中药制剂抗肉鸡热应激作用机理的研究

50只1日龄艾维茵肉仔鸡饲养于人工气候室内,高温条件下饲养。随机分成对照组、试验组,试验组7日龄开始在日粮中添加0.1%的中药,连用7天。然后分别于14、21日龄分别取法氏囊,用流式细胞仪检测应激状态下法氏囊细胞凋亡率、细胞周期时相变化,Western blot方法检测法氏囊中Bcl-2和Caspase-3基因的蛋白表达水平。结果表明:试验组14、21日龄法氏囊细胞凋亡率明显低于对照组,差异显著(P0.05)。细胞周期时相发生变化,G1期细胞百分比数量明显减少,G2期细胞百分比数量明显增加,差异均显著(P0.05),S期细胞百分比变化不大,差异不显著(P0.05)。试验组法氏囊中Bcl-2的蛋白表达量高于对照组,差异显著(P0.05),而Caspase-3基因的蛋白表达水平与Bcl-2相反,对照组表达量明显高于试验组,差异显著(P0.05)。这表明中药对缓解热应激造成的法氏囊细胞凋亡的作用可能是通过上调Bcl-2基因、下调Caspase-3基因表达来完成的。     

中药制剂抗肉鸡热应激作用机理研究

将50只1日龄AA肉仔鸡饲养（高温条件下饲养）于MFD-233型人工气候室内,随机分成对照组和试验组,试验组肉仔鸡7日龄时在日粮中添加0．1％的中药,连用7d;然后分别于14,21日龄取法氏囊,用流式细胞仪检测应激状态下法氏囊细胞凋亡率和细胞周期时相变化,用Western—blot方法检测法氏囊中Bcl-2和caspase-3基因蛋白表达水平。试验结果表明：试验组肉仔鸡14,21日龄法氏囊细胞凋亡率明显低于对照组,差异显著（P〈0．05）;细胞周期时相发生变化,G1期细胞数量明显减少（P〈0．05）,G2期细胞数量明显增加（P〈0．05）,S期细胞数量变化不大（P〉0．05）;试验组肉仔鸡法氏囊中Bcl-2蛋白表达量高于对照组且差异显著（P〈0．05）,而caspase-3基因蛋白表达水平与Bcl-2相反,对照组表达量明显高于试验组且差异显著（P〈0．05）。这表明中药制剂对缓解热应激造成的法氏囊细胞凋亡作用可能是通过上调Bcl-2和下调caspase-3基因蛋白表达水平来完成的。     

外源性核酸对感染IBDV雏鸡免疫功能和抗氧化能力的影响

300只20日龄健康海兰白雏鸡随机分为6组,Ⅰ组为对照组,Ⅱ～Ⅵ为试验组,Ⅱ、Ⅴ组饲料中分别添加0.1%核酸,Ⅲ和Ⅵ组分别添加0.2%核酸,Ⅳ、Ⅴ和Ⅵ组于27日龄感染传染性法氏囊病毒(IBDV),分别于30,33,36,39,42日龄心脏采血测定T淋巴细胞转化率,白细胞的吞噬率,SOD、GSH-Px和CAT活性,用流式细胞仪测定鸡脾脏T淋巴细胞亚群的变化;时处死雏鸡,测定免疫器官法氏囊和脾脏指数,观察其组织结构.结果表明,日粮中添加不同剂量的核酸均可提高T淋巴细胞转化率和T淋巴细胞数,法氏囊和脾脏的相对质量均明显增加,并能促进法氏囊和脾脏的快速发育,提高脾淋巴细胞中CD3+、CD4+和CD8+T细胞百分率,改变CD4+/CD8+比值促进对机体免疫系统的调控,增强白细胞的吞噬功能;可显著提高鸡血清中SOD、GSH-Px和CAT活性.IBDV感染组与病毒感染加核酸组之间上述指标差异显著,感染IBDV组可使上述指标明显下降,感染IBDV加核酸组的上述指标接近正常对照组,说明核酸能补偿IBDV对雏鸡免疫系统的抑制作用,具有一定的抗氧化能力,而且能促进雏鸡修复组织损伤.     

