菜蛾盘绒茧蜂主要寄生因子对寄主小菜蛾生长发育的调控

研究了菜蛾盘绒茧蜂的主要寄生因子(多DNA病毒、毒液和畸形细胞)对寄主小菜蛾生长和发育的影响.通过利用结合假寄生和过寄生方法,证明寄生蜂寄生因子对寄主生长和发育有明显影响.结果显示,假寄生初期,寄主体重降低;但到后期,当未寄生寄主正常化蛹后,假寄生寄主继续取食、发育,寄主末龄幼虫期显著延长,不能化蛹,成为超重幼虫,最大体重可达10.52mg.正常寄生后,寄主的发育与未寄生寄主相比,始终处于抑制状态.过寄生对寄主生长、发育的抑制程度加剧.研究结果表明,假寄生与正常寄生后寄主的生长和发育有明显差异,这种差异的部分原因可能是由畸形细胞引起的.     

寄主抗药性对菜蛾绒茧蜂寄生能力的影响

考察了在使用氰戊菊酯的条件下 ,小菜蛾抗药性对菜蛾绒茧蜂寄生能力的影响。在杀虫剂作用下 ,用抗性寄主饲养的菜蛾绒茧蜂RRC品系对抗性寄主RRP品系幼虫的寄生率达89% ,寄主幼虫死亡率仅 5% ,比RRC对小菜蛾敏感品系SSP幼虫寄生时、或用SSP饲养的菜蛾绒茧蜂SSC品系对SSP寄生时的寄生率显著要高 ,寄主死亡率显著要低。表明杀虫剂存在时 ,寄主抗药性使其具较高存活率而给寄生蜂提供更多的寄主 ,有利于寄生蜂的繁衍。方差分析结果显示 ,小菜蛾品系及蛾×蜂互作对供试小菜蛾幼虫的被寄生率及死亡率均有显著影响 ,表明小菜蛾抗性改变了其对菜蛾绒茧蜂的适合性     

菜蛾绒茧蜂的寄主选择性及寄生对寄主发育和取食的影响

研究了菜蛾绒茧寄生对寄主幼虫龄期的选择性及对寄主生长发育、取食量的影响。结果表明,该蜂能寄生小菜蛾各个龄期的幼虫,但当２－４龄幼虫同时存在时,偏爱寄生２、３龄幼虫,对２、３、４龄幼虫的选择系数分别为０．３７、０．３９、０．２４。该蜂对４龄幼虫的寄生能力随寄主日龄增大而急剧下降,对进入４龄并发育至该龄期４０％时间以上的幼虫不能寄生。产卵寄生的雌蜂比例也随４龄幼虫日龄增大而急剧下降。小菜蛾幼虫被寄主后     

母代光照经历对菜蛾盘绒茧蜂滞育发生的影响

室内研究了在同一温度(25℃)3、种不同光照条件(8L∶16D、12L∶12D、16L∶8D)下饲养的菜蛾盘绒茧蜂,其后代在4种不同温度(13、15、17、20℃)和2种光周期(8L∶16D、11L∶13D)下饲养的滞育率变化情况。结果表明:母代的光照经历、子代饲养温度和光照周期这3个滞育诱导因素都会显著地影响滞育率。母代的光周期经历与子代诱导滞育的温度或光周期之间、子代诱导滞育的温度与光周期之间均存在交互作用,但3个因素间的交互作用不显著。母代在长日照条件下饲养可以降低子代诱导滞育的临界温度。子代在较低温度下饲养,母代经历的光周期对子代滞育的发生影响不大,甚至没有影响;但当子代在相对较高温度下饲养,母代经历的光周期对子代滞育发生的影响十分明显。     

氰戊菊酯施用于寄主幼虫对菜蛾绒茧蜂的致死和亚致死效应

25℃下,分别在菜蛾绒茧蜂产卵寄生后的第1、3、5、7天(幼蜂分别处于卵、初龄幼虫、中龄幼虫、末龄幼虫期)将20％氰戊菊酯乳油1000倍水溶液以喷雾法施用于被寄生的小菜蛾幼虫。第1天和第7天处理使蜂的存活率明显下降,第1天处理导致育出雌蜂的产卵量低于对照,而第3天和第5天处理使蜂存活率下降幅度相对较小,且第5天的处理引起育出雌蜂的产卵量高于对照。不同时间处理均显著延长了该蜂卵 幼虫的发育历期,其中以第5天延长最为显著。除第3天外,其余时间处理导致育出蜂个体小于对照,且以第1天和第7天处理影响更为显著。羽化雌蜂的寿命均短于对照。对存活率和产卵量进行综合分析表明,氰戊菊酯施用于寄主幼虫对菜蛾绒茧蜂幼蜂的影响随后者发育阶段不同而变化,卵、末龄幼虫期较初龄、中龄幼虫期受到的不利作用更大。     

