Screening for Spikelet Fertility and Validation of Heat Tolerance in a Large Rice Mutant Population

A total of 10 000 M4 individuals in Jao Hom Nil (JHN) mutant population was treated with high temperature (40 ℃ to 45 ℃) during the day time (6 h) from the booting to the harvesting stages, and ambient temperature (33 ℃ to 35℃) was used as the control. The results of screening and yield trials found that the mutant line M9962 had a high spikelet fertility of 78% under heat stress. In addition, the other mutant lines, including M3181 and M7988, had a spikelet fertility of approximately 70%. However, the JHN wild type, Sin Lek, RD15 and RD33 had very low spikelet fertility of 34%, 14%, 9% and 4%, respectively. The lower spikelet fertility at an elevated temperature resulted in a dramatic decrease of filled grain and contributed to a loss in 100-grain weight. M9962 is a potential genetic stock for use in a heat tolerance breeding programme. In addition, spikelet fertility at high temperature was representative of heat tolerance and can be used as a screening trait for heat tolerance during the reproductive phase on a large scale.     

The Early-Morning Flowering Trait of Rice Reduces Spikelet Sterility under Windy and Elevated Temperature Conditions at Anthesis

Abstract

We previously demonstrated that heat-induced spikelet sterility at anthesis could be mitigated by using an early-morning flowering (EMF) line of Oryza sativa L. cv. Koshihikari crossed with wild rice, O. officinalis. Another microclimate factor, high wind velocity, is known to increase the sterility induced by heat. In this study, we evaluated whether EMF rice could mitigate sterility under the combined stresses of heat and wind. Rice plants were exposed to three levels of wind velocity (1.1, 2.2, 3.4 m s^?1) from early-morning until 1500 in a glasshouse, where air temperature reached 30°C at 0800, 34°C at 1000 and 38°C around noon. Under these conditions, sterility steadily increased in Koshihikari, ranging from 28.4 to 86.9% as wind velocity increased. However, in the EMF line, low levels of sterility were observed since most spikelets flowered before 1000 when air temperature reached 35°C, the critical value for causing sterility. These results indicated that the increase in heat-induced spikelet sterility by wind can be potentially mitigated by using EMF rice.     

Decrement of Sugar Consumption in Rice Young Panicle Under High Temperature Aggravates Spikelet Number Reduction

Two rice genotypes Huanghuazhan(HHZ, heat-resistant) and IR36(heat-susceptible) were subjected to high-temperature(HT, 40 oC) and normal-temperature(NT, 32 oC) treatments at the spikelet differentiation stage. HT treatment inhibited spikelet differentiation, aggravated spikelet degeneration, reduced spikelet size, and disordered carbohydrate allocation. Meanwhile, HT treatment increased nonstructural carbohydrate content in leaves, but decreased that in stems and young panicles, and the same tendencies of sucrose and starch contents were observed in leaves and stem. However, HT treatment significantly increased the sucrose content and sharply decreased the glucose and fructose contents in young panicles. Lower activity levels of soluble acid invertase(EC3.2.1.26) and sucrose synthase(EC2.4.1.13) were observed under HT treatment. Moreover, HT treatment reduced the activities of key enzymes associated with glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acid cycle, which indicated sucrose consumption was inhibited in young panicles under HT treatment. Exogenous glucose and fructose applied under HT treatment increased the spikelet number more than exogenous sucrose. In conclusion, the results demonstrated that the reduction of spikelet number under high temperature was more affected by the decrease in sugar consumption than the blocking of sucrose transport. The impairment of sucrose hydrolysis was the main reason for the inhibition of sugar utilization.     

