乡村振兴背景下黑龙江省电商扶贫策略研究

电商扶贫是促进贫困地区发展并最终摆脱贫困的一种创新型扶贫手段。黑龙江省作为中国最北的农业大省,一方面存在一定程度的农村贫困问题,另一方面又具有生态环境良好、绿色农产品资源丰富的优势,因此十分适合运用电商手段助力精准扶贫和精准脱贫。以黑龙江省为研究对象,通过全面梳理和系统性分析黑龙江省农村电商扶贫现状,发现电商扶贫中存在农民从业人员“等靠要”思想严重、电商产业缺乏领军人物、农产品标准化程度低和基础设施相对不足等问题,并有针对性的提出提高贫困户电商脱贫意识、培养农村电商领军人才、建立本土农产品电商知名品牌和完善基础设施等对策建议,为黑龙江省进一步发展农村电商扶贫提供新的思路与方向。     

Back to Nukunuku: Employment,identity and return migration in Tonga

Abstract: Return migration has escaped significant analysis in the Pacific island region. Both migration from and return migration to the Tongan village of Nukunuku are for multiple reasons, with migration centred on employment and education, and return centred on the social context of home and duty. Return is limited, with intentions not being matched with practice, and the village and national population not growing. However, return migrants acquire skills, capital and experience overseas, which can be transferred into a Tongan cultural context, although identities have changed during migration. Return migrants typically take up employment or acquire businesses on return, gain some social status from the outcome, and are neither failures nor retirees. Nonetheless, return engenders expectations and tensions exist between returnees and more established residents, although ultimately, return migrants contribute to household, local and national development, as part of an unfinished process.     

Remoteness and rural development: economic impacts of rural roads on upland farmers in Sarawak,Malaysia

>Although Sarawak has a rapidly growing economy, the benefits of growth have been focused largely in the urban centres. However, the majority of the population lives in rural areas, where poverty, although on the decline, prevails. Attention is given to the role of rural roads in countering remoteness and, hence, promoting more equitable development. To assess the impact of rural roads, two roads were used for comparison. One provided Iban communities with access to Betong, a small district town. The other provided Bidayuh communities with access to Kuching, the capital city. This paper focuses on three economic impacts of roads – agricultural production, employment, and household income. Findings show that the impact of roads varied within an area (a function of remoteness) and between areas (also a function of remoteness). Impacts were considerably greater when roads provided communities with access to a major urban centre compared with a small town. The implications of these findings are discussed in relation to the government's strategy of rural development.     

Spatiality,belonging and citizenship in the age of migration in contemporary China

While internal migration in contemporary China ascribes a great change to urban China's demographic composition, social structures and economic development trajectories, it is yet to restructure the formal definitions of urban identity and belonging, which are still dominated by the household registration system (hukou). The paper suggests that as a result of changes in the political, economic, demographic and social contexts within which China's internal migration develops, there emerge a crucial need to re‐examine the crude forms of determining identity and belonging, questioning the addressing of spatiality within the existing mechanisms (such as hukou system or the shiminhua discourse). To do so, the paper argues that the existing de‐territorialisation of the migration experience has to be replaced with a more nuanced understanding of how spatial practices and conceptualisations shape migrants’ experiences, as it is becoming imperative to develop a new framework that is more sensitive to migrants’ lived process of identification and belonging, especially as these traverse multiple geographies and spatial scales. This close engagement with migrants’ spatiality can then be used as a base from which to engage with a more complex view of migrants’ spatial and social relatedness, as well as the development of their urban belonging and identity.     

Human capital agglomeration,institutional barriers,and internal migration in China

This paper investigates how human capital agglomeration interplays with institutional factors to affect migration destination choice in China. Over the last decades, China has experienced massive internal migration, substantial human capital investment, and the relaxation of its hukou system, thus providing us with a valuable opportunity to examine the role of human capital externality in migration choice. Based on rich data on province-to-province migration flows for different education and hukou groups, we find that migrants in China, especially highly educated and urban-to-urban migrants, have a strong preference to move to provinces with a high agglomeration of human capital. Further examination reveals that low-skilled migrants in China are less likely to benefit from human capital agglomeration because of their lower ability to overcome hukou restrictions. Our findings raise the concern that labor migration under the skill-biased hukou system would enlarge China's regional disparities in human capital and economic development.     

