杂交稻旗叶衰老过程中超氧自由基与超氧物岐化酶活性的变化

The O₂^- production, scavenging capacity, photooxidation, protein content, and SOD activity were studied in leaves of Yayou 2 (indica-japonica hybrid rice) and Shanyou 63 (indica hybrid rice) at filling stage. It was shown that protein content decreased gradually with days of heading in two varieties in natural condition, and the decrease in Shanyou 63 was more than that in Yayou 2. The rate of O₂^- production and SOD activity increased from heading to 20 days after heading, then decreases but still maintained certain levels until 30 days after heading in two varieties. O₂^- production rate in Shanyou 63 was more than that of Yayou 2, but SOD activity was contrary in two varieties. In addition, the change of O₂^- and SOD under photooxidation condition was consistent with the tendency above under natural condition. It was also shown that there was negative correlation between protein degradation and O₂^- / SOD in the process of senescence in flag leaves after 20 days of heading. It is suggested that O₂^-/SOD could be used as an index of scavenging ability for O₂^- during senescence in rice.     

优质籼稻剑叶SPAD值与稻米品质相关性研究

目的为揭示优质籼稻关键生育时期剑叶SPAD值与稻米品质性状间的关系,为今后的优质籼稻育种和生产提供理论依据。方法以优质籼稻美香占2号、黄华占和五山丝苗等12个品种（系）为研究材料,测定各品种（系）的稻米品质性状、蒸煮食味品质、淀粉RVA谱和始穗期、齐穗期、乳熟期、蜡熟期、黄熟期的剑叶SPAD值,并对5个时期剑叶SPAD值与品质性状进行相关性分析。结果籼稻蜡熟期和黄熟期剑叶SPAD值与稻米食味值均呈极显著正相关,与稻米蛋白质含量均呈极显著负相关,与稻米淀粉峰值黏度和崩解值呈显著或极显著正相关。结论籼稻黄熟期剑叶SPAD值与稻米食味值和蛋白质含量的相关性比蜡熟期高。黄熟期剑叶SPAD值越高,稻米蛋白质含量越低,食味品质越好。通过黄熟期剑叶SPAD值可以预测籼稻食味值和蛋白质含量。黄熟期剑叶SPAD值（x）与稻米食味值（y）的直线拟合方程为y=0.0901x+65.76,决定系数R²=0.687;与蛋白质含量（y）的直线拟合方程为y=-0.098x+9.217,决定系数R²=0.602。     

水稻结实期间叶片衰老与膜脂过氧化的关系

 以结实期间的稻为材料，在抽穗开花期通过剪去穗部部分枝梗和全穗等处理后，测定作为叶片衰老指标的叶绿素和蛋白质含量及作为膜脂过氧化指标的丙二醛含量的变化，探讨了水稻结实期间叶片衰老与膜脂过氧化之间的关系。试验结果指出，在水稻抽穗开花期间，剪去穗部枝梗或整个穗子，叶片中的叶绿素和蛋白质含量下降速率在处理后的7 d内就开始明显减慢，而MDA含量增加速率只有在处理7 d后才开始减缓，SOD活性并不因剪穗处理而有所提高。表明因剪穗(或穗部枝梗)而导致的叶绿素和蛋白质含量的变化早于MDA含量的变化，与SOD活性的变化无直接关系。说明在结实期间，水稻叶片在衰老过程中表现出的叶绿素和蛋白质含量的下降，并不主要是由于SOD的活性降低而导致膜脂过氧化作用增强所造成的结果，SOD活性下降和MDA含量的增加可能与叶绿素及蛋白质含量减少一样，只是叶片衰老开始后的一种结果，而非引起叶片衰老的原因。     

Relationship Between Changes in Leaf Endogenous Hormone Contents and Senescence During Grain Filling Stage of a Rice Hybrid and its Parents

