云贵高原山区草地生物改良技术研究

对20年来在云贵高原山区进行的难利用草地改良技术进行了总结.划区围栏是控制家畜放牧和草地管理的基础,可将载畜量从3.5个羊单位/hm2提高到7.5个羊单位/hm2; 免耕补播要先用畜群(牛群效果最好)清除天然植被,补播白三叶Trifolium repens等豆科牧草,待其成苗后再补播鸭茅Dactylis glomerata 等禾本科牧草效果明显;施肥以磷肥为主,补播初期施钙镁磷肥750 kg/hm2, 第3年转为维持施肥375kg/hm2,草地生产力最高;轮牧与定牧结合,羊群与牛群顺序放牧时,草地和家畜的生产性能俱佳.合理地、综合地运用这些技术可提高山区草地的综合效益,对山区草地畜牧业的可持续发展发挥促进作用.     

湖南2万公顷饲草受大旱

20 0 3年湖南省人工种草 2万hm2 ,受旱面积达 6 7万hm2 ,焦黄枯死的达 2万余hm2 。目前 ,1 1 0 0多个种草养畜大户都在为牛羊的“口粮”发愁。一些地方 ,农民已在翻耕枯死的草地 ,有的养畜户甚至开始忍痛削减存栏牛羊的数量。2 0 0 3年上半年 ,尽管遭受非典影响 ,湖南省草食牧业发展势头依然不减 ,各地把种草养畜作为重要的增长点来抓 ,牛、羊饲养总数增长均超过 1 0 %。大旱必然影响 2 0 0 3年草食牲畜的发展步伐。湖南省畜牧局的专家建议 ,多管齐下解决牛羊的“口粮”问题。一是努力保苗。有的叶子虽然枯黄 ,秆子还是青的 ,可砍掉叶秆青贮…     

祁连县草地牧草生产力调查

对祁连县天然草地生产力进行全面调查,结果表明:全县现有可利用草地面积84.9×104hm2,平均产草量为2515.10kg/hm2,其中冬春草地平均产草量2720.00kg/hm2,夏秋草地平均产草量2310.00kg/hm2。天然草地实际载畜量为144.04万个羊单位,与理论载畜量相比,冬春草地超载24.64万个羊单位,夏秋草地略有盈余。为此,提出了一系列合理利用、保护和提高天然草地生产力的措施。     

乌兰县巴里河滩村草地资源状况及载畜量

为了实现以草定畜、合理利用草地,走生态畜牧业之路,对八里河滩村天然草地进行了调查.结果表明,该村草地共有14个草地型,平均鲜草产量为2658.9kg/hm2,可食产量为2503.95kg/hm2.其中以芨芨草、盐爪爪型最高,红砂型最低.理论载畜量为12763羊单位,本年度超载7234羊单位,超载率为45.34%;按正常...     

新源县山地草原植被特征及植物营养对放牧强度的响应

摘要：按照当地典型的放牧模式以及单位时间单位面积放牧的羊单位划分极重度放牧区（E，0.51羊单位/hm2）、重度放牧区（H，0.43羊单位/hm2）、中度放牧区（M，0.32羊单位/hm2）、轻度放牧区（L，0.26羊单位/hm2）和无牧区（U，0羊单位/hm2）5个放牧梯度，探讨了新疆新源县山地草原白羊草（Bothriochloa ischcemum）+杂类草草地植被、草地植物营养在不同放牧强度下的反应特征。结果表明，2009年6月1日的草地产量达到最高（1 008 g/m2）。随着放牧强度的增加，群落生境逐渐恶化，草地的物种多样性和结构简单化，生产力下降。极重度放牧区的粗蛋白含量最高(10.6%)，中性洗涤纤维含量最低（50%）;中度放牧区酸性洗涤纤维含量最低（30.8%）。     

滩羊体重对放牧强度的短期效应

在黄土高原典型草原上进行放牧强度对滩羊体重变化、日增重和草地单位面积畜产品产量影响的研究.结果表明,随着放牧强度的增加,体重变化趋势是240羊·d/hm2>480羊·d/hm2>780羊·d/hm2,日增重差异不显著(P>0.05).随着放牧时间的延续,日增重在逐渐下降.草地单位面积上畜产品的产出量各处理组间差异均极显著(P<0.01),以780羊·d/hm2组单位面积畜产品产出量最高(76.3 kg/hm2·90d).     

