg) were ruminally cannulated at 3 d of age and allocated to one of two weaning programs. All calves were fed colostrum for 3 d after birth and milk until weaning. Calves in the conventional-weaning program were fed a starter diet from 3 d of age and weaned at 6 wk of age. In the early-weaning program, calves were fed a highly palatable pre-starter diet from 3 d of age until they consumed 227 g/d, and then fed a mixture of pre-starter (227 g) and starter diet ad libitum. Calves in this group were weaned at 4 wk of age. Ruminal samples were collected at 3 and 7 d, then weekly thereafter through 8 wk and at 10 and 12 wk of age to assess microbial activity. Calves in the early-weaned group had a higher concentration of total ruminal volatile fatty acids at an earlier age than the calves in the conventional-weaning program. This was accompanied by a trend toward higher lactate concentrations and lower ruminal pH in the early-weaned group during their first 4 wk of age. Lactate and ammonia concentrations decreased with calf age. The total anaerobic bacterial counts increased slightly with calf age, whereas Streptococcus bovis and facultative bacterial populations decreased with calf age. Amylolytic, proteolytic, lactobacilli, lactate-utilizers, cellulolytic and methanogenic bacterial populations increased progressively in both groups. Cellulolytic and methanogenic bacteria were present in both groups at 3 d of age. No protozoa were detected in calves of either group. In general, the most significant changes in bacterial populations and metabolic activity in both groups occurred between 4 and 6 wk of age. Although calves in both groups had similar patterns of bacterial development, calves in the early-weaning program tended to have high ruminal microbial activity at an earlier age than the conventionally weaned calves.     

Influence of creep feeding and weaning on brush border enzyme activities in the piglet small intestine

The activities of the enterocyte brush border enzymes lactase (beta-D galactoside galactohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.23) and sucrase (sucrose alpha-D glucohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.48) were measured at set percentage lengths along the small intestines of 112 piglets killed between 21 and 32 days of age. The influences on these activities of consumption of creep feed and of weaning were recorded. Weaning at three weeks old resulted in large, rapid reductions in lactase activity at most sites along the small intestine; sucrase activity declined temporarily and then recovered. Minimum values were recorded about four to five days after weaning. Similar changes were observed whether or not creep feed was consumed before weaning. Continued consumption of creep feed by unweaned pigs over the 21 to 32 day period also produced small but significant reductions in lactase activities. The large loss of digestive enzyme activities at brush borders in weaned animals coincided with a reduced ability to absorb xylose and to checks in growth rate in otherwise healthy piglets.