Spatiality,belonging and citizenship in the age of migration in contemporary China

While internal migration in contemporary China ascribes a great change to urban China's demographic composition, social structures and economic development trajectories, it is yet to restructure the formal definitions of urban identity and belonging, which are still dominated by the household registration system (hukou). The paper suggests that as a result of changes in the political, economic, demographic and social contexts within which China's internal migration develops, there emerge a crucial need to re‐examine the crude forms of determining identity and belonging, questioning the addressing of spatiality within the existing mechanisms (such as hukou system or the shiminhua discourse). To do so, the paper argues that the existing de‐territorialisation of the migration experience has to be replaced with a more nuanced understanding of how spatial practices and conceptualisations shape migrants’ experiences, as it is becoming imperative to develop a new framework that is more sensitive to migrants’ lived process of identification and belonging, especially as these traverse multiple geographies and spatial scales. This close engagement with migrants’ spatiality can then be used as a base from which to engage with a more complex view of migrants’ spatial and social relatedness, as well as the development of their urban belonging and identity.     

Breaking breeding barriers in Lycopersicon. 1. The genus Lycopersicon,its breeding barriers and the importance of breaking these barriers

Summary A brief survey is given of the genus Lycopersicon and of the breeding barriers within this genus. The importance of breaking these barriers is discussed in connection with the lack of knowledge of breeding barriers in general and the meagre exploitation of wild species of Lycopersicon in tomato breeding.     

浅析我国的农资营销渠道

计划经济时代，我国农资产品的市场营销渠道基本上不存在，因为很多农资产品和其他物质一样处于匮乏阶段，完全由指令性计划生产与调拨。主要通过农村合作社系统分配到各乡镇、村组。进入20世纪70年代后期以来，随着我国市场经济体制改革及在农村实行以家庭为单位的承包责任制的推行和深化，以卖方为主的计划经济向以买方为主的市场经济转变，农资产品经营也逐渐转向以市场调控为主，农资产品的营销渠道也开始逐步建立和完善。     

Return migration,rural household investment decision,and poverty alleviation: Evidence from rural Guangdong,China

Return migration has been considered advantageous to the productivity of labor and the economic development of origin regions and countries. However, how and why return migrants make their investment decisions and how such processes contribute to poverty alleviation remains unclear. This study evaluated how migration experience influences rural families' choices for productive investments and the underlying mechanism of village poverty alleviation. The result indicates that, when all are given the same monetary budgets, return migrants are more inclined to invest in single agricultural-related subjects rather than multiple subjects. A concentrated investment implies the investor's intention of expanding the production scale, which can further lead to a more organized, professional agricultural production that can be considered beneficial for community poverty alleviation. Moreover, different approaches of human capital accumulation led to varied capacity growth, among which migration experience effectively enhances the non-cognitive ability of return migrants. Based on these findings, we suggest that more returnee-preferential policies, supporting production and organization services should be established to promote agricultural entrepreneurship among the returning groups in poor rural areas.     

Cities,transport and agglomeration: Addressing the urban mobility challenges in India

Cities are the drivers of economic growth and structural transformation in developing countries. Transport makes or mars a city. It connects people to opportunity and business to prosperity. Urban transport acts as a catalyst of growth through direct, indirect and induced effects, including those linked to agglomeration and networking externalities. Yet policy makers and planners in developing countries like India continue to neglect the economics of urban public transport. Hardly has there been any attempt to study relationships between city externalities, spatial planning, public transport infrastructure, economic growth and value capture financing. This paper delves into these aspects and presents lessons from theory for the strategies of development and financing of urban public transport in India. It is focused on the implications of urban externalities for transit‐oriented development, transport land use integration, strategic densification of growth nodes and public transport financing based on a value creation, capture and recycling paradigm.     

