施钾对青引1号燕麦草产量及根系的影响

在缺钾地区，开展了不同施钾对青引1号燕麦（Avena sativa cv. Qingyin No.1）干物质产量和根系的影响，找出最佳施钾量，为青海省燕麦种子生产提供依据。结果表明，在施N 54.75 kg/hm2和施P2O5 51.75 kg/hm2的基础上，施K2O 40 kg/hm2，青引1号燕麦开花期收获时可获得最高的干物质产量和蛋白产量，分别为29575.0和2099.8 kg/hm2，二者均符合Y=a+bK+cK2函数变化。施K2O 40 kg/hm2，青引1号燕麦株高、总分蘖数、根长和根数最大，分别为184.5 cm、3.22个/株、15.90 cm和26.17 条/株； 施K2O 20 kg/hm2时，植株茎粗和根量达最大，分别为0.585 cm和0.540 g/株。各产量性状、地下生物量以及饲草和蛋白产量间均存在显著或极显著正相关关系。     

水肥耦合对甜高粱新品种中科甜2号生物学特性和产量的影响

在银川市西夏区平吉堡镇研究了滴溉条件下水肥耦合效应对甜高粱新品种中科甜2号生物学特征和产量的影响,结果表明:灌溉量、N和P2O5三者对中科甜2号的生产力形成存在显著的协同作用,最佳水肥配比为:灌溉量3 000 m3/hm2,施肥量N 300 kg/hm2、P2O5 150 kg/hm2。该水肥配比下中科甜2号各生物学指标及折合产量最高,干物质产量可达37 653.4 kg/hm2。Canoco排序分析结果表明,灌溉量、N和P2O5对甜高粱产量形成的累计解释量高达88.5%,灌溉量是影响生产力形成的主导因子,N次之,而P2O5的作用相对较弱,说明合理调控灌溉量和N用量是提高甜高粱生产力的关键。     

陇东旱塬区马铃薯新品种引种比较试验初报

为了筛选出适宜陇东旱塬区种植的马铃薯品种,在黑膜垄作栽培条件下对5个马铃薯新品种进行了比较试验.试验结果表明,参试各马铃薯品种折合产量以冀张薯12号最高,为47250 kg/hm2,较对照品种陇薯7号增产26.00％;陇薯9号次之,折合产量为39040 kg/hm2,较对照品种陇薯7号增产4.11％.陇薯9号、冀张薯1...     

抗旱丰产冬小麦新品种陇麦079选育报告

陇麦079是平凉市农业科学院作物研究所选用鲁麦1号做母本,以自育中间材料TW98-829-1为父本进行杂交,应用系谱法水旱穿梭选育而成的冬小麦新品种。在2011 — 2013年甘肃省陇东片冬小麦区域试验中,平均产量4 930.50 kg/hm2,比对照品种西峰27号增产9.23%;在2013 — 2015年甘肃省陇东片冬小麦生产试验中,平均产量4 990.42 kg/hm2,比对照品种陇育4号增产8.68％。株高95.8 cm,平均穗长6.5 cm,平均小穗数16.0个,平均穗粒数37.2粒,千粒重40.8 g,容重785.0 g/L。籽粒粗蛋白含量121.7 g/kg(干基),赖氨酸含量4.07 g/kg(干基),湿面筋含量202.4 g/kg(14%水分基),沉淀值27.1 mL(14%水分基)。抗冻抗旱、抗逆性强、节水广适、抗倒耐瘠,成穗率高,株型紧凑,穗层整齐,丰产稳产性好。适宜在陇东广大山塬旱地、丘陵、阴湿山地,以及陕西长武和陇县,宁夏固原等生态类似地区种植。     