中药复方连翘对感染法氏囊病毒雏鸡免疫功能的影响

160只7日龄健康岭南黄鸡随机分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ组,每组40只,Ⅰ为正常对照组、Ⅱ为感染病毒组、Ⅲ为中药复方治疗组、Ⅳ为中药复方制剂组,Ⅱ、Ⅲ组均于8日龄感染传染性法氏囊病毒（IBDV）,Ⅲ、Ⅳ以20g·kg^-1单剂量灌服中药复方连翘汤。分别于试验后第7、14、21、28日龄采外周血及免疫器官法氏囊和脾脏,测定血细胞的吞噬能力、外周血T淋巴细胞的百分率和T淋巴细胞的转化率,流式细胞仪测定鸡外周血和脾T淋巴细胞亚群CD3^＋、CD4^＋和CD8^＋T细胞的含量;放血致死称体质量、脾和法氏囊质量,计算免疫器官指数。在感染IBDV7d后取脾脏和法氏囊组织,制备组织样品进行组织学及透视电镜观察。结果表明：中药复方连翘制剂可使雏鸡外周血细胞的吞噬能力、T淋巴细胞的百分率和T淋巴细胞的转化率、法氏囊和脾脏的质量明显提高,对感染IBDV后免疫器官法氏囊和脾脏有明显的改善和恢复作用,提高外周血和脾淋巴细胞中CD3^＋、CD4^＋和CD8^＋T细胞百分率,改变CD4^＋／CD8^＋比值促进对机体免疫系统的调控。感染病毒组的上述指标显著下降,中药复方连翘治疗组与感染病毒组相比能显著提高上述指标。     

高氟对雏鸡法氏囊形态结构、细胞周期和凋亡影响的研究

为研究高氟对雏鸡法氏囊的影响,选用1口龄AA肉鸡健雏300只,随机分为4组,分别饲以对照日粮(F23 mg·kg-1)和高氟口粮(F 400 mg·kg-1,高氟Ⅰ组;F 800 mg·kg-1,高氟Ⅱ组;F 1 200 mg·kg-1,高氟Ⅲ组)42d,以实验病理学和流式细胞术的方法观察雏鸡法氏囊的变化.结果显示高氟Ⅱ组和高氟Ⅲ组法氏囊绝对质量和脏器指数显著低于对照组(P<0.05或P<0.01),法氏囊淋巴细胞明显减少.经流式细胞仪测定,高氟Ⅰ组细胞周期与对照组相比差异不显著(P>0.05),高氟Ⅱ组和高氟Ⅲ组则出现明显变化.14日龄时高氟Ⅱ组和高氟Ⅲ组法氏囊淋巴细胞G0/G1期显著升高(P<0.05),G2+M期和增殖指数(PI)与对照组相比不同程度地降低;28口龄时高氟Ⅱ组和高氟Ⅲ组S期显著升高(P<0.01),凋亡率也显著升高(P<0.01);42 日龄时高氟Ⅱ组和高氟Ⅲ组G0/G1期显著升高(P<0.01),S期、G2+M期和增殖指数(PI)显著降低(P<0.01),同时凋亡率显著高于对照组(P<0.01).电镜观察,42日龄时高氟Ⅱ组和高氟Ⅲ组法氏囊可见多量的凋亡淋巴细胞及淋巴细胞线粒体肿胀.结果表明,日粮含氟达800及1 200 mg·kg-1时可引起法氏囊淋巴细胞增殖分化受阻,凋亡细胞显著增多,法氏囊生长发育受抑制,机体体液免疫功能受损.     