菜田常用杀虫剂对小菜蛾及菜蛾绒茧蜂的选择毒杀作用

在室内测定了９种菜田常用杀虫剂对小菜蛾幼虫及其主要天敌菜蛾绒茧蜂成虫和茧的毒性。结果表明,应用厂家推荐田间防治小菜蛾的使用浓度,对小菜蛾的杀虫效果锐劲特、Ｂｔ、虫螨光可达１００％,生物复合病毒杀虫剂、宝路和抑太保可达９５％以上,杀虫双达８０％,而氰戊菊酯和万灵对小菜蛾的杀虫效果较差,供试幼虫最终化蛹率分别达７０．０％和７８．３％。让菜蛾绒茧蜂成虫接触厂家推荐浓度的药膜,接触杀虫双２小时后的死亡率即达８０％以上;１２小时后,接触锐劲特的死亡率即达１００％;２４小时后,接触万灵和杀虫双的累计死亡率达９０％以上,接触宝路和氰戊菊酯的约５０％,而接触抑太保、Ｂｔ、虫螨光和生物复合病毒杀虫剂的累计死亡率均在２０％以下,和对照无显著差异。作者认为在菜蛾绒茧蜂等天敌较为丰富的季节,虫螨光、Ｂｔ、生物复合病毒杀虫剂、宝路和抑太保应属防治小菜蛾优先选用的杀虫剂,锐劲特则主要应在小菜蛾大发生、而天敌又很少时应用。     

温度对菜蛾绒茧蜂生长发育、存活和繁殖的影响

在１５－３５℃范围内的９个温度下测定了温度对菜蛾绒茧蜂Ｃｏｔｅｓｉａ ｐｌｕｔｅｌｌａｅ Ｋｕｒｄｊ．的个体发育,种群存活率和种群增长潜能的影响。卵－结茧,结茧羽化两阶段的发育速度与温度均呈直线关系,发育起点温度分别为１０．６和１１．８℃,有效积温常数分别为１０５．６和６２．０日度。     

小菜蛾内寄生蜂--菜蛾盘绒茧蜂的种内竞争

在室内（25±1）℃,以小菜蛾3龄幼虫为初始寄主,对过寄生后,小菜蛾幼虫内寄生蜂--菜蛾盘绒茧蜂的种内竞争进行了研究。当2头雌蜂同时寄生（10 min内）同一头寄主,2 d后几乎同时孵化的茧蜂幼虫总有一头1龄幼虫利用发达的角质化上颚攻击同类竞争者。当两次寄生间隔时间为24、48和72 h时,先寄生的茧蜂幼虫分别以86.7%,95.0%和96.9%的比例在发育中占据优势,1龄幼虫使用上颚将后孵化的初孵幼虫杀死,或直接攻击蜂卵致使包囊、黑化的发生,此时物理攻击发挥主要作用,并可能通过先寄生者释放畸形细胞、水解酶等生理抑制方式完全阻碍后产入的蜂卵的发育。当两次寄生间隔时间长达96或120 h,因寄主已不适合茧蜂的再次产卵寄生,致使过寄生率由100%分别下降为69.4%和60.7%;已发生过寄生的个体中,80.0%以上以先寄生者吐丝、结茧化蛹,后寄生者则伴随被过寄生寄主的死亡而不能完成发育。以上结果表明,当种内竞争发生时,菜蛾盘绒茧蜂可通过物理攻击和生理抑制两种途径排除同类竞争者,竞争结果主要取决于雌蜂2次寄生的先后顺序。     

