土壤有机矿质复合体研究Ⅸ.钙键复合体和铁铝键复合体中腐殖质的性状特征

本文通过化学和仪器分析,研究了土壤中钙键复合体和铁铝键复合体中腐殖质的化学组成、分子结构和理化性状。结果表明,铁铝键复合体中腐殖质（包括故敏酸和富啡酸）的Ｃ、Ｈ、Ｎ一高于钙键复合体中腐殖质,Ｃ／Ｈ、Ｃ／Ｎ比则低于后者,铁铝键复合体腐殖质的分子结构中故敏酸的芳化度高于后者,而富啡酸的芳化度则低于钙键复合体。并且,铁铝键复合体中腐殖质的热稳定性和对金属离子的螯合亲和力皆高于钙键复合体。     

土壤有机矿质复合体研究Ⅳ.有机矿质复合体中有机磷的分布

本文研究湖沼母质发育的青紫泥水稻土和第四纪红土母质上发育的黄筋泥水稻土的有机矿质复合体中有机磷的分布。结果表明:各组复合体中有机磷的含量(μg/g)是G₂>G₁>G₀C/P₀和N/P₀比例是G₂高于G₀和G₁,说明有机磷在复合体G₂中的富集低于有机碳和氮。复合体中可溶性有机磷化合物总量较全土高。可溶性有机磷化合物中,肌醇磷占有机磷12.1-32.3%,核酸磷占1.9-5.8%,磷酸磷占0.7-3.1%。复合体中肌醇磷、核酸磷和磷脂磷的含量(μg/g)G₂明显高于G₀和G₁。复合体中有机磷的活性分级为:活性磷占10%左右,中等活性磷占50%左右,中等稳定性磷和高度稳定性磷各占20%左右。G₀组的活性磷比例较全土高,但G₁和G₂组中则明显降低。不同土壤有机矿质复合体中活性磷和中等活性磷的分布,与有机磷化合物中的核酸磷和肌醇磷的含量有关。     

土壤有机矿质复合体研究──X.有机矿质复合体转化的初步研究

本文研究铁键、铝键、钙键复合体与溶液中Ｃａ＾２＋、Ｆｅ＾３＋、Ａｌ＾３＋金属离子的相互作用,结果显示,复合体上键合的Ｆｅ＾３＋,不能被溶液中的Ｃａ＾２＋、Ａｌ＾３＋置换,复合体上键合的Ａｌ＾３＋仅少量被Ｆｅ＾３＋、Ｃａ＾２＋置换进入溶液,复合体上键合的Ｃａ＾２＋则可较多地被Ａｌ＾３＋、Ｆｅ＾３＋置换进入溶液,置换的量与ＰＨ及粘土矿物类型有一定关系,尽管复合体上键合的Ｆｅ＾３＋、Ａｌ＾３＋、Ｃａ＾３     

水牛犁鼻器复合体的形态学研究

本文研究了水牛犁鼻器及其附属结构的解剖学特征,并用光镜观察了水牛鼻犁器的组织学结构。水牛犁鼻器位于鼻中隔前下部的两侧。每侧犁鼻器是一盲管,后盲端止于第一前齿臼前缘的截面上。犁鼻器中段的内腔截面呈新月形,外侧壁为凸表面,内侧壁为凹表面。呼吸样上皮覆盖外侧壁内腔表面和内侧壁内腔表面的背、腹侧缘,内侧壁的中间部分覆盖着感觉上皮。犁鼻神经由犁鼻器内侧壁发出,止于副嗅球。水牛副嗅球是嗅球内表面不明显的长条状隆起,长约12毫米,宽约4毫米,与额叶眶回内侧部相邻。水牛切齿管内有明显的粘膜褶,褶的背外侧形成漏斗状隐窝与犁鼻管有小孔相通。     

土壤有机矿质复合体研究Ⅵ.胶散复合体的化学组成及其结合特征

本文研究水热条件渐变的地带性土壤中Ｇ１、Ｇ２组胶散复合体有机、无机物的化学组成及其结合特点。结果表明：Ｇ２组中铁有积累现象，游离态铁、铝氧化物含量为Ｇ２＞Ｇ１，但均随土壤类型变化。松结态腐殖质（Ｈ１）为Ｇ１＞Ｇ２，紧结态腐殖质（Ｈ３）则为Ｇ１＜Ｇ２。可提取腐殖质中，松、稳结态腐殖质之比值Ｈ１／Ｈ２和胡敏酸、富里酸之比值ＨＡ／ＦＡ，除个别土壤之外，都相关不大。Ｇ１、Ｇ２两组复合体中都含有一定数量的络     

土壤有机矿质复合体研究Ⅰ.土壤有机矿质复合体中腐殖质氧化稳定性的初步研究

土壤中有机矿质复合体的种类很多,广义地说,应当包括腐殖酸和各种金属离子所构成的盐类,腐殖质与含水铁绍氧化物的复合凝胶,腐殖质与粘土矿物直接结合或通过其他媒介结合的各种复合体等。很多工作者研究了各种有机矿质复合体的組成和特性^[1,6,7,8]。     