云南农业信息化服务三农新模式

为解决农业信息传播“进村入户,最后一公里”的问题,推动农业、农村信息化服务“三农”,云南省农业科学院与新华社云南分社和中国移动云南分公司紧密合作,共同搭建了“云南农村信息化扶贫暨农信通专家咨询服务平台”。本研究主要介绍了平台的建设现状、服务内容、功能模块、实施方案和取得的成果,提出在农村信息化体系建设过程中要选择低成本的信息化模式,走低成本和本土化的农村信息化道路;建立健全农信通专家服务长效运行机制,增强可持续发展能力;完善“农信通”服务功能模式,构建基于移动数字图书馆的云南本土化移动信息服务集成;加强服务体系建设,形成完备的农业科技服务支持体系,以产业化方式推进农业信息化发展。     

广西国家级贫困县贫困类型划分与扶贫对策研究

贫困长期以来备受世界各国政府关注,广西是我国西南地区贫困人口分布较为密集的地区之一,贫困问题呈现多样化特点,为进一步探讨广西贫困乡村类型,推进广西精准扶贫工作。本文以广西区国家级贫困县为研究对象,从人口、经济、资源、社会四个方面选取影响贫困的28个指标,利用SPSS进行主成分分析,得出制约广西贫困的主成分,并在此基础上将影响贫困的主成分作为变量,对广西的贫困县进行聚类分析。结果表明：1)制约广西贫困的主要的因子为：“人口”因子、“经济收入”因子、“交通基础设施”因子,“工业化程度”因子、“农业机械化水平”因子、“通讯”因子、“教育”因子;2)广西贫困县的地域类型可划分为三类：农业生产力-工业化水平较低型贫困县,交通通讯基建落后型贫困县,文化教育落后型贫困县三大类,并针对各类型贫困县提出相应的减贫脱贫对策建议。     

Return migration to Eastern Kentucky and the stem family concept

This research provides a conceptual framework--based on the stem family concept--with which to explore the cyclical nature of return migration to Eastern Kentucky. The work of Brown, Schwarzweller, and Mangalam shows how the stem family facilitates the outward movement of migrants during times of economic opportunity outside Appalachia, while providing a potential haven when sociocultural pulls within Appalachia exceed the economic tugs outside the region. Responses from 119 households in Laurel, Pike, and Powell counties are used to test hypotheses associated with the general model. The survey results support the continued existence of extreme stem family forces within Eastern Kentucky. Most immigrants are return migrants; return migration motives continue to be more related to sociocultural factors than they are job-related decisions. Most returnees are well below retirement age, and even the younger and more educated among these have a strong preference for remaining in Eastern Kentucky, although their historical tendency had been to move away when economic pulls are strong enough. The work of Brown, Schwarzweller, and Mangalam shows how the stem family facilitates the outward movement of migrants during times of economic opportunity outside Appalachia, while providing a potential haven when sociocultural pulls within Appalachia exceed the economic tugs outside the region. Overall, there is a need to better understand the role of awareness space in the destination selection of cyclical migrants.     

基于数字图书馆的农业移动信息服务集成模式研究

本研究主要介绍了移动数字图书馆的概念、特点及服务三农的新模式,提出建设云南农业数字图书馆,全面进行数字资源建设整合;完善“三农通专家咨询服务平台”服务功能模式,深入科普基地全面进行需求分析;研究移动信息服务集成的相关理论,构建完善的理论体系;构建适合云南本地特色的移动信息服务新模式四方面研究云南农业信息移动服务集成模式,同时对移动农业信息服务面临的问题进行了讨论。     

宁夏引黄灌区农村信息化对农业总产值的影响研究

本文根据宁夏灌区实际建立了宁夏农村信息化指数,并从农村信息化的研究视角出发,通过农业总投资、农村信息化、农业从业人数与农业总产值之间的关系研究：农村信息化指数对农业经济的增长呈现正相关,说明在宁夏灌区农村信息化建设,逐渐显现出促进作用;而农村信息化指数跟农业从业人员、农业投资数量成负增长,恰恰说明了农村信息化正推进农业经济由粗放型转向集约式的发展模式转变。主成分回归农业从业人数每增加1万人,农业总产值增加0.4102万元;信息化指数每增加1％,农业总产值增加13.3399万元;农业投资每增加1万元,Desertification Control Institute, Ningxia Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Yinchuan 750002)农业总产值就增加0.4123万元。     

