施肥对旱地冬小麦水分利用效率的影响

据陕西省长武县旱源冬小麦肥料实验资料,分析了冬小麦的水肥与产量关系。结果表明,作物耗水量,水分复铉氏墒复率一产量关系密切;施肥方式、种类和数量均直接影响水分利用和底墒利用率;注重肥料配合施用,适当施有机肥、Ｎ肥和Ｐ２Ｏ５能明显改善水分利用效率和底墒利用率。Ｎ、Ｐ２Ｏ５比例对土壤水分利用表明,Ｎ肥有利于提高水分利用效率,Ｐ２Ｏ５则有利于提高底墒利用率和增加对土壤深层水的利用。     

影响旱地作物水分利用效率的因素

提高作物水利用效率（ＷＵＥ），一直是旱地农业中最为关心的问题，由ＷＵＥ的定义：Ｙ／ＥＴ或ＤＭ／１＋Ｅｓ／Ｔ）和许多生产上的研究得知，影响旱地作物ＷＵＥ的因素不是单一的，除了施肥可以改善作和的ＷＵＥ外，适当的作物品种，残茬覆盖，耕作，补充灌水，杂草控制等措施都可能在不同程度上改善作物的ＷＵＥ；而且采取综合措施可能导致ＷＵＥ更大的提高。     

黄土高原旱地小麦施肥对产量及水肥利用效率的影响

在长期定位试验的基础上,研究了黄土高原旱地不同施肥对小麦产量、土壤养分和水分的变化及其利用效率的影响。结果表明,单施有机肥(M)增产效果较好,产量达5265.0 kg/hm2;有机肥和化肥配施(NPM)小麦产量最高,达5898.8 kg/hm2。NPM配施小麦总吸氮量最大,比单施氮肥(N)增加了131.4 kg/hm2;NPM配施的氮肥利用率、氮肥偏生产力、氮肥农学效率、氮肥生理利用率分别为67.0%、49.16 kg/kg、36.97 kg/kg、73.11kg/kg;在不同施肥体系中其变化趋势基本一致,均为:NNPNMNPM,处理间差异显著。土壤养分含量变化看出,单施氮肥土壤全氮、碱解氮与不施肥(CK)的差异不显著;有机肥可显著提高土壤速效钾的含量;NPM配施土壤耗水量最大为558.3 mm,水分利用率最高为31.5 kg/(hm2.mm),随着耗水量增加的同时,土壤出现干燥化趋势。     

旱地小麦休闲期深翻覆盖对土壤水分及其利用效率的影响

为充分利用休闲期降水, 提高旱地麦田土壤蓄水保墒能力, 达到"伏雨春用"的目的, 本文将耕作蓄水技术与覆盖保水技术相结合, 采用大田试验研究了从前茬小麦收获后15 d或45 d进行深翻及深翻后采取渗水地膜、液态地膜覆盖对旱地小麦土壤水分及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明: 前茬小麦收获后45 d深翻较15 d深翻可显著提高小麦收获后65 d(休闲期)至316 d(孕穗期)土壤蓄水量、播前120~300 cm各土层土壤蓄水量和小麦水分利用效率。休闲期深翻覆盖可显著提高65 d(休闲期)至316 d(孕穗期)土壤蓄水量及播前0~ 300 cm各土层土壤蓄水量, 显著提高小麦水分利用效率, 且均以渗水地膜覆盖效果最好。此外, 前茬小麦收获后45 d深翻较15 d深翻可显著减小播种至拔节期60~300 cm, 拔节至开花期0~60 cm、120~240 cm, 开花至成熟期180~300 cm土壤水分减少率, 且深翻后采用渗水地膜覆盖对拔节至开花期土壤水分减少率调控效应较大。 总之, 旱地小麦休闲期等雨后深翻有利于提高土壤蓄水量与水分利用效率, 深翻后覆盖有较大的调控效应, 且采用渗水地膜覆盖效果更好。因此, 休闲期等雨后(约7月底或8月初)深翻并立即采用渗水地膜覆盖的技术是旱地麦田休闲期蓄水保墒的新途径, 且此技术可为旱地小麦高产、稳产、高效提供保障。     

膜下滴灌对棉花根际土壤环境的影响研究

试验研究田间膜下滴灌棉花根际土壤的水、热、气变化表明,覆膜滴灌使土壤增温,膜下滴灌使根系浅层土壤含水量高于深层土壤含水量,加剧棉花根系浅层水平的分布使田间土壤干、湿间隔排列,有利于膜下土壤气体交换。棉田膜下滴灌技术节约灌溉水40％～50％,且使棉花增产20％左右。     