A major problem in hybrid rice production is the occurrence of leaf senescence during the grain filling stage that can result in reduction of yield. Changes in contents of several endogenous hormones are related to leaf senescence. The relationship between endogenous hormones and leaf senescence in the rice hybrid Tiyou 418 and its parents Tijin and C418, was undertaken for investigation. Indicators of leaf senescence, including superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation and chlorophyll content, as well as the contents of abscisic acid (ABA), zeatin riboside (ZR), gibberellin (GA1/3) and auxin (IAA) in the leaves were determined. Different rates of leaf senescence were observed in the three materials. Senescence occurred earliest and fastest in Tijin, followed by Tiyou 418 and then C418. A similar trend was recorded in ABA, ZR, and IAA contents during the grain filling stage in the three materials. Changes in (GA1/3 ZR IAA)/ABA ratios were also similar, being quite stable during the early stage of leaf senescence, and decreasing markedly during the late stage. The ratio declined more dramatically in Tijin, in accordance with its faster leaf senescence. The results suggest that the ratio of (GA1/3 ZR IAA)/ABA regulates chlorophyll content, SOD activity, MDA content and membrane lipid peroxidation. It is postulated that endogenous hormones may play a role in the regulation of leaf senescence in a systematic way.     

杂交粳稻屉优418及其亲本灌浆期叶片内源激素含量变化与衰老之间的关系

以杂交水稻屉优418及其亲本屉锦和C418为材料,研究了生育后期叶片内源激素含量变化与衰老之间的关系。结果表明杂交水稻及其亲本剑叶中ABA、GA1/3、ZR和IAA含量变化趋势基本一致。3个材料的（GA1/3+ZR+IAA）/ABA的比值变化总的趋势也基本相同,前期较平稳,后期比值迅速下降。在生育后期,屉优418和C418的（GA1/3+ZR+IAA）/ABA比值下降速率较慢,与衰老相对较慢一致;而屉锦的（GA1/3+ZR+IAA）/ABA比值下降速率较快,与其衰老较快相一致。     

深两优5814作烟后稻旱育抛秧高产栽培技术

深两优5814系国家杂交水稻工程技术研究中心深圳清华龙岗研究所用Y58S与自选恢复系丙4114组配选育的优质、高产、抗病的两系超级杂交水稻新品种,属弱感光型。2009年宁化县引进种植,根据其特征特性并结合宁化县的气候条件,总结深两优5814作烟后稻旱育抛秧高产栽培技术。     

超高产水稻开花结实期间叶片衰老与活性氧代谢的关系

 对超高产水稻培矮64S/9311和协优9308从抽穗到籽粒成熟过程中剑叶中H2O2 、膜脂过氧化产物丙二醛（MDA）、组织自动氧化速率、脂氧合酶（LOX）及保护酶超氧物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶（POD）和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（ASP）的动态变化过程进行了测定。结果表明，协优9308的剑叶衰老较慢。2个材料的剑叶叶片衰老可能原因是叶片内SOD、CAT、ASP活性过早下降，LOX活性增加，进而导致膜脂过氧化，使活性氧代谢失调，引起叶绿素和蛋白质降解，培矮64S/9311的各项生理指标比协优9308早衰老，而且乳熟期是培矮64S/9311早衰的关键时期。     

不同叶色水稻叶片的衰老及对光强的响应

以淡绿叶水稻近等基因系fgl及其正常叶色的轮回亲本浙辐 802为材料,比较了不同叶色水稻抽穗后叶片的衰老进程,并在水稻抽穗后施以不同强度的光照,研究水稻生育后期光照强度对不同叶色水稻叶片衰老的影响。在自然光强下,淡绿叶水稻fgl的衰老慢于轮回亲本浙辐 802,fgl的叶绿素、叶面积指数和净光合速率的下降速率均慢于浙辐 802,特别是在灌浆前期和后期;开花后浙辐 802的SOD活性下降和MDA含量的上升均快于fgl。15%的遮光处理有利于提高浙辐 802的气体交换特性和光合性能,提高SOD活性,降低MDA含量;而浅叶色的fgl的光合速率较稳定,受光强的影响较小。     