水稻特定位颖花结实率作为孕穗开花期耐冷性鉴定指标

 以十和田与昆明小白谷的重组自交系（RIL）F8和F9群体为研究材料，在4种海拔条件下连续两年进行孕穗期耐冷性鉴定，采用方差分析、相关分析和多元逐步回归分析等方法对单株结实率与单株特定位颖花结实率间的相关性进行了研究。结果表明，单株结实率与特定位颖花结实率呈极显著相关（r=0.9011~ 0.7364），在低温冷害条件下，单株结实率与特定位颖花结实率间的相关系数高于无冷害条件；单株结实率和特定位颖花结实率与穗抽出度均呈极显著正相关。遗传分析表明，特定位颖花结实率可以替代单株结实率作为孕穗开花期耐冷性鉴定指标，而穗抽出度可作为孕穗开花期耐冷性鉴定的一个辅助指标。     

Specific Spikelet Fertility as an Indicator of Cold Tolerance Identification at Booting Stage in Rice

Spikelet fertility is an uppermost evaluation indicator of cold tolerance in rice at the booting stage. Though many evaluation indicators have adopted by scientists, the whole spikelet fertility (SF) is one of the most important evaluation indexes under low- temperature stress conditions [1-3], which has practical significance in rice production. However, spikelets at different developmental stages have different sensitivities to low-temperature. Moreover, even within the same panicle the spi…     

Introgression of QTLs Controlling Spikelet Fertility Maintains Membrane Integrity and Grain Yield in Improved White Ponni Derived Progenies Exposed to Heat Stress

To increase the thermotolerance of improved White Ponni (IWP), two quantitative trait loci (QTLs), qHTSF1.1 and qHTSF4.1, controlling spikelet fertility under high-temperature stress, were introgressed from Nagina 22 into IWP through marker-assisted breeding. The progenies were subjected to foreground selection of target QTLs using simple sequence repent markers RM431 and RM5757 linked to qHTSF1.1 and qHTSF4.1, respectively. At each generation, foreground selection with single target QTL or both QTLs was done together. The QTL-positive plants were forwarded to next generation by selfing. The F_2:3 progenies were subjected to phenotypic analyses under high-temperature stress at the flowering stage. Chlorophyll stability index, malondialdehyde content, grain yield, and yield-related components of the F_2:3 progenies were measured. The progenies IWP-295, IWP-277 and IWP-246 harboring both qHTSF1.1 and qHTSF4.1 showed higher fertility percentages under high-temperature stress at the flowering stage. These QTLs were responsible for maintaining membrane integrity and yield under elevated temperature conditions.     

水稻营养生长期与生殖生长期不同比例施氮量的试验总结

通过2 a对水稻营养生长期与生殖生长期施用不同比例氮肥试验研究,结果表明:营养生长期与生殖生长期的氮肥分配比例以7∶3为宜,可减少无效分蘖、提高成穗率,提高结实率和千粒重,增产40 kg/667 m2。     

持续高温胁迫对茄子幼苗几个主要生理指标的影响

为了明确持续高温胁迫对不同耐热性茄子品种(系)主要生理指标影响的异同,特采用7份耐热性不同的茄子材料,分别进行2、4、6 d高温处理及6 d高温处理后恢复处理,未高温处理苗做对照,研究了高温胁迫对SOD和POD抗氧化酶活性、AsA和GSH含量,MDA和可溶性蛋白含量以及O.-2产生速率、H2O2含量的影响。结果表明:高温处理2 d和4 d时,SOD和POD抗氧化酶活性、AsA和GSH含量增加,相应的O.-2产生速率、H2O2含量下降;6 d时SOD活性、AsA和GSH含量有所降低,O.-2产生速率、H2O2含量上升,POD活性在热敏感品种(系)继续大幅增加。随高温胁迫时间延长MDA含量不断增加,可溶性蛋白含量变化不大。另外,对各生理指标与热害指数和膜相对电导率的相关性分析结果表明,热胁迫6 d时AsA含量及热胁迫2 d时的O.-2产生速率、H2O2含量与热害指数和相对电导率相关显著,可以作为鉴定不同品种耐热性的参考指标。     