巴中革命老区贫困县旅游资源开发扶贫研究

巴中市南江县是一个国家级贫困县,发展旅游经济对带动贫困农户致富具有重要意义。分析南江县农村贫困特点和旅游扶贫开发的现状与基础条件,提出旅游扶贫开发对策。结果表明：南江县域贫困人口多,恩格尔系数大,区域连片贫困,多数年份的农业纯收益为负,依托于光雾山风景区进行旅游扶贫开发有效果但不显著。主要结论：南江县扶贫出路在“三农”之外;进一步实施旅游扶贫开发的优势条件已经形成,但尚需克服投入、人才、体制、营销和文化挖掘等5个瓶颈,构建旅游整合特色农产品开发机制、当地老百姓参与旅游开发机制势在必行。     

Do rural migrants benefit from labor market agglomeration economies? Evidence from Chinese cities

We combine the 2005 China Inter-Census Population Survey data and the 2004 China Manufacturing Census to test whether workers, particularly rural migrants, benefit from labor market Marshallian externalities. We find that workers in general, and rural migrants in particular, benefit from labor market pooling effects (measured by total employment in a city-industry cell) and human capital externalities (measured by share of workers with a college degree or above in a city-industry cell). These findings are robust to various sorting bias tests. However, rural migrants benefit much less than do local or urban workers, possibly because rural migrants lack social networks and are discriminated doubly in terms of being both “rural” and “migrants.” Our findings have policy implications on how Chinese cities can become skilled during the rapid urbanization process coupled with global competition.     

Internal Migration in Mexico: Consolidation of Urban–Urban Mobility, 2000–2015

Internal migration has been recognized as the major influence in terms of population redistribution across urban systems, but it is not a homogeneous phenomenon. Within the context of internal rural‐urban migration decline and the negative changes in migratory balances in the metropolitan area of Mexico City, the core of enquiry in this paper is the approach to growth and consolidation of an internal urban–urban migration system in the early twenty‐first century (2000–2015). This process has taken place through two main networks, among metropolitan areas not corresponding to the principal city and among intermediate cities. Internal migration is a complex process that involves both individual and spatial characteristics and which leads to spatially uneven development in the long term. Data from three censuses of the population of Mexico (2000, 2010, and 2015) show a transition to a more urban–urban migration pattern, with skilled migrants tending to have metropolitan and urban destinations, whereas less‐skilled migrants prefer rural and small urban destinations.     

经济林产业巩固拓展脱贫成效的政策探讨

研究旨在总结经济林产业扶贫的主要成效,发现问题,提出发挥经济林产业巩固拓展脱贫攻坚成效重要作用的政策建议。通过数据收集分析和对山西、四川和云南3省6县的实地调研发现,经济林产业扶贫成效显著,成为农民收入的主要来源,促进了农民就业和美丽乡村建设。然而,脱贫地区的经济林产业还存在规划落实不到位、栽培品种混杂、管理措施粗放、加工存储产业滞后和科技支撑力度不够等突出问题。针对以上问题,从加强对经济林产业的宏观指导、强化科技支撑和技术推广、积极拓展林业产业政策、提升产业发展的组织化品牌化水平和积极培育流通体系等方面提出建议,为更好发展林业特色产业、巩固拓展脱贫攻坚成效、全面推进乡村振兴提供政策参考。     

Polish Labour Migration to the UK: Data Discrepancies,Migrant Distributions,and Indicators of Entrepreneurial Activity

This paper contributes to a growing body of work on labour market migration to the UK from the new Member States (NMS) of the European Union, particularly the migration of Polish nationals to the UK, drawing attention to the weaknesses of existing data sets which attempt to quantify these migration flows and in particular to map the geographical distribution of migrants. The analysis of Worker Registration Scheme (WRS) and National Insurance Number (NINo) allocation data demonstrates that NMS migration has focused on urban and rural locales rather than having a predominantly rural or “peripheral” area bias. The paper also argues that the discrepancies between WRS and NINo data potentially reveal a “hidden” geography of self‐employment and entrepreneurial activity among NMS migrants which merits further investigation.     