棉花根际促生细菌的研究进展

综述了根际促生细菌(PGPR)的概念、研究手段、基因标记技术和荧光原位杂交技术在研究棉花根际促生细菌中的应用.植物根系可以分泌各种对微生物有益的物质,吸引微生物在根际的聚集.棉花凝集素对根际促生细菌菌株的胞外多糖具有凝集作用,在棉花根际促生细菌与棉花根部相互识别过程中具有重要作用,可以利用棉花凝集素作为筛选工具筛选对棉花具有促生作用的根际促生细菌菌株.基因标记技术证明棉花根际促生细菌能高密度地定殖在棉花根部,对棉花的生长起促进作用,并能抑制某些植物病原菌及根际有害微生物.分子生物学技术在微生物生态学领域的应用促进了棉花根际促生细菌的研究和应用,可以利用棉花根际促生细菌研发微生物肥料.     

施肥对提高旱地农田水分利用效率的机理

１９９１ ～１９９５ 年,在陇东半湿润易旱地区以冬小麦为供试作物,通过氮、磷、有机肥三因素试验从生态学角度探讨了施肥对提高水分利用效率的机理。结果表明,施肥,尤其是氮磷化肥配施,可明显促进冬小麦根系生长,扩大觅水空间;氮磷化肥配施具有时效互补性和功能互补性;与不施肥处理相比,施肥处理蒸散量仅提高了５.４ ％ ,而产量和水分利用效率却分别提高了９２.８ ％ 和７９.７ ％;施肥促进了冬小麦冠层发育,增加了蒸腾量,而减少了蒸发量,从而提高了腾／发比,使水分利用效率及水分生产力大幅度提高。     

苏云金芽孢杆菌菌剂对棉花根际土壤细菌数量及多样性的影响

采用稀释平板培养法与PCR-DGGE技术, 以阿维菌素为阳性对照, 水为阴性对照, 研究了大田喷施推荐剂量(0.1 kg·hm^-2)和高剂量(10 kg·hm^-2)苏云金芽孢杆菌(Bt)菌剂对棉花根际土壤细菌种群数量及结构的影响。结果表明, 喷雾处理后1~3 d, 不同处理组土壤细菌数量间无显著性差异, 在3 d时细菌数量均值达到最大, 之后开始下降, 12 d后清水对照、推荐剂量Bt菌剂、高剂量Bt菌剂处理组土壤细菌数量均值维持在4.0×107 CFU·g^-1左右; 推荐剂量Bt菌剂处理样品土壤细菌数量在6 d时显著高于清水对照, 其余时间与清水对照间无显著性差异; 高剂量Bt菌剂处理与清水对照在整个试验期间均无显著性差异; 阿维菌素处理组土壤细菌数量在0~6 d内与清水对照无显著性差异, 而在12~45 d内显著低于其他3个处理组。DGGE图谱显示, Bt菌剂处理对棉花根际土壤17种细菌均无显著抑制作用。聚类分析结果表明, Bt菌剂对土壤细菌群落结构的扰动在12 d后得到恢复。与阴性对照组相比, Bt菌剂对土壤细菌多样性指数无显著影响, 而阳性对照阿维菌素对土壤细菌种群消长和多样性指数有较强的影响。对DGGE图谱中17条电泳条带的序列分析, 证明棉花根际土壤中存在起固氮作用的慢生根瘤菌属细菌和具有污染修复与净化活性的鞘脂菌属、鞘氨醇单胞菌属和红球菌属细菌。Bt菌剂与阿维菌素处理均对这些土壤有益菌群无明显不利影响。总体结果表明, Bt菌剂无论是在正常推荐剂量下还是在较高剂量(推荐剂量的100倍)下使用, 对棉花根际土壤微生态环境产生的冲击都较小, 是一种生态安全性较高的生物农药。     

施肥提高旱地作物水分利用效率的机理和效果

在宁夏南部半干旱偏旱区黑垆土上设置长期定位试验 .结果表明 ,施肥提高了土壤有效水分的利用、作物的蒸腾效率 ,并优化了作物产量田间性状和改善夏闲期土壤贮水状况 .     