灌浆中后期高温对小麦黏度的影响及品种耐热性研究

为了提高小麦的产量和品质,筛选耐热种质资源,对来自山东、河北、河南和安徽省的12个冬小麦品种灌浆中后期至收获期于田间每天11:00-16:00以塑料薄膜覆盖方式进行高温胁迫,以不覆膜为对照(CK),研究了灌浆中后期高温对小麦的热感指数、几何平均产量、耐热指数以及小麦黏度等的影响。结果表明,灌浆中后期高温胁迫下籽粒千粒重、容重、产量及糊化黏度等被测指标均显著下降,矮抗58、衡4399、淮麦33、良星99和周麦22的热感指数均小于1,且耐热指数和几何平均产量相对较高,说明其较耐热;安农0711、济麦22、山农20、石麦19和石麦22的热感指数大于1或大部分大于1,且耐热指数较低,为热敏感型品种;郑麦7698和周麦18热感指数或大于1或小于1,几何平均产量和耐热指数相对较高,为中性品种。品种、环境及其交互作用对峰值黏度、低谷黏度、最终黏度、稀懈值等黏度指标均有极显著影响;高温胁迫对耐热性强的矮抗58、淮麦33、周麦22的峰值黏度、最低黏度、最终黏度、回生值及稀懈值等指标影响较小,高温胁迫下的上述指标较CK降低幅度平均在18.0%～39.6%;对耐热性差的济麦22、山农20和石麦22的影响较大,高温胁迫下的上述指标较CK降低幅度平均在80.5%～94.1%。加强小麦耐热性鉴定,筛选耐热种质资源是提高小麦产量和品质以及应对高温胁迫的重要措施之一。     

Effects of High Temperature on Growth,Yield and Dry-Matter Production of Rice Grown in the Paddy Field

Abstract

The effect of high temperatures on growth, yield and dry-matter production of rice growing in the paddy field was examined during the whole growth period in a temperature gradient chamber (TGC) from 2002 to 2006. Experimental plots, TG1 (control), TG2, TG3 and TG4, were arranged along the temperature gradient (from low to high temperature) in TGC. The mean and maximum air-temperatures in TG4 were 2.0 –3.6ºC and 4.0º7.0ºC higher, respectively, than those in TG1. The plant height was taller and the maximum tillering stage was earlier in TG2, TG3 and TG4 than in TG1. Plant dry weight at maturity in TG2 and TG3 was 12.8?16.4% heavier than that in TG1. In TG4, the increase in the panicle dry weight during the ripening period was smallest and plant dry weight at maturity was 11–16% heavier than that in TG1. The increase in plant dry-matter during the ripening period was smallest in TG4. The decrease in the dry weight of stem and leaf during the ripening period, which represents the amount of assimilate translocation to the panicle, was also larger in TG2-4 than in TG1. The increase in the dry weight of stem in TG2-4 at maturity was also larger than that in TG1. The photosynthetic rate in TG2-4 was up to 35.6% lower than that in TG1 because of the acceleration of leaf senescence. Brown rice yield in TG4 was 6.6?39.1% lower than that in TG1. This yield decline was due to the decrease in the percentage of ripened grains and increase in the percentage of sterile spikelets. The relation between brown rice yield and mean air-temperature during 20 days after heading showed that the brown rice yield declined when mean air-temperature exceeded 28ºC.     

两系亚种间杂交稻结实生理调节的研究

两系亚种间杂交稻结实生理调节的研究庄宝华，林菲，洪植蕃（福建农学院，福州３５０００２）ＰｈｙｓｉｏｌｏｇｉｃａｌＲｅｇｕｌａｔｉｏｎｓｏｎＦｅｒｔｉｌｉｔｙｏｆＴｗｏ－ｌｉｎｅＩｎｔｅｒｓｕｂｓｐｅｃｉｅｓＲｉｃｅＨｙｂｒｉｄｓ￥ＺＨＵＡＮＧＢａｏｈ...     