饲草高粱新品种陇草2号选育报告

陇草2号是由甘肃省农业科学院作物研究所以不育系B2A为母本、苏丹草恢复系F11为父本杂交选育的低氢氰酸饲草高粱新品种。2016 — 2017年参加甘肃省饲用高粱区域试验,2 a 10点(次)折合平均鲜草产量95 059.65 kg/hm2,较对照品种增产6.7%,2017年参加生产试验,鲜草平均产量94 359.60 kg/hm2,较对照增产5.8%。生育期132 d,株高317.1 cm,茎粗1.3 cm,平均分蘖数1.86个。抽穗期茎叶干物质含量184.0 g/kg,含粗蛋白110 g/kg、粗灰分116 g/kg、木质素52.6 g/kg、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)610 g/kg、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)347 g/kg。茎中氢氰酸含量1.23 mg/kg,叶中氢氰酸含量2.34 mg/kg。高抗丝黑穗病。     

不同玉米品种的产量和营养价值评价

为了筛选出适宜当地种植的粮饲通用型玉米品种，推进临洮县玉米生产向粮改饲方向调整。以先玉335为对照，对12个玉米品种的生物产量、籽粒产量和营养品质进行比较。结果表明，陇单703、5291生物产量和籽粒产量均较高，干物质产量分别为20.04、17.70 t/hm2，鲜草产量分别为60.16、59.64 t/hm2，籽粒产量分别为16.08、17.74 t/hm2；青贮营养品质也较优，粗蛋白含量分别为99.4、85.9 g/kg，中性洗涤纤维含量分别为408.3、430.5 g/kg，酸性洗涤纤维含量分别为238.8、247.0 g/kg，淀粉含量分别为353.0、359.1 g/kg，均达到国际一级品种要求。以上2个品种可作为粮饲通用型玉米品种在临洮县推广种植。     

推荐施肥量下控释肥替代普通尿素提高高粱产量和氮肥生产力

【目的】高粱生产中氮肥施用不合理,氮肥利用效率低,研究适宜重庆地区高粱种植的控释氮肥减施比例,在减少氮肥用量的同时,确保高粱稳产高产,提高肥料利用效率。【方法】田间定位试验于2021、2022年在重庆永川进行,供试高粱品种为晋渝糯3号和金糯粱1号。设置6个处理,分别为不施氮肥(CK);习惯尿素施肥量(U,N 180 kg/hm2);尿素推荐施用量(U1,减N 20%,N 144 kg/hm2);控释氮肥减施氮量20%(C1,N144 kg/hm2);控释氮肥减施氮量30%(C2,N 126 kg/hm2);控释氮肥减施氮量40%(C3,N 108 kg/hm2)。在高粱开花期和成熟期,调查干物质积累量和转运量,成熟期调查植株和籽粒氮素含量、生物量、产量及产量构成因素。【结果】开花期和成熟期高粱干物质积累量均以C1和U1处理最高,C1处理成熟期干物质积累量又显著高于U1。C1处理叶片花前干物质转运量显著高于U。花后干物质积累量C1处理显著高于其他处理,U1和C2处理显著高于U处理。C1处理晋渝糯3号和金糯粱1号花后干物质积累量对籽粒的贡献率较U分别显著提高了11.54%和12.41%。C...     

饲草高粱新品种晋生粱1号选育报告

为了培育适合当地自然条件的优质、高产、抗逆性强的饲用作物新品种，山西农业大学高粱研究所以不育系A3SX-1A为母本、晋光1R为父本配制杂交组合，经过多年的南繁北育，选育出生物质饲草高粱新品种晋生粱1号。2017 — 2018年参加全国高粱品种区域试验，2 a平均折合产量94 464.3 kg/hm2，比对照品种海牛增产17.2%。生育期143 d，株高400 cm左右，茎粗1.84 cm。该品种可以无限生长，晚熟，生长速度快，抗逆性强。适宜在山西晋中、甘肃张掖、辽宁锦州、辽宁朝阳、内蒙古赤峰地区种植。     