酵母β-1,3/1,6-葡聚糖对断奶仔猪细胞免疫和体液免疫机能的影响

为了探讨酵母β-1,3/1,6-葡聚糖对自然条件下饲养的断奶仔猪细胞和体液免疫机能的影响,选择品种一致,体重接近,公母各半,日龄为(28±3)d的长×大二元断奶仔猪160头,随机分成4个处理组,分别连续添加0、50、100和200 mg/kg的β-1,3/1,6-葡聚糖,进行试验,试验期为28 d.采用MTT法测定外周血淋巴细胞转化率,流式细胞仪(Flow Cytometry,FCM)检测外周血主要淋巴细胞亚群,IDEXX-ELISA antibodyTest Kit检测猪瘟抗体.结果发现添加β-1,3/1,6-葡聚糖14 d后,试验组外周血T、B淋巴细胞转化率极显著高于对照组(P＜0.01);但28 d无明显差异(P＞0.05).21 d试验组猪瘟疫苗免疫的抗体水平显著提高(P＜0.05);低剂量(50 mg/kg)的β-1,3/1,6-葡聚糖对Th细胞、Tc细胞、CD4 T细胞和CD8 T细胞数量及其CD4 /CD8 比值均有提高,但高剂量(100和200 mg/kg)的β-1,3/1,6-葡聚糖可以导致CD8 T细胞数量显著升高(P＜0.05),CD4 /CD8 显著下降(P＜0.05).结果表明酵母β-1,3/1,6-葡聚糖可影响猪的细胞和体液免疫功能,对猪瘟疫苗免疫抗体水平有提高,其免疫调节作用受添加剂量和时间的影响.低剂量酵母β-1,3/1,6-葡聚糖能适度提高机体细胞和体液免疫机能,增强机体的抗病力,高剂量可能会影响机体免疫系统的正常状态.     

一种新型复合生物活性肽对SPF鸡抗病力和生长性能的影响

为了研究一种新型复合生物活性肽对鸡的抗病力和生长性能的影响,试验将180只1日龄SSA-Ⅰ系SPF雏鸡随机分为4组,试验组全程添加1‰生物活性肽,对照组不添加。分别测定各组淋巴细胞转化率、血清总蛋白含量、饲料增重比、新城疫抗体效价及攻毒后鸡只发病和死亡情况。结果表明:在7,21日龄时,两组间T淋巴细胞转化率差异显著(P0.05);35日龄时,两组间血清总蛋白含量差异极显著(P0.01);两组间饲料增重比差异不显著(P0.05);在28,35日龄时,试验组新城疫抗体水平均有所增加,与对照组比较差异显著(P0.05)。说明该生物活性肽能够提高SPF鸡T淋巴细胞转化率,增强体液免疫力,提高机体血清总蛋白含量,对饲料增重比的影响不明显,具有一定的抗病能力。     

葡萄球菌性关节炎肉鸡免疫器官的病理学变化

利用鸡源致病性金黄色葡萄球菌复制鸡葡萄球菌性关节炎的病理模型,研究免疫器官的主要病理学变化及其内CD4 和CD8 T淋巴细胞的动态变化。结果表明:鸡接种细菌后呈典型的关节炎症状。脾脏肿大,表面呈网格状,法氏囊黏膜增厚,盲肠扁桃体和胸腺上散在出血点。光镜下脾脏淋巴小结早期数目增多,后期呈灶状坏死,法氏囊水肿,淋巴小结坏死液化。CD4 和CD8 T淋巴细胞的变化为:脾脏在接种后7 d淋巴小结内的CD4 和CD8 T淋巴细胞已明显多于对照组,与对照组比差异极显著(P<0.01);接种后7 d,法氏囊的淋巴滤泡周围的间隙中检出较多的阳性细胞,在接种后14 d CD4 T淋巴细胞达到高峰,随后下降,与对照组相比在接种后7 d差异显著(P<0.05),在接种后14 d差异极显著(P<0.01);而CD8 T淋巴细胞在接种后7 d就达到高峰,与对照组相比差异极显著(P<0.01);盲肠扁桃体的CD8 T淋巴细胞在接种后7 d上升,21 d达到最高值;胸腺组织中阳性细胞数对照组和试验组都很少,试验组的阳性细胞数的变化没有明显的规律。鸡接种金黄色葡萄球菌后免疫器官内CD4 和CD8 T淋巴细胞数目增多,表明T淋巴细胞参与了金黄色葡萄球菌引起鸡的关节炎的发生发展过程。     