赣中北“油稻稻”三熟制下头季稻叶片衰老频度对再生稻再生力的影响

为研究三熟制条件下适合种植的再生稻品种及头季叶片衰老频度对再生力特性的影响,在大田试验条件下,以10个杂交水稻品种为材料,比较分析了这些品种的再生力、再生季产量及头季衰老强度等若干性状。结果表明,头季不同品种结实率与再生季再生力呈正相关关系,相关系数为0.620,头季千粒重、叶干质量下降率、叶绿素含量下降率、产量与再生季再生力呈负相关关系,相关系数分别为-0.522、-0.516、-0.637、-0.676。再生季有效穗数与再生力呈显著正相关关系,与活芽率呈负相关,相关系数分别为0.757和-0.615。头季结实率、叶片叶绿素含量、产量,以及再生季有效穗数和千粒重是影响再生力的重要因素。综合两季产量和再生力特性来看,深两优5814、C两优608、准两优608、丰两优香1号等4个品种可以作为再生稻在江西中北部的三熟制条件下种植。     

Relationship Between Changes in Leaf Endogenous Hormone Contents and Senescence During Grain Filling Stage of a Rice Hybrid and its Parents

A major problem in hybrid rice production is the occurrence of leaf senescence during the grain filling stage that can result in reduction of yield. Changes in contents of several endogenous hormones are related to leaf senescence. The relationship between endogenous hormones and leaf senescence in the rice hybrid Tiyou 418 and its parents Tijin and C418, was undertaken for investigation. Indicators of leaf senescence, including superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation and chlorophyll content, as well as the contents of abscisic acid (ABA), zeatin riboside (ZR), gibberellin (GA1/3) and auxin (IAA) in the leaves were determined. Different rates of leaf senescence were observed in the three materials. Senescence occurred earliest and fastest in Tijin, followed by Tiyou 418 and then C418. A similar trend was recorded in ABA, ZR, and IAA contents during the grain filling stage in the three materials. Changes in (GA1/3 ZR IAA)/ABA ratios were also similar, being quite stable during the early stage of leaf senescence, and decreasing markedly during the late stage. The ratio declined more dramatically in Tijin, in accordance with its faster leaf senescence. The results suggest that the ratio of (GA1/3 ZR IAA)/ABA regulates chlorophyll content, SOD activity, MDA content and membrane lipid peroxidation. It is postulated that endogenous hormones may play a role in the regulation of leaf senescence in a systematic way.     

水稻叶片早衰突变体的农艺与生理性状研究进展

叶片早衰严重影响水稻产量与品质。研究水稻叶片早衰突变体的农艺及生理性状,有助于了解水稻叶片衰老进程和机理。本文简述了叶片衰老特征和衰老机制,重点综述了水稻叶片早衰突变体的类型、农艺与生理性状研究进展及延缓水稻叶片衰老的栽培调控途径。可为水稻抗衰老品种选育及栽培调控提供理论依据。     

稻田冬季保护性耕作条件下的土壤酶活性与水稻成熟期叶片衰老和籽粒产量之间的关系

 为研究稻田冬季保护性耕作不同种植模式对土壤酶活性以及水稻成熟期叶片衰老的影响, 设计了5种种植模式：免耕直播稻草全程覆盖马铃薯（T1）、免耕直播黑麦草（T2）、免耕直播油菜（T3）、免耕直播燕麦草（T4）和空闲（CK）,供试品种为杂交组合国稻6号。与对照（CK）相比,T1、T2和T3处理均可显著提高土壤蛋白酶、中性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶以及转化酶活性,尤其是T1处理,其土壤酶活性明显高于其他处理,而T4处理与对照相比,差异不明显。T1、T2和T3处理均可有效延缓水稻成熟期剑叶的衰老,主要表现为成熟期剑叶中的超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶活性、可溶性蛋白质和叶绿素含量下降缓慢,丙二醛含量上升的幅度较小,相对于对照（CK）,差异均达显著水平。在本试验条件下,土壤酶对水稻叶片衰老的影响程度依次为蛋白酶>过氧化氢酶>中性磷酸酶>转化酶。叶片衰老对水稻产量的影响主要表现在灌浆中后期。     