不同盐分和氮肥水平对菠菜水分及氮素利用效率的影响

采用土柱栽培法研究了不同盐分和氮肥水平对菠菜水分与氮素利用效率的影响。结果表明,300 kg ha-1氮水平下,菠菜增产16.6%,水分利用效率(Water Use Efficiency,WUE)提高9.6%;其中以0.87 dS m-1处理的WUE最大,为25.8 kg m-3,盐分和氮肥的交互影响使WUE提高1.55 kg m-3。同时3,00 kg ha-1氮水平比100 kg ha-1氮水平的氮素利用效率(Nitrogen UseEfficiency,NUE)平均降低40%。盐分增加,NUE降低。高盐高氮处理的氮肥回收率(Nitrogen Fertilizer Recovery Efficiency,NRE)和农业氮利用效率(Agronomic Nitrogen Use Efficiency,NAE)最低,土壤残留氮量最高,对环境造成的潜在危害最大。     

分区平衡施肥技术对氮肥利用率和土壤养分平衡的影响

本文的研究结果表明,分区平衡施肥技术能明显提高氮肥利用率,在小麦和玉米上分别平均提高12.7和14.2个百分点。该技术能使养分盈亏趋于合理,分区平衡施肥的氮素平衡盈余显著低于习惯施肥,有利于减少氮素损失及其对环境的污染;磷素平衡盈余则明显高于习惯施肥,有利于改善土壤磷素状况;钾素平衡存在一定程度的亏缺,需通过增加无机、有机钾源来调节土壤钾素平衡。     

转Bt基因棉种植对根际土壤生物学特性和养分含量的影响

通过盆栽试验,比较了转Bt基因棉Bt新彩1和Bt基因的受体棉新彩1根际土壤可培养微生物种群数量、酶活性及养分含量的变化。结果表明,Bt新彩1根际土壤可检测到Bt蛋白,且花期达到峰值56.14 ng/g;与对照新彩1相比,Bt#61472;新彩1根际土壤更有利于细菌和真菌的生长和繁殖,放线菌数量没有显著变化。Bt新彩1的根际土壤碱性磷酸酶活性受到抑制,在生长旺盛期脱氢酶活性受到激活,而根际土壤蛋白酶、脲酶和蔗糖酶活性无显著变化;苗期、花期Bt新彩1根际土壤有机质、全氮、速效氮和钾含量没有显著变化,且苗期速效磷含量也没有显著改变,花期其含量显著降低。     

微生物肥料对棉田土壤生态与棉花生长的影响

试验研究微生物肥料对棉田土壤生态与棉花生长的影响结果表明,单一施用微生物肥料或与有机肥混施均可改善土壤生态,提高土壤肥力,降低土壤容重,提高阳离子代换量,增加土壤速效磷、碱解氮和速效钾含量,棉花产量分别比对照提高19.2%和31.6%,且微生物肥料与有机肥混施效果优于单一使用。     

膜下滴施尿素对棉花氮素吸收、分配、利用效率的影响

在棉花花铃期膜下滴施不同量尿素，结果表明，追氮处理后棉株根、叶片、叶柄和蕾铃的氮含量比不追氮处理要高，但增高多少与追氮量没有明显关系。棉花总吸氮量随着追氮量的增加而增加，但花铃期吸氮量占总吸氮量的比例呈下降趋势。追氮处理对土壤全氮没有明显的影响，但对土壤碱解氮的影响比较大。土壤个氮和碱解氮与棉花各器官氮含量的相关性不显著。随着施氮量增加，追施氮肥的利用率明显下降。     