不同藜麦品种(系)在寒旱山区的种植表现

为探明不同藜麦品种在寒旱山区的适应性与丰产性,筛选出适宜种植的优良藜麦品种。以陇藜1号、陇藜4号为对照,对引进的8个藜麦品种(系)在天祝县松山镇进行种植试验。结果表明,8个藜麦品种(系)均能成熟,折合产量为1 529.02~3 391.76 kg/hm2,其中LYLM-5折合产量最高,为3 391.76 kg/hm2,较对照品种陇黎1号、陇黎4号分别增产13.79%、20.98%;青藜4号、蒙藜4号折合产量较高,分别为3 313.53、3 255.10 kg/hm2,较对照品种陇黎1号分别增产11.16%、9.20%,较对照品种陇黎4号分别增产18.19%、16.11%;黑藜1号、GSQ-9的农艺性状及产量表现最差。综合评价认为,LYLM-5、蒙藜4号适宜在天祝县松山镇范围内推广种植。     

9个马铃薯新品种(系)在安定区的引种表现初报

以当地品种新大坪为对照,对引进的9个马铃薯品种(系)的农艺性状和产量进行了观察分析。结果表明,各参试品种(系)在安定区及同类地区均能成熟。其中陇薯10号、dx8、青薯9号、陇薯7号、冀张薯8号、dx9较对照品种新大坪增产幅度较大。以陇薯10号产量最高,折合产量为31 481 kg/hm2,较对照增产121.5%。其次是dx8,为25 509 kg/hm2,较对照增产79.5%。陇薯9号居第3,为23 380 kg/hm2,较对照增产64.5%。陇薯7号居第4,产量为21 759 kg/hm2,较对照增产53.1%。冀张薯8号居第5,为20 000 kg/hm2,较对照增产40.7%。dx9居第6,为19 954 kg/hm2,较对照增产40.4%。以上6个品种(系)生育期适中、田间生长势强、平均单株结薯数5.2～6.1粒、芽眼浅或极浅、大薯率较高。综合分析,陇薯10号、青薯9号及冀张薯8号建议在安定区扩大种植。     

Ensiling properties of sweet sorghum

Abstract

Sweet sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] cultivars have been bred for high sugar content; with accompanying adequate forage yield, the crop may offer potential for ensiling. “Wray”; sweet sorghum, a good sugar producer, was grown under field conditions to determine nutritional quality and subsequent animal performance of silage from the yield. In one experiment, “Wray”; was compared to “FS‐5”;, medium‐tall forage sorghum, at four reproductive stages of growth, in regard to agronomic characteristics and chemical composition. In another study, the “Wray”; sweet sorghum was harvested in early and late reproductive stages and stored in experimental silos. Ensiling losses were measured; in addition, the silages were offered to sheep to determine in vivo digestibility (IVODMD) and intake. In the first experiment, dry matter yields of both sweet and forage sorghum increased during the reproductive period, from 6.2 to 11.9 and 7.7 to 13.9 Mg/ha, respectively; at maturity, grain yields were 651 and 3,526 kg/ha, respectively. Total available carbohydrates tended to be higher in the forage type (23.4%) than in the sweet sorghum (19.9%). Average in vitro dry matter disappearance (IVDMD) was similar for both sorghums at 60.2%, but sweet sorghum IVDMD tended to be higher than forage sorghum at the hard‐dough stage (61.4 versus 55.1%) . In the second experiment, intake was greater when lambs were offered hard‐dough stage silage (1,240 g/lamb/day) versus bloom‐stage silage (878 g/lamb/day), even though IVODMD was similar (average 60.6%) at both harvest stages. The silages appeared to be properly ensiled, as silage pH was less than 4.0; however, effluent and dry matter losses were greater with bloom‐stage silage. These differences probably were due to the slight dry matter differential between the two <22.3 and 26.6%, respectively). To maximize yield, sweet sorghum should be ensiled at the hard‐dough stage. Resulting silage may be higher in digestible dry matter than that of medium‐tall forage sorghums, which produce grain.     