养分胁迫对籽粒灌浆期水稻叶片衰老影响的蛋白质组学分析

 采用蛋白质组学分析技术,对养分胁迫下杂交水稻威优916功能叶片蛋白质组差异表达进行研究,以揭示养分胁迫影响籽粒灌浆期水稻衰老的分子机理。经双向电泳分离,从功能叶中获得34个差异表达蛋白质,其中26个蛋白质功能得到鉴定,包括11个参与光合作用蛋白质,4个参与呼吸作用蛋白质,10个参与抗氧化及信号传导蛋白质和1个未知功能蛋白质。分析结果表明,养分胁迫下,灌浆期水稻叶片光合作用及呼吸作用显著下降;清除活性氧类蛋白质表达量下调,活性氧生成蛋白质及胁迫信号传导蛋白质表达量上调,水稻抗性减弱,叶片中活性氧积累,水稻衰老加剧。     

Effects of Aerated Irrigation on Leaf Senescence at Late Growth Stage and Grain Yield of Rice

With the japonica inbred cultivar Xiushui 09,indica hybrid combinations Guodao 6 and Liangyoupeijiu as materials,field experiments were conducted in 2007 and 2008 to study the effects of aerated irrigation on leaf senescence at late growth stage and grain yield of rice.The dissolved oxygen concentration of aerated water evidently increased and decreased at a slow rate.The soil oxidation-reduction potential under aerated irrigation treatment was significantly higher than that of the CK,contributing to significant increases in effective panicles,seed setting rate and grain yield.In addition,the aerated irrigation improved root function,increased superoxide dismutase activity and decreased malondialdehyde content in flag leaves at post-flowering,which delayed leaf senescence process,prolonged leaf functional activity and led to enhanced grain filling.     

水稻水作与旱作对抽穗后剑叶光合特性、衰老及根系活性的影响

对水稻水作与旱作栽培模式下水稻衰老和后期一些生理活性的影响进行了研究。结果表明,由于水分的影响,水稻旱作不同程度加速了水稻生理机能的衰退,使籽粒干物质积累受阻,粒重下降而减产。水稻水作不仅改善了水稻剑叶光合因子,提高了光合效率,而且剑叶呼吸速率下降缓慢,相对电导率上升缓慢,SOD酶活性较高,MDA含量低,表明剑叶后期衰老进程慢,促进籽粒增重,产量高。此外,旱作水稻生育末期根系干物质积累、活力高及代谢旺盛的优势对籽粒增重也是一种负向影响;而水稻水作开花-灌浆期根系活力高,生育末期根系生理活性迅速衰退,保证了籽粒的充实     

钙对延缓杂交水稻叶片衰老的作用机理

以叶绿素、蛋白质含量为衰老的生理指标，研究了不同ｐＨ、Ｃａ２＋对杂交水稻叶片衰老的作用。结果表明，不同ｐＨ影响叶绿素和蛋白质含量，最适ｐＨ为６．０；此条件下的Ｃａ２＋浓度为０．０１～２０．００ｍｍｏｌ／ｌ，低浓度的Ｃａ２＋提高叶片中叶绿素和蛋白质含量，提高超氧化物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）、过氧化氢酶（ＣＡＴ）、过氧化物酶（ＰＯＤ）活性，降低丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）含量；随着Ｃａ２＋浓度升高，则作用减弱；最适浓度为０．１ｍｍｏｌ／ｌ。Ｃａ２＋能延缓杂交水稻叶片的衰老，主要原因是由于Ｃａ２＋能提高叶片中活性氧防御酶的活性，降低活性氧的伤害作用。     