小菜蛾内寄生蜂——菜蛾盘绒茧蜂的种内竞争

在室内(25±1)℃,以小菜蛾3龄幼虫为初始寄主,对过寄生后,小菜蛾幼虫内寄生蜂——菜蛾盘绒茧蜂的种内竞争进行了研究。当2头雌蜂同时寄生(10 min内)同一头寄主,2 d后几乎同时孵化的茧蜂幼虫总有一头1龄幼虫利用发达的角质化上颚攻击同类竞争者。当两次寄生间隔时间为24、48和72 h时,先寄生的茧蜂幼虫分别以86.7%,95.0%和96.9%的比例在发育中占据优势,1龄幼虫使用上颚将后孵化的初孵幼虫杀死,或直接攻击蜂卵致使包囊、黑化的发生,此时物理攻击发挥主要作用,并可能通过先寄生者释放畸形细胞、水解酶等生理抑制方式完全阻碍后产入的蜂卵的发育。当两次寄生间隔时间长达96或120 h,因寄主已不适合茧蜂的再次产卵寄生,致使过寄生率由100%分别下降为69.4%和60.7%;已发生过寄生的个体中,80.0%以上以先寄生者吐丝、结茧化蛹,后寄生者则伴随被过寄生寄主的死亡而不能完成发育。以上结果表明,当种内竞争发生时,菜蛾盘绒茧蜂可通过物理攻击和生理抑制两种途径排除同类竞争者,竞争结果主要取决于雌蜂2次寄生的先后顺序。     

正己烷处理对菜蛾盘绒茧蜂滞育预蛹过氧化氢及抗氧化酶的影响

在27～29℃温度下,用1.5 mL/L的正己烷蒸气处理菜蛾盘绒茧蜂滞育蛹10～15 min后可以解除其滞育。为探讨解除滞育的机制,测定了正己烷处理后菜蛾盘绒茧蜂滞育预蛹体内的过氧化氢含量（H2O2）和3种抗氧化酶（SOD、POD和CAT）活性。结果表明正己烷处理后,滞育预蛹体内H2O2含量、SOD和POD活性均迅速上升,CAT活性则下降。就5个取样点的平均值而言,H2O2含量和SOD活性显著高于非滞育预蛹和未经处理的滞育预蛹,POD活性低于非滞育预蛹而高于未经处理的滞育预蛹,CAT活性则低于未经处理的滞育预蛹而高于非滞育预蛹。3种抗氧化酶活性的变化与体内H2O2含量的平衡有关,而H2O2含量的变化可能与体内激素水平的调节有关。     

Effect of antifeedants on the diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella) and its parasitoid Cotesia plutellae

Two neem preparations and the bitter‐tasting synthetic chemical denatonium benzoate were tested in the laboratory as antifeedants against the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella L. The effects of the three materials on Cotesia plutellae (Kurdjumov), a hymenopteran parasitoid of ­P xylostella, were also recorded. All three materials significantly reduced the food consumption of ­P xylostella larvae. Parasitoid cocoons were formed on approximately half of those larvae which had been exposed to female C plutellae, regardless of antifeedant treatment, but emergence of adult parasitoids from the cocoons was significantly reduced by antifeedant treatment. In terms of food consumption and mortality of unparasitised P xylostella larvae, and emergence of adult C plutellae, the effect of each antifeedant preparation was directly related to the concentration of material used, but the effects of the neem preparations were greater than those of denatonium benzoate. However, no adult P xylostella emerged on any antifeedant treatment, therefore some of the parasitoids survived antifeedant treatments which were fatal to the unparasitised hosts. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

Differential effects of the acylurea insect growth regulator teflubenzuron on the adults of two endolarval parasitoids of Plutella xylostella,Cotesia plutellae and Diadegma semiclausum

The acylurea chitin synthesis inhibitor, teflubenzuron (‘Nomolt’® SC) showed no apparent activity against adult males of Diadegma semiclausum Hellén or Cotesia plutellae Kurdj. when applied to foliage at a rate ( = 50 g a.i. ha^?1) approximating to 2 × field usage. In contrast, the pyrethroid cypermethrin (‘Cymbush’® EC) showed appreciable foliar activity (at rates = 10–50 ga.i. ha^?1) to D. semiclausum but showed low activity against C. plutellae. When single adult female D. semiclausum were pre-treated with teflubenzuron (= 50 g a.i. ha^?1) and then exposed to 5. 10. 25, 50 or 100 second-instar host larvae, the number of purasitoid cocoons formed was significantly reduced compared with controls except at the lowest host density (P 0-05). However, there was no evidence that teflubenzuron had a host density-dependent effect on parasitism by D. semiclausum. Teflubenzuron had no significant effect on host parasitism in an equivalent experiment with C. plutellae (P > 0-05) except at the median host density. When batches of ten host larvae were introduced at hourly intervals to female D. semiclausum pre-treated with teflubenzuron (= 50 g a.i. ha^?1), the number of cocoons formed in the first two batches was not significantly different from untreated controls (P > 0-05), whereas teflubenzuron significantly reduced the number of cocoons in the next three batches of host larvae (P < 0-05). This suggests that teflubenzuron may affect chitin synthesis in developing eggs within female D. semiclausum but has little or no effect on pre-formed eggs which are more likely to be oviposited first. Teflubenzuron had no significant (P > 0-05) effect on parasitism by C. plutellae when presented with batches of host larvae. When female D. semiclausum and C. plutellae were placed in the same host arena, the former showed a 3-fold greater rate of parasitism. Pre-treatment with teflubenzuron significantly reduced parasitism by D. semiclausum (P > 0-05) but had no significant effect with C. plutellae (P > 0-05) although the latter species failed to exploit the reduction in parasitism by D. semiclausum. The differential response of D. semiclausum and C. plutellae to insecticides is discussed in relation to the relative rates of establishment of these species in Malaysia.     