水氮梯度对饲用甜高粱生长和水分利用效率的影响

【目的】探究不同灌溉量和施氮水平对饲用甜高粱生长特性、单株耗水规律以及水分利用效率的影响,为确定饲用甜高粱适宜种植密度、优化水氮管理措施以及提高栽培生产潜力提供理论支撑。【方法】在温室条件下进行二因素三水平随机区组试验,供试饲用甜高粱品种为‘大力士’。设置了3个灌溉量,分别为达到田间持水量的30%～50%(I1)、50%～70%(I2)、70%～90%(I3);设置了3个施氮水平,分别为0 kg/hm² (N0)、200kg/hm² (N1)、400 kg/hm² (N2)。在饲用甜高粱拔节期取样,测定甜高粱株高、茎粗、鲜重与干重。同时,采用自动称重式蒸渗仪测定单株耗水动态,计算了干物质水分利用效率。【结果】1)增加灌溉量显著增加了饲用甜高粱株高和茎粗,与I1相比,I2、I3灌溉量下甜高粱株高分别提高了20.0%和34.5%,茎粗分别增加了18.0%和36.6%。施氮对株高和茎粗无显著影响。2)增加灌溉量显著提高甜高粱植株茎、叶及地上部鲜重和干重,施氮水平仅显著影响叶的鲜重和茎的干重。与I1相比,I2、I3灌溉量下地上部...     

Ryegrass forage yield and quality response to sulfur and nitrogen fertilizer on coastal plain soil

Abstract

Sulfur (S) deficiency has been reported in some upland soils of the southern United States and S application has improved forage quality on the low‐S soils. A field experiment was conducted for three years to determine ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.) dry matter yield and forage quality response to S fertilization. Prilled elemental S was applied each year at two rates (0 and 45 kg S/ha) in combinations with three rates of nitrogen (N) (168, 224, and 280 kg/ha). Wet depositions of S in rain were monitored over the seasons. Sulfur fertilization generally did not increase seasonal dry matter yield and plant uptake of S. Nitrogen application generally increased dry matter yield and protein content during the season. Averaged over the three‐year period, however, forage yield and S uptake increased from 7.7 to 10.5 Mg/ha and 13.9 to 18.8 kg/ha, respectively, as N fertilization increased from the lowest to highest treatment rates. Forage dry matter for each harvest ranged from 0.6 to 2.2 Mg/ha, while S, protein, in vitro dry matter digestibility (TVDMD), and N/S ratio tended to decline seasonally from 2.5 to 1.8, 266 to 142, and 795 to 716 g/kg, and 17.8 to 11.9, respectively. Sulfur input from rainfall was small with a three‐year average of 5.8 kg/ha (±0.64 SE). In some locations of the southern United States, S may not be limiting even when applying high rates of N to high‐yielding forages which annually remove large quantities of S. Because of the lack of yield response from S application and low inputs of S from wet deposition, S from sources other than rainfall may have been considerable.     

Variations in nitrogen uptake and nitrate-nitrogen concentration among sorghum groups

Nitrogen uptake and nitrate-N concentration in forage sorghums, which are related to ground water pollution or feed quality under conditions of crop fertilization by only animal wastes, were examined. Seventy-four genotypes of sorghum and Sudan grass were tested. They were classified into 4 groups; grain type and dual purpose type sorghums (6 and 13 genotypes, respectively, Sorghum bicolor Moench), sorgo type sorghum (21, S. bicolor), Sudan type sorghum (22, S. bicolor × S. sudanense (Piper) Stapf), Sudan grass (12, S. sudanense). There was a strong correlation between dry matter (DM) yield and N uptake, with the sorgo type producing the highest DM matter yield and showing the highest N uptake. Nitrate-N, which causes nitrate poisoning of ruminants, was detected mostly in the stem of all the genotypes. The nitrate-N concentration based on DM could be calculated accurately by multiplying the nitrate-N concentration of stem on a fresh matter basis by the DM partitioning ratio of stem divided by the DM concentration of stem. The grain type and the dual purpose type of sorghums with dry stem showed the lowest nitrate-N concentration because these plants had a lower DM partitioning ratio of stem and higher DM concentration of stem. Sudan grass and Sudan type sorghum with the genetic background of Sudan grass showed higher nitrate-N concentrations owing to their ability to accumulate nitrate-N.     