Practices of place‐making: Globalisation and locality in the Philippines

Abstract: Global flows of people and information in the Asia–Pacific region are creating new forms of place that stretch across national boundaries and rural–urban distinctions. These new mobile forms of place link long‐inhabited rural areas to cities, national centres, and to rural frontiers within the nation. Here, we describe new forms of place that are being produced by contemporary migration and economic change, using data from the Philippines and applying Appadurai's theorisation of translocality. Our analysis links these flows of overseas migrants to concomitant processes of economic change, migration and new rural livelihoods. We outline changing practices of place within the Philippines, exploring ways that transnational migration can articulate with apparently ‘local’ development and the flow‐on effects from migration on the spatial patterns of rural livelihoods.     

后旅游扶贫时代的乡村旅游探析

旅游业作为第三产业的领军行业,已逐渐显示出它在国民经济增长中的巨大作用。随着中国工业化、城市化进程的发展,越来越多的人选择到乡村去旅游,这是人们释放心理压力、回归大自然的需求,因此乡村旅游发展异常迅速。乡村旅游可以促进当地经济发展,促使国民收入再分配,调整当地产业结构,提高农民生活水平,基于此,旅游扶贫成为政府和学者们研究的又一方向和课题。纵览大部分学者的研究成果,多是探讨了扶贫的意义、作用和战略等,也提到开发中应注意的一些问题,但是认为学者们多是研究旅游扶贫的前期问题,却忽略了一个问题,这就是：后旅游扶贫时代乡村旅游的发展。当农村居民脱贫致富之后,他们的消费观念将直接影响乡村旅游的发展。     

Spatial differentiation and factors influencing the benefits of industrial poverty alleviation in villages

Industrial poverty alleviation is one of the most important aspects of targeted poverty alleviation. Identifying the mechanism influencing the spatial differentiation of the benefits of industrial poverty alleviation plays an essential role in optimising an industrial layout for poverty alleviation, consolidating poverty alleviation achievements, and revitalising rural industries. This study examined the spatial distribution characteristics and influencing factors of the benefits of industrial poverty alleviation at the village level using the household data collected from Jiangjin District, Chongqing, China. The results show that the benefits of industrial poverty alleviation presented obvious spatial differentiation in the villages with the overall performance being high in the north and low in the south and decreasing from the south of the county to the north and south. Spatially, there was a significant positively correlated agglomeration effect. High-value agglomeration areas were concentrated in the north with the characteristics of ‘one centre and two subcentres’. However, low-value and outlier agglomeration effects were not obvious, presenting sporadic distribution. Seven major factors affect industrial poverty alleviation in Jiangjin District, including average altitude and land transfer rate. The interaction between any two of the seven factors has a more significant impact than that of a single factor.     

欠发达地区农户贫困脆弱性评价及其治理策略：以湘西自治州少数民族贫困地区为例

在对湖南省湘西少数民族地区实地考察和问卷调查的基础上,运用主成分分析法和聚类分析法,分别对湘西3个县6个村的贫困脆弱性进行了实证分析。研究结果表明：影响湘西自治州少数民族地区农户贫困脆弱性的主要因子是相对落后的经济状况、不完善的社会保障以及恶劣的自然环境;不同区域农户面对风险的冲击和抵御能力有较大差别。因此,湘西地区应改变扶贫开发模式,开展发展式和参与式扶贫项目;创新贫困检测模式,建立动态扶贫监测管理新模式;统筹城乡综合发展,实现公共服务资源均等化;推广生态扶贫计划,遏制自然环境恶化;结合区域发展特点,制定针对性扶贫政策,以全面提升农户抵御风险冲击的能力。     

基于因子分析的农业上市公司经营业绩评价研究

农业是奠定基础、保障人民生活的基础产业,是乡村产业蓬勃发展和带动农民脱贫的关键环节。农业上市公司是农业高质量发展的顶梁柱,应在乡村产业由增产导向型向提质导向型的转型升级中发挥“头雁效应”。本研究基于因子分析方法对包含农林牧渔业在内的农业上市公司进行绩效评价,对于农业上市公司运营管理和公司治理水平提升,并更好地被国家和其他机构投资者所了解和掌握,最大限度发挥对其他农业经营主体和小农户的引领带动作用都具有十分重要的意义。研究结果表明,农业上市公司引领农业高质量发展的系统性工程需要政府、企业、农民及相关主体共同参与,从技术、人才、资源、政策等方面综合发力,精准施策。