不同处理方法对百脉根种子发芽的影响

通过试验探讨了不同温度、pH和湿度处理对百脉根种子萌发的影响。结果表明:不同温度、pH和湿度处理对百脉根种子的萌发均有显著影响。百脉根种子在24 ℃左右时发芽率和发芽指数最高,分别为64%和24.0;pH为6时其发芽率和发芽指数最高,分别为64%和24.7;当湿度为40%时,百脉根种子发芽率和发芽指数最高,分别为72% 和25.0。     

外源谷胱甘肽对嫁接黄瓜砧穗种子萌发过程中自毒胁迫的缓解效应

为探讨外源谷胱甘肽(GSH)对自毒作用的缓解效果和生理作用机制,以连作嫁接黄瓜根际土壤浸提液模拟自毒胁迫,在100g·L~(-1)浓度土壤浸提液中分别添加0、25、50、100、200 mg·L~(-1)GSH,进行黄瓜、南瓜种子萌发试验,分别测定发芽率、主根长度、根系表面积、根尖数、α-淀粉酶活性、淀粉酶总活性和脯氨酸含量等指标。结果表明,土壤浸提液处理后,黄瓜和南瓜种子的发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数、主根长度、根尖数、根系表面积、α-淀粉酶活性、淀粉酶总活性得到显著抑制,脯氨酸含量升高。在自毒作用下,外施不同浓度GSH,可不同程度地提高种子发芽率、发芽指数、活力指数、主根长度、根系表面积、α-淀粉酶活性、淀粉酶总活性,降低脯氨酸含量。土壤浸提液能对黄瓜、南瓜种子产生自毒作用,添加外源GSH能诱导黄瓜和南瓜种子内淀粉酶活性增强,有效缓解自毒作用对黄瓜、南瓜种子萌发和幼苗生长的抑制作用,并且以100 mg·L~(-1)GSH缓解效果最显著。本研究结果为制定缓解嫁接黄瓜连作障碍措施提供了理论依据。     

大花紫薇种子发芽特性研究

利用赤霉素(GA)、ABT6号生根粉和自来水(对照)对大花紫薇种子进行12h浸种，再将处理后的种子分别置于室温和25、30、35℃恒温箱内进行发芽试验。结果表明，大花紫薇种子发芽速度随温度升高而加快，发芽率随温度上升而提高，30℃是大花紫薇种子发芽的最佳温度；赤霉素对提高种子发芽率有显著的促进作用。     

温度对樟子松和沙地云杉种子萌发特征的影响

通过对不同温度条件下樟子松和沙地云杉种子的发芽特征研究,分析了温度对发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、平均发芽天数、胚根长、胚芽长、胚根/胚芽比和活力指数的影响。结果表明,温度对发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、平均发芽天数、胚根长、胚芽长、胚根/胚芽比和活力指数的影响均达到极显著水平。10~25℃温度范围内樟子松和沙地云杉均有较高的发芽率,20~25℃为樟子松和沙地云杉发芽的最适温度;温度超过30℃时发芽种子有腐烂现象,所以温度高于30℃不适合樟子松和沙地云杉种子发芽。在适宜温度下,沙地云杉发芽率大于樟子松,且发芽整齐,但樟子松生长快于沙地云杉,耐高温也优于沙地云杉。     

外源物质浸种对黄瓜陈种子萌发效应的影响

为提高老化种子的生活力和利用率，有效利用黄瓜种子，给黄瓜陈种子在生产中的应用提供数据支撑。以贮存11 a的黄瓜品种甘丰11号种子为材料，采用培养皿发芽法，研究不同外源物质CaCl2、KH2PO4、KNO3、SA、ZnSO4浸种对黄瓜陈种子萌发的影响。结果表明，5种不同浓度的药剂均能不同程度提高黄瓜种子的发芽率，以0.175 mg/L的CaCl2溶液浸种对黄瓜陈种子萌发的促进作用最显著，其发芽率为(91.67±1.66)%、发芽势为(87.90±1.40)%、发芽指数为53.63±2.15，较对照只加入清水处理分别提高31.58%、56.96%、69.37%，各处理间差异达到显著水平(P ＜ 0.05)。生产中可以选用0.175 mg/L的CaCl2溶液浸泡处理黄瓜陈种子。     

低能离子注入种子过程中的温度效应

本文用玉米干种子作为实验材料,设打印纸覆盖、铝箔覆盖和不覆盖3个处理,研究了在低能离子注入种子的过程中,温度对种子发芽率的影响。研究结果表明3个处理中不能传递热量的打印纸覆盖的种子发芽率最高,不覆盖的种子的发芽率其次,而可以传递热量的铝箔覆盖的种子发芽率最低。温度能够显著影响注入后种子的发芽,靶室内的高温总体上降低了种子的生活力。文中对离子注入时的温度效应做了校正,并给出了校正后的种子发芽曲线。     

水稻穗发芽的温度效应及抗性种质筛选

穗发芽是杂交水稻生产、制种中的一种常见现象,严重影响稻米品质和种子质量,而温度是影响水稻穗发芽的主要环境因子。为明确水稻穗发芽的温度效应,试验对不抗穗发芽材料Ⅱ-32B进行温度处理,检测其穗上发芽率,结果显示:在24～34℃温度范围内,Ⅱ-32B的穗上发芽率介于21.3%～58.2%;高于28℃,穗上发芽率明显提高;高于32℃后,穗上发芽率又有所降低;低于28℃,穗上发芽率明显偏低;表明水稻穗发芽受温度影响较大。对重庆地区42份保持系亲本种质材料进行穗发芽抗性筛选,所有亲本材料的穗上发芽率最低为8.8%,最高为66.8%;筛选出抗穗发芽的2级材料3份,分别为166B、127B、139B。     

NaCl胁迫对黑籽南瓜和西葫芦种子萌发影响的对比研究

用不同浓度的NaCl胁迫处理黑籽南瓜和西葫芦种子,观察其发芽情况，计算发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数和活力指数，进行对比分析。结果表明,黑籽南瓜种子萌发对盐水生境的适应性比西葫芦强，黑籽南瓜种子萌发的NaCl胁迫浓度适宜值为50.66 mmol/L，而西葫芦为43.98 mmol/L 。     

猪粪及其堆肥不同水浸提比对种子发芽特性指标的影响

以猪粪及其堆肥为供试样品,在水浸提比（W/V）1：10、1：20、1：30、1：40、1：50、1：60的条件下,采用浸提液室内培养法,研究不同水浸提比对黄瓜、樱桃萝卜及大白菜种子发芽特性指标（相对发芽率、相对根长、发芽指数）的影响。结果表明,黄瓜种子的相对发芽率在不同水浸提比下均大于80%;其他种子发芽特性指标随水含量的增多,均经历了明显的增大趋势。同一种子,相对根长受水浸提比的影响比相对发芽率显著,发芽指数与相对根长随水浸提比的变化规律一致。新鲜猪粪经堆肥处理对种子的植物毒性减轻,大白菜种子对猪粪及其堆肥的植物毒性较黄瓜种子与樱桃萝卜种子敏感。     

浸种和光照处理对中间鹅观草种子萌发的影响

探索了不同温度的浸种处理及光照条件下对中间鹅现草种子萌发的影响.实验表明:在4℃低温条件下浸种48h,中间鹅观草种子发芽率最高,同温度下浸种24h,种子发芽指数最高.25℃恒温条件下,当光照处理为12h光照/12h黑暗时种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数均最高.     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.