关于开发西部农村人力资源的思考

西部农村人力资源开发具有重要的理论和现实意义。针对目前存在的受教育程度低,就业能力差等问题,充分发挥政府的作用,以职业教育为中心,积极推进农科教结合,建立和完善农村社会保障体系,采取有效的激励措施,提高我国西部农村人力资源的质量,促进西部经济与社会的可持续发展。     

Pollination systems, hybridization barriers and meiotic chromosome behaviour in Nemesia hybrids

The ability of 13 Nemesia species (six annual and seven perennial) to sexually hybridize was investigated. Six of the perennial Nemesia species investigated were inter-fertile with one another. Two of the annual species, N. macroceras and N. strumosa, were inter-fertile. Thirty three crosses were successful and resulted in viable seeds. The analysis of meiotic chromosome behaviour in interspecific hybrids indicated that Nemesia chromosomes in different parental species were homeologous. No evidence of chromosome inversions or chromosome translocations was observed during meiosis in interspecific hybrids between the six perennial Nemesia species. In the hybrids produced between N. macroceras and N. strumosa, a quadrivalent was observed during meiotic metaphase I, indicating that these two species differ by a reciprocal translocation. A successful hybridization was made between N. anisocarpa (annual) and N. foetans (perennial), producing two triploid hybrids. In the unsuccessful crosses, pollen tubes were observed entering ovaries and ovules, suggesting that post-fertilization barriers were preventing sexual hybridization. Many of these crosses produced nonviable, shrunken, empty seeds, suggesting that endosperm breakdown and embryo abortion prevent interspecific hybridization in unsuccessful crosses. The manipulation of ploidy levels in N. fruticans and N. strumosa and tissue culture of N. strumosa × N. fruticans ovules failed to overcome post-fertilization barriers between these species.     

Plant oil emulsion modifies internal atmosphere, delays fruit ripening, and inhibits internal browning in Chinese pears

'Laiyang Chili’ and ‘Ya Li’ (Pyrus bertschneideri Reld) pears were treated with 3, 6, and 9% emulsions of commercial or refined (reduced -tocopherol levels) plant (soybean, corn, peanut, linseed, and cottonseed) oils at harvest an stored at 0°C for 6 months. Effects of oil treatments on ethylene production, respiration, fruit firmness, fruit color, soluble solid content (SSC), titratable acids (TA), internal browning (IB), and internal CO₂, O₂, and ethanol were studied. At the same concentration, oil treatments induced similar responses regardless of their sources or their -tocopherol concentrations. In both cultivars, ethylene production and respiration in fruit treated with 9% oils were lower in early storage and higher in late storage than that in the controls. Oils at 6% reduced IB, at 9% inhibited IB completely, and at 3% was not effective after 6 months at 0°C and 7 days at 20°C. Plant oil treatment maintained fruit color, firmness, SSC, and TA in a concentration-dependent manner during storage. In the first 4 months storage, 9% corn oil-treated fruit contained similar partial pressure of CO₂ and O₂ as the controls. After 5 months storage, oil-treated fruit contained higher partial pressure of CO₂ and lower levels of O₂ than the controls. When held at 20°C for 7 days, changes of internal CO₂ and O₂ were slower but partial pressure of CO₂ were higher, and O₂ were lower, in 9% corn oil-treated fruit than in the controls. Internal ethanol was not affected by oil treatment compared with control, either during storage or 7 days at 20°C. No off-flavor was detected in either oil-treated and control fruit by sensory evaluation.     

Transport and the rural economy: Institutions and institutional change in Ambeso Village,Indonesia

This paper is concerned with the interaction between transport improvements and the rural economy. An institutional approach, based primarily on the new institutionalism theory, was used as the theoretical basis for the analysis. Using the evidence from Ambeso Village of Tana Toraja District, Indonesia, the paper examines the way transport improvements have been introduced and provided opportunities for positive change as well as individual responses to these opportunities. The paper ends by emphasising the role of institutions in the interaction between transport and the rural economy and the need for transport policy and research to transcend its traditional boundaries and address the complexities of institutions and institutional change.     

中国种业人力资源大流动评议

据有关部门资料，2000年时，全国县级以上种子公司有2700多家，委托代销公司约55000多家。《中华人民共和国种子法》(以下简称《种子法》)施行两年后，全国种子产业大分化、大联合的局面初显端倪。据有关资料，全国注册资金3000万元以上种子企业已超过60家，注册资金500万元以上的种子公司近万家，委托代销公司可能在10万家以上。     

西部农村人力资源开发刍议

我国西部农村面临西部大开发的战略机遇,开发农村人力资源刻不容缓。但目前农村人力资源质量不高,流动性差,而中国将面临人口红利的枯竭,这都给我国的城乡统筹及西部开发提出挑战。本文在分析西部人力资源开发必要性的基础上,提出了加大政府支持力度和管理创新,积极推进农村教育培训,建立农村人力资源市场体系等举措,以实现西部农村人力资源的可持续发展。     

Region Study on Sciences of Human Settlements in China

By review of region study in recent development of history science, geography and Sciences of Human Settlements, this paper points out that material collecting without interrelated analyzing as well as focusing on main question and assumption without enough argumentation are main problems in this field now. The method renovation & combination with related subjects are discussed, this paper concludes that strengthen interdisciplinary study with Geography is a key issue in the future development of region study in Sciences of Human Settlements and possible approach to "technical development' and "humanity concern'.     