禽网状内皮组织增生病病毒感染对SPF雏鸡法氏囊细胞Bcl-2和C-myc基因表达及凋亡的影响

【目的】 探究禽网状内皮组织增生病病毒(Reticuloendotheliosis virus,REV)感染禽类后导致免疫器官发生细胞凋亡的机理。【方法】 以1日龄SPF雏鸡为试验对象,将100只SPF雏鸡随机均分为REV感染组和未感染病毒的对照组,REV感染组雏鸡经腹腔感染500 μL REV稀释液,对照组雏鸡经相同途径注射等量灭菌生理盐水,于病毒感染后第1、7、14、21、28和42天,2组雏鸡随机各抽取5只,心脏采血处死雏鸡后快速摘取法氏囊。分别应用HE染色和病理切片成像系统测定分析法氏囊细胞核浆比,TUNEL细胞凋亡原位检测试剂盒测定凋亡细胞数,免疫组化法测定Bcl-2和C-myc阳性细胞数量,实时荧光定量PCR和ELISA法分别检测法氏囊Bcl-2和C-myc 基因mRNA表达和蛋白含量。【结果】 ①REV感染1日龄SPF雏鸡后21~42 d,其法氏囊淋巴细胞凋亡百分比显著或极显著高于对照组雏鸡(P<0.05;P<0.01);②SPF雏鸡感染REV后21和28 d,其法氏囊细胞核浆比显著低于对照组雏鸡(P<0.05);③REV感染SPF雏鸡法氏囊中Bcl-2和C-myc阳性细胞数在病毒感染后21和28 d显著高于对照组雏鸡(P<0.05);④REV感染SPF雏鸡后21 d,其法氏囊Bcl-2和C-myc 基因mRNA表达极显著高于对照组雏鸡(P<0.01)。⑤SPF雏鸡感染REV后,其法氏囊中Bcl-2蛋白含量较对照组雏鸡有不同程度的增加,其中21和28 d分别差异极显著(P<0.01)和显著(P<0.05),病毒感染组雏鸡的C-myc蛋白含量也始终高于对照组雏鸡,且21和28 d极显著增高(P<0.01)。【结论】 REV感染所致SPF雏鸡法氏囊细胞Bcl-2和C-myc的mRNA表达以及蛋白含量异常均与病毒感染导致的法氏囊细胞凋亡密切相关,而法氏囊细胞凋亡数量增加与REV感染引发的机体免疫机能抑制密切相关。     

紫锥菊、黄芪对感染IBDV雏鸡胸腺、小肠中CD4+、CD8+T淋巴细胞动态分布的影响

将14日龄雏鸡随机分为3组,A组灌服1 mL的紫锥萄、黄芪合荆,B、C组灌服生理盐水,连续灌服7 d.21日龄时A、B组雏鸡接种传染性法氏囊病病毒(IBDV),用免疫组化法观察雏鸡胸腺、小肠中CD4+、CD8+T淋巴细胞动态分布的变化.结果表明,用药组和攻毒对照组相比较,CD4+T淋巴细胞差异显著(P<0.05),但是CD8+T淋巴细胞差异不显著(P>0.05),与空白对照组相比CD4+淋巴细胞显著增多.胸腺、小肠中24日龄时CD4+、CD8+T细胞数量较其他日龄差异显著(P<0.05).总试验期胸腺中CD4+、CD8+含量是所测总数的60%.表明紫锥菊、黄芪对机体免疫有显著增强作用,以胸腺中CD4+、CD8+含量多于小肠,能显著降低IBDV对机体造成的损伤.     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.