土壤有机矿质复合体研究——Ⅲ.有机矿质复合体中氨基酸组成和氮的分布

本文研究湖沼母质发育的青紫泥水稻土和第四纪红土母质上发育的黄筋泥水稻土的有机矿质复合体中氨基酸的组成和氮的分布.结果表明:各组复合体中氮的含量(%)是G₂>G₁>G₀;C/N比值是G₂>G₀>G₁;水解氮的比例青紫泥为G₀>G₂≥G₁,而黄筋泥则为G₂>G₀>G₁.水解液中氨基酸的总含量(克/100克腐殖酸)是G₀>G₂≥G₁,各组复合体胡敏酸中氨基酸的总含量大于富里酸,但氨基酸的种类和组成基本相同.青紫泥水稻土各组有机矿质复合体中含氮量高于黄筋泥水稻土,但水解氮的比例、活性腐殖质中氮的比例,以及以氨基酸形态存在的氮的比例均为黄筋泥高于青紫泥.淹水培养结果黄筋泥的氮矿化率高于青紫泥近三倍.     

有机-无机复合体的电荷零点

Five soil samples collected from China and two soil samples from Pakistan with widely different origin and characteristics were used to study the zero point of charge (ZPC) of soil colloids. The results showed that the value of zero point of charge of H-clay complexes was lower than that of H-clays in all the samples. Natural clay complexes had the highest ZPC as compared to H-clay complex and H-clay in alfisol, closer to H-clays rather than H-clay complexes in oxisol and udult. The delta value of ZPT (zero point of titration) to ZPC was higher in H-clay complexes than in H-clays.     

土壤有机矿质复合体研究Ⅷ.分离钙键有机矿质复合体的浸提剂─-硫酸钠

土壤中通过钙键结合的有机矿质复合体是一种外圈配合物,硫酸钠中的ＳＯ＾２－４作为金属离子的配位体可以与复合体中的Ｃａ＾２＋形成配合物,破坏钙键复合体,并使腐殖质转变为腐殖酸钠盐,从而与铁铝键复合体分离。本文论证了硫酸钠破坏钙键复合体和浸提腐歼击质的能力,证明硫酸钠是区分２钙键复合体和铁铝键复合体的优良试剂;研究了用硫酸钠液分离钙键复合体的方法,并提出了连续浸提铁铝键复合体的后续浸提剂种类。     

土壤有机矿质复合体研究——Ⅱ.土壤各级团聚体中有机矿质复合体的组成及其氧化稳定性

土壤团聚体的形成是一个复杂的过程,而大团聚体(直径大于0.25毫米)形成过程则更为复杂。以往,许多研究者认为有机矿质复合体是大团聚体形成的基础。但是在具体地探索那些和大团聚体形成有关的有机矿质复合体的实质,如有机质的数量,有机物质的种类,有机矿质复合体的类型等等问题时,现有的资料仍然是不充分的。不同研究者的结果并不很一致,有一些结论甚至是相互矛盾的。从而影响这一成果在生产上的广泛应用。     

长期施用有机肥料对紫色水稻土有机无机复合性状的影响

连续九年施用有机肥料，紫色水稻土壤及＜０．００２ｍｍ的有机无机复合体中无定形铁，铝和铬合态铁，铝的含量呈不同程度的增加，铬合态铁和铝间具拮抗作用（ｒ＝０．７９９８ｎ＝７）；土壤的有机质含量增加主要是由于轻组有机质含量增加，而有机无机复合度下降，土壤重组腐殖质的含量为０．２５－０．０１ｍｍ＞＜０．００２ｍｍ＞１－０．２５ｍｍ＞０．０１－０．００２ｍｍ；有机无机复合度及重组腐殖质中松结态与紧结态的比值     

土壤有机矿质复合体研究 Ⅶ．土壤结合态腐殖质的形成特点及其结合特征

本文系统剖析了熊毅－傅积平改进区分的土壤结合态腐殖质的形成特点，胡，富组成及其结合特征。结果表明：（１）用０．１ｍｏｌ／ＬＮａＯＨ及０．１ｍｏｌ／ＬＮａＯＨ＋０．１ｍｏｌ／ＬＮａ４Ｐ２Ｏ７混合液连续浸提的松结态（Ｈ１）和稳结态（Ｈ２）腐殖质所占的比例随土壤ｐＨ升高分别呈减少和增加趋势。统计分析显示Ｈ１与游离态铁，铝呈极显著的正相关，与交换性钙呈极显著负相关，Ｈ２则与交换性钙呈极显著正相关，而与游离     

DENSIMETRIC FRACTIONATION OF SOIL ORGANO-MINERAL COMPLEXES

A rapid, simple, and precise density fractionation of soil mineral-organic complexes, suitable for routine work, is described. Special features of the method are: low sample weight, use of glass-fibre paper to collect the lighter fractions, and use of a modified Walkley-Black procedure to determine the carbon content of the light fraction in test tubes. Density-distribution curves of organo-mineral soil complexes are shown to yield useful basic information on degradation processes of soil organic matter caused by cultivation. The results suggest that complexes between clay and organic matter tend to build up preferentially with a certain proportion between the components.     