滩羊体重对放牧强度的短期效应

在黄土高原典型草原上进行放牧强度对滩羊体重变化、日增重和草地单位面积畜产品产量影响的研究。结果表明,随着放牧强度的增加,体重变化趋势是240羊·d/hm2>480羊·d/hm2>780羊·d/hm2,日增重差异不显著(P>0.05)。随着放牧时间的延续,日增重在逐渐下降。草地单位面积上畜产品的产出量各处理组间差异均极显著(P<0.01),以780羊·d/hm2组单位面积畜产品产出量最高(76.3kg/hm2·90d)。     

互助县2009年草畜平衡工作调查

互助县位于海东农业区。2008年农田种草面积达0.8×104 hm2,载畜量达27.74万羊单位,农作物秸秆载畜量达8.2万羊单位,天然草地载畜量为21万羊单位,全县理论载畜量为56.94万羊单位,与现有载畜量相比超载10.9%。     

开远市羊产业发展现状与对策

<正>开远是一座发展中的新兴工商业城市,全市有国土面积19.5万hm2,90%以上是山区,有天然可利用草山草坡面积7.45万hm2、人工草地及饲草料地面积2 416.67 hm2,年可食用鲜草产量40.12万t、农作物秸秆产量约20万t,有利于发展养羊业。2014年末全市存栏饲养羊74 731只(其中,山羊63 425只,绵羊11 306只),全年出栏肉羊50 784只,羊肉产量848 t,羊奶产量929 t,     

科尔沁草地家庭生态牧场模式探讨

针对目前科尔沁天然草地超载过牧、普遍退化的实际,论述了家庭生态牧场的概念和建设家庭生态牧场的重要意义,探讨了建设家庭生态牧场的可行性,提出了家庭生态牧场的总体规划模式,确定了每个家庭生态牧场家畜饲养规模控制在300个羊单位以内、出栏率达到100%;各类可食饲草料年生产能力208 065 kg;天然放牧场113.3 hm2,打草场20 hm2,多年生豆科人工草地6.7 hm2,青贮饲料地3.3 hm2的草畜平衡规划模式.     

连续两年施氮对15龄混作禾草草地的改良效果研究

以1999年建植的5个不同禾草组合混作草地为对象,研究连续两年不同施氮量75 kg/hm²(N₁),150 kg/hm²(N₂),225 kg/hm²(N₃)和0 kg/hm²(CK)对草地生产力的提升及群落特征的综合影响。结果表明,连续2年施氮均可不同程度提升高寒地区人工禾草草地的生产力和草层高度,但一定程度降低了草地群落的物种多样性和丰富度。N₂梯度可在有效提高草地生产力的同时,更好维持建植禾草的优势地位和物种的多样性水平,是该地区15龄人工草地改良的最佳施氮量。不同的禾草混作组合样地及不同施氮年份对施氮的响应存在一定差异,垂穗披碱草比重较大的样地对氮肥的响应较其他禾草更为敏感。研究也证明,过量施氮或单纯连续施氮对高寒地区多年生禾草混作草地群落的稳定性会造成一定影响。     

藏北紫花针茅高寒草原适宜放牧率研究

通过5年的放牧试验研究了藏北紫花针茅高寒草原地上现存量和草地净初级生产力以及藏系绵羊采食量和采食率,以期能够准确制定藏北高寒草原适宜放牧率。研究结果表明,试验初期放牧强度对藏北紫花针茅高寒草地现存量的影响并不显著;随着试验后期对放牧强度增倍,草地地上现存量随放牧强度增加而减少。放牧样地地上净初级生产力在试验初期高于对照样地,但随着放牧强度和时间的增加,到2010年时对照样地净初级生产力明显高于放牧处理(P<0.05)。绵羊采食量与放牧强度间存在显著负相关(P<0.05);绵羊采食率大小顺序为:重牧>轻牧>中牧。综合分析试验结果,轻度放牧条件下,不仅草地现存量和净初级生产力最大,并且绵羊采食量也为最大,因此建议在牧草生长季内藏北紫花针茅高寒草原放牧率应低于4只/1.67 hm²为宜。     