农民权保护的障碍、原因及对策探析

农民权最早源于1979年联合国粮农组织的一场讨论,之后对农民权保护在国际法和国内法上都有初步进展,但发达国家利用霸权阻碍其保护进程,植物新品种保护与农民权也存在冲突,"种子战争"更是限制了农民留种权.这些问题产生的深层原因在于发达国家经济利益至上:小农经济难以对抗专利高价以及我国立法上的缺失.必须充分研究利用国际条约,专门立法保护农民权并且适时修改<植物新品种保护条例>和<专利法>等来应对农民权保护面临的种种障碍.     

新疆棉花种植业地理集聚特征及影响因素研究

新疆是我国最大的产棉基地,研究新疆棉花种植业地理集聚特征对调整和优化农业结构布局、农民增收、促进棉花生产的可持续发展具有重要意义。本文基于1988—2016年的新疆棉花生产数据,使用区位商、区位基尼系数和空间自相关分析探究新疆棉花种植业发展的时空变化特征,并运用空间面板数据模型定性、定量地分析了各影响因素对新疆棉花种植业地理集聚的影响程度,揭示了新疆棉花种植业发展的主要驱动因素。结果表明,新疆棉花种植面积经历了持续增长(1988—1999年)、缓慢减少(2000—2004年)以及波动增长(2005—2016年) 3个阶段, 2016年已占全国种植面积的3/5,其专业化集聚水平自1992年起均高于全国其他地区,主导地位日益增强;新疆棉花种植业的区域特征明显,南疆棉区的变化主导新疆棉花种植业的变化;新疆棉花种植业的集聚水平自1988年起呈现出波动中下降后缓慢回升的趋势,其高值集聚区由喀什地区转移至阿克苏地区的库车县、新和县等地,高-低集聚、低-高集聚及低低集聚变化不大;推动新疆棉花种植业地理集聚发展的主要因素有生产性土地面积比重、棉花比较收益、机械化水平以及政策因素。     

Breeding barriers between the cultivated strawberry, Fragaria × ananassa, and related wild germplasm

Five-hundred interspecific and intergeneric crosses were performed among accessions of the wild strawberries Fragaria vesca(2x), Duchesnea indica (8x), Potentilla tucumanensis (2x) and 9 genotypes of the cultivated strawberry, Fragaria×ananassa (8x), following an incomplete diallele mating design. Crosses between D. indica and F.×ananassa produced many putative hybrids when D. indica was used as female but a few achenes and plants when used as male; therefore, pollen-pistil compatibility relations were analyzed by fluorescence microscopy in this direction of the cross. Of the genotypic combinations, 78.6% were incompatible at the stigma level and 17.2% at the first third of the style. Only 3.6% were pollen-pistil compatible and produced fruits with achenes (seven did not germinate or originated short-lived plants and nine produced normal plants). F.vesca×F.×ananassa crosses produced 35 hybrid achenes but only 14% germinated, yielding short-lived plants; histological analyses revealed that inviable seeds had less developed (or collapsed) endosperms and smaller embryos than control plump F. vesca seeds. P.tucumanensis was only used as male, with negative results. These species and genera are partially isolated by a complex system of pre- and post-zygotic barriers. Knowledge of their nature would allow the breeder to devise strategies to put the genetic variability available in the group into a useful form. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Social geography of sexually transmitted diseases in China: Exploring the role of migration and urbanisation