施氮量对黄河滩区棉花叶片生理特性、干物质积累及产量的影响

为探讨黄河滩地植棉适宜的施氮水平,以转双价（Bt Cry1A+CpTI）基因抗虫杂交棉品种中棉所72为试验材料,设置了N 0、 150、 300和450 kg/hm2 4个施氮水平,研究了施氮量对棉花叶片生理特性、 干物质积累及产量的影响。结果表明,随着施氮量的提高,棉花叶面积指数（LAI）,叶片叶绿素和全氮含量,谷氨酰胺合成酶（GS）和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性呈增加的趋势,丙二醛（MDA）含量有下降趋势,进而延缓了叶片的衰老进程。在施氮量为N 300 kg/hm2 时,棉花干物质积累量较大,且分配到生殖器官的比例较高;施氮量过低时,干物质积累量较少;施氮量过高时,有利于营养器官生长,干物质积累量最大,但分配到生殖器官的比例较低。棉花施氮量为N 300 kg/hm2时籽棉产量最高,比不施氮（N 0）和施氮量为N 150 kg/hm2的处理分别增加15.29% 和9 .77%,差异达到显著水平;与施N 450 kg/hm2的处理产量差异不显著。因此,在土壤肥力较低且下层土质沙性较强的黄河滩地,棉花的适宜施氮量为300 kg/hm2。     

水、磷对紫花苜蓿产量及水肥利用效率的影响

【目的】紫花苜蓿作为畜牧业生产中最主要的优质绿色饲料,是发展草食畜牧业的物质基础,同时它也是一种需水需肥较多的作物。如何从技术方面提高单位面积苜蓿产量,实现苜蓿高产栽培是科学研究人员及生产者研究的重点。北京市东南部接壤的蓟县、宝坻及南部接壤的廊坊、武清等地区,是北京市在生态和环境优先发展原则下畜牧养殖业外移的重要承接区域,苜蓿在当地种植缺乏科学指导,年干重产量仅为7500~10000 kg/hm2,盐碱地年产量更低,为4500~6000 kg/hm2。本研究通过苜蓿水肥试验确立紫花苜蓿达到高产的最佳磷肥施用水平和灌水量,为京南地区苜蓿高产及水肥的高效利用提供可借鉴的水肥管理技术。【方法】实验在低磷砂壤土条件下进行,选用紫花苜蓿中苜2号品种,设置全生育期不灌水（W0）、以及返青后及第1、2茬刈割后灌水且每次灌水25 mm （W1）、50 mm （W2）、75 mm （W3）4个灌水处理;每个灌水处理下设置不施磷（F0）、施P2O5 105 kg/hm2（F1）、210 kg/hm2（F2）3个施磷量处理,研究了灌水和施磷对紫花苜蓿产量、水分和磷肥利用效率的影响。【结果】1）灌水对1、2茬苜蓿产量的影响有显著差异,对3、4茬及全年产量的影响无显著差异;施磷肥对第3茬苜蓿产量没有显著影响,但对第1、2、4茬及全年苜蓿产量的影响均存在显著差异。2）灌水和施磷肥对紫花苜蓿的水分和肥料利用效率均有显著影响,随着施磷量的增加,苜蓿的水分利用率逐渐增大,说明施磷可以提高水分利用效率;随着灌水量的增加,苜蓿的磷肥利用效率呈先增加后降低的趋势,说明适当的增加灌水量可以提高苜蓿的磷肥利用效率。【结论】综合考虑紫花苜蓿产量、水分和肥料利用效率等指标,最优试验处理为每次灌水量50 mm,施P2O5 210 kg/hm2,其次为每次灌水量25 mm, 施P2O5 210 kg/hm2。     

Effects of liming on yield,forage cation composition,and tetany potential of wheat in Kansas

Abstract

We studied the effects of liming on dry matter production, nutrient composition, and grain yields of wheat in field experiments conducted on two soil types at three locations during the 1976–77 and 1977–78 growing seasons. Lime sources were commercial agricultural lime, finely divided stack dust, and dolomitic limestone (which contained 10.6% Mg). Lime applied at 2,800 kg/ha in the 1976–77 and 10,750 kg/ha in the 1977–78 experiments provided Mg from the dolomite at rates of 300 and 1,140 kg/ha, respectively.