Factors affecting pregnancy rate in Holstein-Friesian cattle mated during summer in a tropical upland environment

SUMMARY The relationships between some environmental factors and reproductive rates of dairy cattle during summer in a tropical upland area were studied using records for Holstein-Frieslan milking cows and non-lactating growing helfers maintained at the Kalri Research Station on the Atherton Tableland in north Queensland. The Station is situated in a tropical upland environment with warm, wet summers and dry, cool winters. Data were collected over a 12-year-period (1977 to 1988) for cows grazing nitrogen (N)-fertilised grass pastures and receiving either no supplement or about 3.5 kg molasses/cow/day. Cattle were mated over a 10-week period starting from mid-January to early February, with 32 to 36 cows and 5 to 42 heifers used in each year. There was considerable variation among years in the pregnancy rate after 3 Inseminations, with a low of 39% and a high of 94% pregnancy. This variation from year to year was reduced for cows grazing pastures receiving 300 kg N/ha/yr after molasses feeding commenced in 1984–85. Pregnancy rates after molasses Introduction were higher for cows grazing pastures receiving 300 compared with 100 kg N/ha/yr. Pregnancy rate in cows and heifers was reduced from 80 to 55% as mean daily maximum temperature increased from 26°C to 27.5°C. At mean maximum temperatures above 27°C for cows and 27.6°C for heifers pregnancy rates to 3 Inseminations were consistently below 60%. Much of the year to year variation in pregnancy rate was related to rainfall during the mating period. There was a positive association between pregnancy rate and rainfall up to 1000 mm, and this was associated with differences in growth rate of pasture. In years of very high rainfall, above 1500 mm, there was a depression in pregnancy rate, which may be related to the intense humidity in very wet years causing heat stress in cows and associated problems such as feet infections, or a deterioration in pasture quality. We conclude that much of the variation in pregnancy rate during summer may have been related to heat stress and the level of feed supply in the form of pasture and supplements.     

四种禾本科牧草对官厅水库库滨荒地的培肥效应研究

在官厅水库库滨选择典型荒滩荒坡地,种植苇状羊茅、老芒麦、无芒雀麦和草地雀麦4种禾本科牧草,对比研究其生长特征及种植后对表层土壤理化性质的影响。结果表明,所选4种牧草表现较为近似,其在荒滩荒地上均可正常生长,且平均每年可提供10.99t/hm²的干饲料,同时显著改善了土壤理化性质,具有较好的培肥改土效应。4种牧草种植2年后,平均可使表层土壤粘粒含量显著增加14%,粉粒含量显著减少21%,大于0.25mm水稳性团聚体含量增加112%,土壤容重显著降低15%,同时还可使土壤有机质含量显著增加227%,全氮含量显著增加76%,全磷、碱解氮、速效磷含量分别增加66%,41%和4%。综合认为,官厅水库库滨种植的4种禾本科牧草可在产生一定经济效益的同时显著改善表层土壤理化性质,兼具一定的经济效益和生态效益,对荒地土壤的持续培育和科学利用具有重要作用。     

草甘膦灭除醉马草试验报告

为探索灭治醉马革的方法，在河卡乡上游村的冬春草地上进行了用草甘膦灭除醉马草试验，结果表明：三个剂量比较，22．5kg／hm2剂量处理较30kg／hm2剂量处理成本低，较15kg／hm2剂量处理灭效高，值得推广。     

草地家畜放牧系统草畜平衡调控技术研究

划区轮牧是提高草地家畜系统产出和实现草地畜牧业可持续发展的最佳放牧制度。放牧管理的方针是把草层高度(草地牧草生物量)保持在最利于草地生长、草地质量和家畜采食的范围内。饲料计划依据不同的时期和管理层次分为饲料概算、饲料预算和放牧计划三个水平。饲料供给由草地牧草生长速度、草地生物量和补饲确定,而饲料需求由牧场家畜数量及其生产指标水平决定。实行季节畜牧业的经营管理策略,使草地供给和家畜需求达到季节和全年的动态平衡。系统管理和效益的三个关键是划区围栏、畜群结构和载畜量。     

Effect of nematode parasite infection on the performance of stocker cattle at high stocking rates on coastal bermudagrass pastures.