过寄生对菜蛾绒茧蜂生物学特性的影响

研究了菜蛾绒茧蜂不同程度过寄生对其自身生物学特性的影响。菜蛾绒茧蜂一次寄生行为一般只产一粒卵，过寄生情况下，寄生体内蜂幼有物理竞争现象。对菜蛾绒茧蜂存活率、发育历期、成蜂寿命，性比，产卵量及雌蜂前翅长进行考察发现，同独寄生相比，过寄生对该蜂的生长发育不利，且不利影响随每寄主体内蜂幼个体数的增加而加重。     

Effect of the acylurea insect growth regulator teflubenzuron on the endo-larval stages of the hymenopteran parasitoids Cotesia plutellae and Diadegma semiclausum in a susceptible and an acylurea-resistant strain of Plutella xylostella

The toxicity of the acylurea, teflubenzuron, was assessed against larval stages of the hymenopteran parasitoids, Cotesia plutellae Kurdjumov and Diadegma semiclausum Hellén in a susceptible laboratory strain and a teflubenzuron-resistant field strain of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella L. In fourth-instar hosts (L4), when both parasitoid species were in their final larval instar, teflubenzuron significantly (P < 0.05) reduced emergence of adult D. semiclausum but had no significant (P > 0.05) effect on C. plutellae, although a small proportion of the latter were unable to reproduce. Treatment of L4 hosts with teflubenzuron ( > LD₅₀) had no significant (P > 0.05) effect on the fecundity of surviving females of D. semiclausum. Similar differential toxicity with teflubenzuron was observed in L2 hosts, when parasitoids were at the egg or early larval instar stage. There was no apparent increased effect of teflubenzuron on either species of parasitoid when highly resistant (c. 4000-fold) L2 hosts (field strain) were treated with concentrations of teflubenzuron two to three orders of magnitude greater than in equivalent experiments with the susceptible host strain. This suggests that host resistance to teflubenzuron confers some protection to both species of parasitoid. Uptake experiments with [¹⁴C]teflubenzuron showed that accumulation of radioactivity was much greater in D. semiclausum than in C. plutellae and this may account for the differential toxicity observed. The results are discussed in relation to the field status of these parasitoid species. The influence of insecticide resistance in the host on endo-larval parasitoids is also considered.     

黄色灯对小菜蛾成虫生物学的影响

研究了室内条件下黄色灯对小菜蛾成虫产卵量、产卵前期、产卵历期和成虫寿命的影响。结果表明,夜间施以黄色灯照射,小菜蛾群体和单管配对后成虫的产卵量均显著降低。同时,单管配对后成虫产卵率由对照组的70%下降到40%;小菜蛾雌成虫的产卵历期和寿命均缩短了2 d,而对其雄成虫的寿命影响不大。     

小菜蛾病原微生物研究进展

从细菌、病毒、真菌、原生动物和线虫等方面综述了小菜蛾病原微生物研究和应用的最新进展。     

7种植物精油对小菜蛾幼虫取食及卵孵化行为的影响

为筛选出对小菜蛾幼虫取食和卵孵化行为均有生物活性的精油用于小菜蛾防控。本研究测试了7种精油对小菜蛾2龄幼虫取食和卵孵化行为的影响。结果表明,石菖蒲精油对小菜蛾2龄幼虫取食的抑制作用最强。经石菖蒲精油10μL/mL、100μL/mL浓度处理,2龄幼虫取食面积均显著低于对照,表现出了较高的拒食作用。经植物精油200μL/mL浓度处理,香茅精油、柠檬精油、陈皮精油、石菖蒲精油、甜橙精油、洋甘菊精油、橘子精油对小菜蛾卵孵化行为均起到了抑制作用,其中石菖蒲精油与橘子精油的抑制作用最强,抑制率达到100%。可见,石菖蒲精油对小菜蛾2龄幼虫取食及卵孵化行为均有抑制作用,可用于小菜蛾的绿色防控之中。