Abstract: This paper examines the social geography of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) in China, focusing on the spread of HIV/AIDS, and the extent to which migration and urbanisation might be contributing to both the spread and the increasing prevalence of these diseases. The paper begins with a discussion of the early years of the epidemic (beginning in the mid‐1980s), when the consensus view was that STDs and HIV were geographically marginal phenomena, occurring either on China's periphery, or in isolated parts of its rural interior. This characterisation seemed to be less appropriate in the latter part of the 1990s, when it became clear that temporary and circular migration had the potential to spread the diseases from one part of the country to another. The second part of the paper examines the connection between migration and the prevalence of STDs and HIV, reporting on some of the empirical evidence to support such a hypothesis, and speculating on the theoretical underpinnings of the migration/STD relationship. The third part of the paper considers what might lie in store for China in terms of its HIV epidemic. One distinct possibility is the spread of HIV to China's booming cities, and to explore this possibility in theoretical terms, a number of interrelated aspects of urbanisation that might be associated with higher rates of HIV‐related risky behaviours are considered. It is suggested that these overlapping sets of forces could be related to the emergence of new behaviours and lifestyles that may be putting a growing number of Chinese people at risk in the new millennium.     

Resources,population and migration in the Pacific: Connecting islands and rim

This article examines international migration in the Pacific and argues that there should be still greater opportunities for the people of Pacific countries to migrate between their home states and the developed states of the Pacific Rim. The case for borders that are more permeable to human migration is based in part on the common Pacific predicament of poor resource endowments, rapidly growing populations, depletion and degradation of existing resources, and threats posed by anthropogenic climate change. Coupled with this is a history of colonisation that has left some Pacific peoples with liberal access to economic opportunities in developed states by virtue of their citizenship or preferential visa status, while others have no such opportunities. Both New Zealand and the United States have been reasonably generous in facilitating migration from Polynesia and Micronesia. It is Australia that stands out as the Pacific neighbour with the greatest capacity to develop new migration streams. The seasonal worker scheme announced by the Australian Government in August 2008 takes a cautious but valuable step along this path, yet there is scope for further expanding Pacific access by broadening the geographical, temporal and material scope of existing migration arrangements.     

Crossability relationships among Cajanus,atylosia and Rhynchosia species and detection of crossing barriers

Summary Crossability of two cultivars of Cajanus cajan, eight species of Atylosia and one of Rhynchosia was investigated. Of the 73 combinations attempted, success was achieved in 12 cases. C. cajan crossed successfully with A. albicans, A. cajanifolia, A. lineata, A. scarabaeoides, and A. trinervia. Within the genus Atylosia, A. lineata crossed with A. albicans and A. scarabaeoides, and A. scarabaeoides with A. sericea. Three species A. platycarpa, A. volubilis and R. rothii did not cross with any other one. In most of the unsuccessful combinations, although the pollen germinated on the receiving stigmas, the pollen tube growth was inhibited inside the stigma or in the stylar tissue.     

Back to Nukunuku: Employment,identity and return migration in Tonga

Abstract: Return migration has escaped significant analysis in the Pacific island region. Both migration from and return migration to the Tongan village of Nukunuku are for multiple reasons, with migration centred on employment and education, and return centred on the social context of home and duty. Return is limited, with intentions not being matched with practice, and the village and national population not growing. However, return migrants acquire skills, capital and experience overseas, which can be transferred into a Tongan cultural context, although identities have changed during migration. Return migrants typically take up employment or acquire businesses on return, gain some social status from the outcome, and are neither failures nor retirees. Nonetheless, return engenders expectations and tensions exist between returnees and more established residents, although ultimately, return migrants contribute to household, local and national development, as part of an unfinished process.     

Overcoming unilateral breeding barriers between Lycopersicon peruvianum and cultivated tomato,Lycopersicon esculentum

Summary Treatment of Lycopersicon peruvianum stigmas with an artificial medium analogous to stigmatic exudate allowed pollen germination and growth on immature pistils. Growth of Lycopersicon esculentum pollen tubes to L. peruvianum ovules, an otherwise incompatible cross, was achieved following such treated bud-pollinations. No plantlets were recovered, although a few embryos from this cross at the globularity heart stage of development were excised at 22 days after pollination, indicating the presence of crossing failures as severe as in the reciprocal cross. Hybrid plants were obtained from the reciprocal cross, using as pollen parent an L. peruvianum line selected for congruity with L. esculentum. Bud pollinations to L. peruvianum, using these interspecific F₁ hybrids as the pollen parent, allowed viable embryo development and plantlet recovery. Resulting backcross plants, which possess approximately 1/4 L. esculentum genome in a L. peruvianum cytoplasm, may facilitate further introgression of the L. esculentum nuclear genes into in foreign cytoplasm.