Studies were conducted during the summer of 2 successive years (1971 and 1972) to determine the effects of gastrointestinal nematode parasitism on performance failure of stocker beef steers grazed at high stocking rates on Coastal bermudagrass pastures. During each of the 2 years, 3 groups of steers were rotated at 7- to 10-day intervals on sets of three 1.63-ha pastures from mid-May to late October. (Each group was maintained on a given set of pastures.) In the 1971 program, from mid-May to early August (phase 1) each group consisted of 48 steers for a stocking rate of 29.6 steers/ha. From early August to late October (phase 2) the number of steers per group was reduced to 36 (stocking rate of 22.2 steers/ha) to improve the plane of nutrition. In the 1972 program, 2 groups were stocked at 48 steers per group (29.6 steers/ha) and a 3rd group was temporarily stocked with 58 steers (10 additional steers) to provide 2 animals each month for necropsy evaluation of worm burdens. With exception of the monthly removal of 2 steers from the 3rd group, the stocking rate in 1972 remained intact for the entire grazing season. In 1971, the 3 groups (groups 1, 2, and 3) were treated with thiabendazole (2 doses, 16 days between doses) before grazing. Parasite burdens and levels of pasture contamination were low initially and body weight gains were good during the 1st 3 months of grazing (phase 1). In the 2nd half (phase 2) of the grazing program, 1 group of steers given free-choice supplemental feed (1% of body weight/steer each day) and treated with anthelmintic (thiabendazole; 2 doses, 18 days between doses, during August) and another group, given supplemental feed only, had significantly better weight gains than did the 3rd group, not given supplemental feed nor treated with anthelmintic. There was no weight gain advantage derived from the reduced stocking rate in phase 2. Tracer calves, which were allowed to graze on pastures, developed an increased level of infection after August. Fecal egg counts in the principal steers and recovery of infective larvae from pasture paralleled the infection level in tracer calves. Necropsy evaluation of steers from groups 1, 2, and 3 at the end of the 1971 program indicated a similarity in total worm counts, but in the group not given supplemental feed nor treated with anthelmintic there was more generalized inflammation and a greater number of lesions in the abomasum (Ostertagia) and the caudal portion of the intestine (Oesophagostomum). Steers in the 3rd group also were in poorer condition. Initial worm burdens in the 3 steer groups (groups 4, 5, and 6) were low at the start of the 1972 program. One group was given freechoice supplemental feed (0.5% of body weight/steer each day) and treated with anthelmintics (thiabendazole in the 1st dose, levamisole in the 2nd dose, 12 days between doses, in May and August) and another group was given supplemental feed throughout the summer; the 3rd group was treated with anthelmintics (in May and August)...     

TMR饲料质量评价体系的研究

本文从上海牛奶集团各个牧场TMR饲料推广的实际经验出发,对TMR饲料生产过程的重要环节进行评价,从而进一步研究TMR饲料产品的质量评价方法,构建了一套行之有效的TMR质量监控体系,为饲料产品安全、奶牛健康和乳制品安全提供重要保证。     

Development of smallholder dairy units in Malaysia

In experiments conducted over a four-year period the effect of pasture type (Setaria sphacelata and a Brachiaria decumbens/Leucaena leucocephala mixture), management system (rotational grazing and cut and carry) and level of concentrate supplement (0, 4 and 6 kg fresh weight/cow per day) on milk production in smallholder dairy units was examined. All units were 1 ha in size and stocked with five Sahiwal X Friesian cows. Milk yields/ha were higher from rotational grazing and the brachiaria/leucaena pasture when compared with the cut and carry system and the setaria pasture respectively. In subsequent experiments smallholder units were based on brachiaria/leucaena and rotational grazing. A supplement of 4 kg fresh weight of concentrate (11 MJ/kg DM and 150 g/kg DM CP) increased milk yield/ha from 7,760 to 13,045 kg while in a third trial milk yield/ha was further increased from 14,148 to 16,760 kg when concentrate level was raised from 4 to 6 kg fresh weight/day. The results indicate that smallholder dairy units in Malaysia could be economically viable and competitive with other agricultural enterprises such as rubber and oil palm.