臭氧胁迫对不同敏感型水稻叶片伤害的比较研究

【目的】研究臭氧胁迫下不同敏感型水稻叶片表观响应特征,为耐性水稻品种的选育提供参考。【方法】利用自然光气体熏蒸平台,以23个水稻品种或株系为供试材料,臭氧设置室内对照(10 n L/L)和高臭氧浓度(100 n L/L)两个处理。采用组内最小平方和动态聚类方法,根据供试材料地上部最终生物量对高浓度臭氧的响应从小到大依次分为A、B和C 3个类别,研究臭氧胁迫下不同敏感类型水稻叶片伤害指数(LBS)特别是顶3叶叶色值(SPAD值,土壤、作物分析仪器开发)的动态响应及其与最终生长量变化的关系。【结果】臭氧胁迫使A、B和C 3类水稻成熟期地上部生物量平均分别下降19%、39%和52%,后两者降幅达极显著水平。臭氧处理水稻的LBS随生育期推移呈明显的增加趋势,但不同敏感类型水稻间均无显著差异,各测定时期表现一致。与对照相比,臭氧胁迫使不同测定时期的叶片SPAD值显著下降,降幅随熏蒸时间延长和叶位下移明显增加。全生育期平均,臭氧胁迫使所有供试材料倒1叶、倒2叶和倒3叶SPAD值分别下降11%、18%和30%,均达极显著水平。与此不同,臭氧胁迫对叶片SPAD值的影响不同水稻类型间无显著差异,不同测定时期趋势相同。相关分析表明,尽管臭氧胁迫水稻成熟期地上部生物量的响应与部分测定时期LBS存在一定的相关性,但其与所有测定时期叶片SPAD值变化的相关性均不显著,不同叶位趋势一致。【结论】在本研究条件下,臭氧熏蒸叶片的伤害指数和SPAD值的响应均不宜作为水稻生长对臭氧耐性程度的评价指标。     

早稻直播覆膜旱作对灌浆成熟期根叶生理特性及产量的影响

 对早稻直播覆膜旱作与常规水作栽培对灌浆成熟期根叶生理特性及产量的影响进行了比较研究。与常规水作栽培水稻相比，直播覆膜旱作早稻千粒重显著下降，是导致产量明显下降的主要原因之一。而粒重的下降则主要归因于直播覆膜旱作较常规水作水稻灌浆成熟期根叶生理机能的衰退要快，表现为根系活力、叶片叶绿素含量、叶面积指数、净光合速率等下降较快，叶片超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶等保护酶活性迅速下降，而丙二醛含量较高，使籽粒干物质积累受阻，揭示出提高灌浆成熟期根叶生理机能是进一步提高直播覆膜旱作早稻粒重和最终产量的重要途径。     

高产氮高效型粳稻品种的叶片光合及衰老特性研究

 选用6个具代表性的低产氮低效型、高产氮中效型和高产氮高效型粳稻品种,在各自最适氮素水平下,研究了叶片光合、衰老特性的差异及其与氮效率的关系。结果表明,高产类型群体叶面积指数(LAI)、高效叶面积率及有效叶面积率、剑叶叶绿素含量(SPAD值)和净光合速率以及剑叶超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性均显著高于低产类型品种,丙二醛(MDA)含量显著低于低产类型。高产品种间比较,随着氮效率提升,生育前中期(够苗、拔节、齐穗期)群体叶面积指数下降,成熟期上升;灌浆前期(齐穗后0 d~10 d)剑叶净光合速率并未明显变化,灌浆中后期(齐穗后20 d~40 d)显著增高,主要原因如下：叶绿素分解少,保证了叶片对CO2的高同化能力;SOD活性高,保证了植株更强的抗氧化能力,MDA含量少,膜脂破坏程度低。说明抽穗前合理控制无效及低效叶面积生长以适当减小群体叶面积规模,抽穗后有效延缓植株衰老,以保证叶片持续较高的叶绿素含量和净光合速率,是促进水稻高产品种进一步提升氮效率的重要途径。