Soil pH was significantly increased by liming, but Mg saturation percentages were significantly greater only at the 1,140 kg/ha rate. Forage dry matter and grain yields were not increased by lime applied at the lower rate, but significant increases were found in dry‐matter production in the late fall and spring samplings of the 1977–78 experiment. Those increases in plant growth and dry matter production were probably due to reductions in the soluble Mn and Al concentrations in the soil. Forage N and P concentrations were generally not influenced by liming. Potassium concentrations in forage from the limed plots were usually equal to or greater than those in forage from unlimed plots. Calcitic limestone sources generally increased forage Ca concentrations, but liming with dolomite more often than not depressed Ca concentrations below levels found in the check plots. Dolomite, when applied at the 1,140 kg/ha rate, effectively increased the forage Mg concentration, although the concentration exceeded 0.2% only during the early growth stages. Liming generally showed no significant reduction in the tetany potential of the wheat forage as predicted by the equivalent ratio K/(Ca + Mg).     

不同高粱种质对污染土壤中重金属吸收的研究

利用重金属含量较高的污水污染土壤,以未污染土壤作对照,种植8个甜高粱品种、2个饲用高粱品种和1个粒用高粱品种,检测8种重金属在高粱植物体内不同器官的含量,以研究不同高粱种质对重金属的吸收特性。结果表明:甜高粱对汞(Hg)、镉(Cd)、锰(Mn)和锌(Zn)的吸收在两种土壤间差异显著,对钴(Co)、铬(Cr)、铅(Pb)和铜(Cu)的吸收差异不显著。Mn在甜高粱体内含量表现为未污染土壤高于污染土壤;而Zn含量在不同器官之间存在差异,未污染土壤叶中含量远高于穗,穗中含量远高于茎和根。不同重金属在甜高粱体内的储存部位不同,污染土壤上Hg、Cd、Co、Cr和Zn在根中积累量较高,Cu、Mn和Pb在穗中的积累量较高。甜高粱、饲用高粱和粒用高粱对重金属的吸收、运输及储存在品种之间差异较大,同一品种对不同重金属的吸收也存在差异。饲用高粱表现为叶部对Cr和Zn的储存量较高,而粒用高粱‘晋中0823’则显示了茎对多种重金属的储存能力。高粱根对土壤中重金属的富集系数较高,为0.02(Pb)~0.23(Cd),转移系数变幅为0.21(Co)~3.42(Pb)。对同一种重金属的吸收量品种间差异较大,甜高粱‘西蒙’根对Co、Cr、Cu、Mn、Pb和Zn具有高富集系数,粒用高粱‘晋中0823’茎对Hg、Cd、Mn、Pb和Zn富集系数较高。高粱对重金属的吸收能力与转移能力不同步,甜高粱‘绿能1号’具有对多种重金属的高转移能力,粒用高粱‘晋中0823’只对Zn有较高的转移能力。因此本文认为甜高粱对不同重金属的吸收和转移有选择性。对Zn吸收并转移到地上部后,首先储存在叶和穗中,当吸收量足够大时,茎和根也成为储存器官;对Mn的吸收与其他重金属的吸收存在竞争作用,Hg吸收后很少向地上部转移;而对Cu、Mn和Pb吸收后在穗部的储存量较大。饲用高粱与甜高粱相比对重金属的吸收未显示明显的不同,甜高粱‘西蒙’根对多种重金属具有强储存能力,而粒用高粱‘晋中0823’的茎秆显示了比甜高粱更强的储存能力,甜高粱‘绿能1号’对多种重金属的转移能力较强。所以,选择富集和转移能力均强的高粱品种能更有效地吸收土壤中的重金属,达到修复污染土壤的目的。