INACTIVATION OF CLAY pH-DEPENDENT CHARGE IN ORGANO-MINERAL COMPLEXES

In 24 soils the CEC of untreated samples, of samples treated with hydrogen peroxide, and of samples treated with dimethyl sulphate, was determined at pH 3, S and 8. The CEC of clay and organic matter was calculated from multiple regression equations and compared with values after treatment with peroxide and after methylation. At pH 3 and pH 5 the CECs of clay by the three methods were similar, whereas at pH 8 they were significantly lower on untreated samples. The results are interpreted in relation to the formation of organo-mineral complexes and to the interaction of the acid functions of the clay and organic matter.     

果园红壤有机无机复合体性质的初步研究

对果园红壤各级有机无机复合体的一些主要性质测定结果表明：＜１０μ各级复合体的碳氮含量明显地高于＞１０μ的各级复合体。随着复合体粒径的增大，Ｃ／Ｎ逐渐增大；松结合态腐殖质占该粒径腐殖质总量的百分率逐趋减少，紧结合态腐殖质的百分离逐趋增加，松结合态／紧结合态腐殖质逐趋下降；ＨＡ／ＦＡ逐渐增大，胡敏酸Ｅ４／Ｅ６从粘粒至粉砂粒和砂粒复合体逐趋减小，腐殖质氧化稳定性逐渐提高；游离态和无定形氧化铁含量逐渐减少     

紫色水稻土有机无机复合与土粒团聚的关系

紫色水稻土的原土复合量（重组腐殖质）为中性土〉钙质土〉酸性土，同一土壤剖面中其含量是随土层深度下降；而有机无机复合度为钙质土〉中性、酸性土，在土壤剖面中是随土层深度增加。〈０．０１ｍｍ土粒团聚量和〈０．０１ｍｍ土粒团聚度为钙质土〉中性土〉酸性土。原土复合量和有机质含量，物理性粘粒含量、铁氧化物含量与〈０．０１ｍｍ土粒团聚量呈显著正相关；而有机无机复合度与有机质含量呈显著负相关，与腐殖质结合状态，物     

Critical potassium potentials for crops. I. The effect of soil type on the growth of ryegrass and creeping red fescue

The quantity: potential relationships for Ca→K exchange in six soils were evaluated, where potential is defined by ΔG_K,Ca+Mg. Using the percentage K saturation of the CEC as the index of quantity, the Worcester Series soil, rich in hydrous micas, was shown to have the highest concentration of K selective sites, and Newport Series soil, with mainly kaolinitic clay, the lowest. The other soils, containing mainly smectites, had intermediate K selectivities. An algebraic transformation of this relationship to separate the effects of exchangeable K and CEC showed that 0.01 m C_aCl₂ released more K than m ammonium acetate. From the exchangeable K : ΔG relationship, two regions of K buffering were observed for all but the Newport soil, the transition occurring at a mean ΔG_K,Ca+Mg value of ?20.7 kJ mol^?1, signifying the K concentration below which K from ‘perlpheral’ regions of micaceous minerals is released. This may explain why the percentage K saturation of the CEC of a soil cropped exhaustively (without K manuring) in the field does not drop below a minimum value. Based on pot experiments, exhaustion and optimum K potentials (ΔG_exh and ΔG_opt) were derived from second-degree polynomials fitted to the response curves of plant dry matter yield against ΔG_K,Ca+Mg for five soils, the Worcester soil showing little response. ΔG_exh was inversely related to the 2 : 1 layer silicate content of the soil (r²=0.98 and 0.94 for ryegrass and fescue respectively), and similarly, ΔG_opt, to their CEC values (r²=0.74 and 0.77). Potassium uptake was more closely correlated with exchangeable K than with ΔG_opt.     

STUDIES OF SOIL ORGANO-MINERAL FRACTIONS

Sand-, silt-, and clay-size organo-mineral fractions were isolated in bulk from surface horizons of five soils following ultrasonic dispersion in water. Good clay separation was achieved for all except one highly organic, calcareous clay soil. Organic-N and -C were concentrated in the clay and silt fractions but for each soil the organic C : N ratio decreased in the order sand > silt > whole soil > clay. Acid hydrolysis of the silt and clay fractions revealed a slight concentration of amino acid-N and NH₄-N in the clays but only small differences in the distribution of individual amino acids were observed. The results suggest that both silt and clay fractions may be important in the stabilization of soil organic matter.