营养生长期持续高温处理对玉米叶片转录组及生化指标的影响

以玉米杂交种郑单958和登海605为材料,通过转录组测序分析玉米营养生长期叶片受热胁迫后基因差异表达、基因功能富集和KEGG通路富集,使用微量法和HPLC法分析叶片中相关生化指标的变化。结果表明,高温胁迫会降低光合作用关键酶二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶(Rubisco)和三羧酸循环限速酶柠檬酸合酶(CS)的活力,升高丙二醛(MDA)、脱落酸(ABA)和赤霉素(GA₃)的含量,降低水杨酸(SA)的含量。与常温对照比,玉米营养生长期叶片受热胁迫后,两个品种4个比较组合累计检测到16 996个差异表达的基因,共同差异表达的基因有1 160个。光合作用、细胞代谢、叶绿体膜和质体膜等相关基因的表达会响应热胁迫。     

大叶千斤拔对高温胁迫的生理响应及耐热性分析

以自然高温处理后的15份大叶千斤拔为材料,研究高温胁迫对叶片厚度、叶面积、叶绿素值、叶片含水量、电导率值和MDA含量等外观和生理指标的影响。通过隶属函数分析表明:材料F3和F5的植物生长表现较好;F14和F15在叶绿素含量、质膜透性、叶片含水量、MDA含量中的综合反应均较好;材料F14和F15相比其它13个材料具有较好的相对耐高温特性,而F12和F13对热相对敏感,其余9份为中等耐热材料。     

高温下开花时间对水稻颖花育性的影响

利用人工气候箱模拟高温逆境,以籼稻Ⅱ优7954和粳稻连粳6号为材料,研究了高温下开花时间对颖花育性的影响。结果表明,高温下颖花开花紊乱,在高温处理时段之外有大量颖花开放;早开花(即高温开始前开花)有利于籼稻Ⅱ优7954和粳稻连粳6号提高受精率,晚开花(即高温结束后开花)有利于提高籼稻Ⅱ优7954的受精率但对提高粳稻连粳6号的受精率无作用。     

Research Progress on Heat Stress of Rice at Flowering Stage

Global warming has caused frequent occurrence of heat stress at the flowering stage of single-season rice in the Yangtze River region of China, which results in declines of spikelet fertility and yield in rice. Rice flowering stage is the most sensitive period to high temperatures, and therefore, the key for heat stress happening is the flowering stage coinciding with high temperature, which causes spikelet fertility decreasing in heat-sensitive varieties, and is the major factor for heat injury differences among various rice planting regions. With the development of rice breeding, temperature indexes for heat stress has been converted from daily maximum temperature of 35 °C to 38 °C with the stress duration of more than 3 d. During the flowering stage, anther dehiscence inhibition and low pollen shedding onto the stigma are two main reasons for spikelet fertility reduction under high temperatures. At panicle initiation stage, high temperatures aggravate spikelet degeneration, and destroy floral organ development. Various types of rice varieties coexist in production, and indica-japonica hybrid rice demonstrates the highest heat resistance in general, followed by indica and japonica rice varieties. In production, avoiding high temperature is the main strategy of preventing heat stress, and planting suitable cultivars and adjustment of sowing date are the most effective measures. Irrigation is an effective real-time cultivation measure to decline the canopy temperature during the rice flowering stage. We suggested that further study should be focused on exploring heat injury differences among different rice variety types, and innovating rice-planting methods according to planting system changes in rice planting regions with extreme heat stress. Meanwhile, high temperature monitor and warning systems should be improved to achieve optimal heat stress management efficiencies.     

花期干旱胁迫对籼稻近等基因系育性的影响

 以27份形态性状发生突变的标记基因材料杂交并多次回交所构建的近等基因系及其轮回亲本浙辐802（早籼稻）为材料,于水稻主穗见穗至此后15 d进行干旱胁迫,研究花期干旱胁迫条件下各品系的育性与农艺性状和耐旱性生理性状的关系。试验结果表明,花期干旱胁迫使株高受抑,上3叶绿叶面积减少,稻株干物质量和结实率显著下降,材料的耐旱性与结实性无关。根据干旱胁迫指数将该近等基因系分为钝感（结实率下降<30%）、耐旱(结实率下降幅度在31%～50%)、不耐旱（结实率下降幅度在51%～80%）及敏感（结实率下降幅度>80%）4类,轮回亲本浙辐802为干旱敏感材料。具有卷叶、披叶等传统的耐旱性状的近等基因系未能表现出较强的耐旱性,而具有黄绿色叶与金黄色的谷色的近等基因系则有较高的耐旱性。     