毒死蜱对棉花根际土细菌群落多样性和结构的影响

通过室内盆栽试验模拟自然环境条件,采用高效液相色谱(HPLC)和末端限制性片段长度多态性(T-RFLP)技术,研究了土壤使用推荐剂量(5 mg·kg~(-1))及推荐剂量的2倍、3倍和4倍(10 mg·kg~(-1)、15 mg·kg~(-1)、20 mg·kg~(-1))毒死蜱对棉花根际土壤细菌群落多样性和结构的影响,以不施用毒死蜱的土壤为对照。结果表明,5 mg·kg~(-1)、10 mg·kg~(-1)、15 mg·kg~(-1)和20 mg·kg~(-1)毒死蜱在土壤中的半衰期分别为10.04 d、11.36 d、11.55 d和12.16 d,60 d时基本完全降解。毒死蜱处理60 d后,棉花生物量显著降低;毒死蜱浓度越高,棉花生物量越低。无毒死蜱条件下不同取样时间根际细菌多样性无显著差异,毒死蜱处理组前30 d细菌多样性均显著降低,60 d时毒死蜱处理组细菌多样性恢复到正常水平。研究发现毒死蜱浓度越高对细菌多样性抑制作用越显著,恢复越缓慢。主成分分析结果发现,第10 d、30 d和60 d毒死蜱处理组与对照组细菌群落结构差异显著,其中60 d时20 mg·kg~(-1)毒死蜱处理组差异最显著,即使土壤中毒死蜱完全降解,根际细菌群落结构仍不会恢复到正常水平。60 d时,被毒死蜱抑制的细菌有硝化刺菌属(Nitrospina sp.)和Cellulophaga sp.等,被激活的有芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus sp.)和链霉菌属(Streptomyces sp.)等。可见,毒死蜱的引入,重新构建了土壤细菌群落结构,显著影响棉花生长,对棉花根际土壤微生态环境冲击较大,应对其生态安全性予以重视。     

Effect of rice plant growth on denitrification in rhizosphere soil

The effect of rice plant growth on the loss of basal nitrogen (N) through denitrification in the rhizosphere of subsurface soil was investigated by the ¹⁵N balance method. Labeled ¹⁵N was applied to the deep soil layer to distinguish between the N losses in the surface and subsurface soils. Denitrification in pots with whole plants (Control) was compared with that in pots with plants cut off at the base of the culm (Pcut) to evaluate the effect of plant growth on denitrification. The upward movement of the applied ¹⁵N from the deep soil was negligible. Thus, the amount of unrecovered ¹⁵N was equal to the amount of N lost through denitrification in the rhizosphere of the subsurface soil (20–150 mm soil depth). In the Control treatment, values of redox potential at 50 and 90 mm soil depths were negative throughout the experimental period. Therefore, it was assumed that the redox potential could not have been the limiting factor for the N loss through denitrification in this experiment. The α-naphthylamine-oxidizing activity of roots decreased drastically after the cutting treatment. The estimated amount of de nitrified ¹⁵N in the rhizosphere of the subsurface soil was significantly higher in the Pcut treatment than in the Control one at 30 and 40 d after transplanting (DAT), while it was comparable in the two treatments at 52 and 64 DAT. Since a greater amount of ¹⁵N loss was found to occur when there was no absorption of ¹⁵N by the plants, the absorption of ¹⁵N by plants may have contributed to the suppression of denitrification. The amount of immobilized ¹⁵N in the Control treatment was larger than that of the Pcut treatment throughout the experiment. N immobilization might have also contributed to the suppression of denitrification in the rhizosphere of the subsurface soil.     

Effect of soil heating on the dynamics of soil available nutrients in the rhizosphere

The effect of soil heating on the dynamics of soil available nutrients in the rhizosphere was evaluated. A pot experiment was carried out by using a rhizobox; a pot which enables to sample soils and soil solutions not only temporally with plant growth but also spatially depending on the distance from the root-accumulating compartment. The experiment consisted of 4 treatments; soils with or without heating treatment (150°C, 3 h), each of which was either planted with maize (Zea mays L.) or not. During the 17-d experiment, soil solutions at 0–2 mm from the root-accumulating compartment were collected 5 times. Soils depending on the distance from the root-accumulating compartment and plants were also collected after the experiment. The ionic concentrations of the soil solutions and soil water extracts, and the nutrient contents of plants were analyzed. Immediately after soil heating, the concentrations of cations, SO₄ ^2-, CI^-, water-soluble P, and water-soluble organic carbon increased significantly. With plant growth, the total ionic concentration in the rhizosphere soil solution increased for heated soil, whereas it decreased for unheated soil. The increase of the concentrations of cations and SO₄ ^2- in the rhizosphere of heated soil was appreciable, suggesting that the movement of cations such as Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ by mass flow was regulated by that of SO₄ ^2-. Moreover soil heating inhibited nitrification, resulting in the supply of N mainly in the form of NH₄ ⁺ within 10 mm from the root-accumulating compartment. As a result, the soil pH decreased in the rhizosphere of heated soil. The amount of nutrients absorbed by plants, on the other hand, did not change significantly by soil heating except for an increase of P uptake. The increase of P uptake could be explained not only by the immediate increase of the water-soluble P concentration but also by the dissolution of Ca-bound P and the hydrolysis of water-soluble organic P in the rhizosphere.