高温条件下玉米自交系材料雄花育性的观察分析

在山西运城市7～8月份气温偏高的特殊气候环境下,对120份玉米自交系材料进行了雄花育性鉴定,并对其原因进行了分析。结果表明,高温条件下,材料间的雄花育性存在着明显的差异。不育性表现方式有:无花粉粒、花药吐不出、花药不散粉。模拟玉米螟危害雄花节打孔试验表明,即使玉米植株能得到充足的水分供应,雄花内部的水分胁迫是影响花粉正常散出的主要因素之一。     

不同生育期高温对玉米子粒品质及淀粉糊化特性的影响

以玉米杂交种隆平206与秦龙14为试材,分别在开花期和子粒灌浆期进行高温处理,研究不同生育期高温对玉米穗部性状、子粒品质与淀粉糊化特性的影响。结果表明,开花期与子粒灌浆期高温处理均显著降低秦龙14的子粒行数、行粒数,其中,开花期秦龙14高温处理败育;对隆平206无显著影响,说明隆平206子粒形成过程中耐高温较强。与对照相比,高温显著增加两个品种玉米子粒蛋白质含量,降低子粒脂肪与淀粉含量;品种间比较,高温对秦龙14品质的影响较隆平206大。隆平206不同生育期高温处理比较,灌浆期高温对子粒脂肪含量影响较大,蛋白质含量次之,淀粉含量相对较小,两个高温处理子粒淀粉峰值黏度、低谷黏度、最终黏度与糊化温度显著高于对照;灌浆期高温处理糊化参数的升幅较开花期高温处理大。玉米生育后期高温对玉米子粒品质及糊化特性有显著影响,灌浆期高温较开花期高温对玉米子粒品质的影响较大。开花期高温对玉米子粒育性影响较大,灌浆期高温主要影响玉米子粒品质。     

Influence Of Temperature Shift After Flowering on Dry Matter Partitioning In Two Cultivars of Snap Bean (Phaseolus Vulgaris)That Differ In Heat Tolerance

Abstract

The Partitioning of Dry Matter (Ratio of Dry Weight of Individual Parts To That of Total Dry Matter) Was Analyzed In Snap Bean Cultivars, Haibushi, A Heat-Tolerant Cultivar, and Kentucky Wonder, A Heat-Sensitive Cultivar, At Four Temperatures After Flowering on The Subtropical Island of Ishigaki, Japan. The Temperature Regimes Included 27/23ºC (Day/Night) As Normal, 24/20ºC As Low, 30/26 As High, and 33/29ºC As Extremely High. Most Growth Traits Increased After Flowering Time (35 Das), Displaying A Plateau At 68-75 Das. The Total Dry Matter Was Similar Under All Temperature Conditions, But Differed With The Cultivar. Haibushi Had A Higher Value of Total Dry Matter Than Kentucky Wonder, Which Was Mainly Due To Higher Pod Dry Weight Although Stem and Root Dry Weights Were Lower In Haibushi. A Sharp Decline of Dry Matter Partitioning To Pods Was Observed At 33/29 ºC. In The Temperature Range of 24/20 To 30/26ºC, Haibushi Showed Higher Partitioning To Pods Than Kentucky Wonder, Independent of Temperature. on The Other Contrary, Kentucky Wonder Showed Higher Partitioning To Pods At 27/23ºC Than At 24/20ºC. These Results Showed That The Partitioning of Dry Matter, Which Varied With The Cultivar and Temperature, Played An Important Role In Achieving Higher Harvest Index In The Heat-Tolerant Than In The Heat-Sensitive Cultivars.