南酸枣嫁接育苗试验初报

从嫁接方法、砧木高度、接穗来源、接穗贮藏时间、嫁接时期等方面探讨南酸枣嫁接的最佳方案。在三月上旬,砧木高度15-25cm,以切接或腹接方法,选择生长旺盛的一年生枝条为穗条,穗条随采随接,减少其暴露在空气中的时间,使砧木和接穗削面平滑,形成层密接,可使南酸枣嫁接成活率达85%以上。切接遇雨天在嫁接苗上套一小塑料袋防雨水。     

嫁接对冬春茬茄子果实营养品质的影响

研究了不同接穗、砧木品种对冬春茬嫁接茄子果实营养品质的影响。结果表明,接穗品种黑旋风的果实营养品质综合分析优于紫长茄;以托洛巴姆为砧木的嫁接苗果实营养品质综合评价较赤茄更为突出;在六个处理中,组合黑旋风/托洛巴姆果实的营养品质最优。因此嫁接能够提高茄子果实中营养物质含量,但茄子品种不同,果实营养品质不同;砧木品种不同对果实品质的影响也不同。     

Search for sources of early blight (Alternaria solani) field resistance not associated with vegetative late maturity in tetraploid potato germplasm

Summary A total of 934 potato cultivars and clones from different breeding programmes across the world were tested for their reaction to early blight (Alternaria solani) in Brasilia-DF, Brazil. This field trial was set up in order to identify tetraploid potato genotypes with useful levels of resistance to early blight (EB) that were not correlated with late maturity or lateness. Artificial inoculation (spread ofA. solani infected leaves over plant canopy) was employed even though EB occurs naturally at epidemic levels in the test area. Four disease assessments were made every 10 days, beginning 45 days after planting. Based on the evaluation made 65 days after planting, only 27 clones were identified that had less lesioned leaf area than the resistant standard (cv. Aracy). Area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) was also used as a criterion of resistance. Using AUDPC as a parameter, 22 genotypes were identified presenting values lower than or identical to cv. Aracy. Differences in the commercial yield were recorded in genotypes with identical response to EB, suggesting that distinct levels of tolerance to EB also exist. In spite of the strong correlation between EB resistance and late maturity, some genotypes derived from the parental materials NDD 277-2, Kufri Jyoti, CIP 377888-7, Maine-28, and the clones CFS 69.1 and I-853 were identified as having good levels of EB field resistance not linked with the negative phenotypic trait of lateness. These materials presented medium to medium-early maturity with a vegetative cycle of around 90–95 days. Some selected genotypes presented more acceptable agronomic characteristics including resistance toPhytophthora infestans, potato leaf roll luteovirus (PLRV) and potato virus Y (PVY). The EB resistance sources identified in this work can be recommended as parental materials for widening the genetic base for EB disease resistance in breeding programmes for highland tropical and subtropical areas.     

苹果组培芽露地嫁接技术研究

提高苹果组培芽露地嫁接成活率的关键技术措施,主要有三个方面:培育壮芽,嫁接前对组培芽进行3至5天通风锻炼,增强其对外部环境条件的适应性;正确选择砧木及嫁接部位和方法,尽可能缩小砧穗间形态结构及木质化程度的差异,人为创造适宜的环境条件,搭棚遮荫避免阳光直射,适时灌水增加土壤及空气湿度,滴注激素促进接口愈合.本试验组培芽露地嫁接成活率达到93.3%,枝条最大月生长量为38厘米.     

浙江红花油茶高接换冠成活率影响因素研究

为研究浙江红花油茶高接换冠成活率影响因素,解决嫁接成活率低的问题,2013年6月从中国林业科学研究院亚热带林业研究所引进浙江红花油茶优树穗条,在青田县大垟山林场开展浙江红花油茶高接换冠试验,分析砧木林郁闭度、坡位、砧木生长势及接穗保存时间等因素对嫁接成活率的影响。结果表明,林分郁闭度在0.3~0.7之间,随着郁闭度增加嫁接平均成活率提高;郁闭度在0.7~0.9之间,随着郁闭度增加,嫁接成活率降低;当郁闭度为0.7时,嫁接成活率最高为88.8%。山腰的嫁接成活率高达86%,显著高于山顶和山脚。浙江红花油茶砧木生长势越强嫁接成活率越高。接穗于采集当天嫁接效果最好成活率达89.1%,接穗保存1、2、3、4、5、6天嫁接,成活率分别为85.2%、75.2%、51.6%、28.1%、12.2%、9.3%。偏相关分析表明,各因素对嫁接成活率影响由大到小依次为接穗保存时间(-0.97)、郁闭度(0.85)、生长势(0.81)、坡位(-0.65)。     

Did continued separate maintenance breeding of ‘Zephyr’ barley result in sub-cultivars?

Summary It was investigated whether separate maintenance breeding during 12 years of three stocks of Zephyr barley had an effect on the yielding ability and other characteristics. Trials carried out on two sites and over two years showed that the stocks were still morphologically identical and produced the same yield. Apparently the long lasting separate maintenace of the three stocks had no effect on the genetical composition for morphology and yielding ability. Zemir, the French stock of Zephyr headed two days earlier.     

砧穗苗龄对嫁接番茄生长、产量的影响

为研究砧穗苗龄对嫁接番茄生长及产量的影响,以‘金棚砧木1号’为砧木,‘金棚8号’为接穗,砧木苗龄为4~6叶,接穗苗龄3~5叶,采用二因素完全随机设计,分析不同砧穗苗龄对嫁接番茄嫁接苗成活率、嫁接苗生长指标、叶片色素含量及产量和果实品质的影响,并采用综合满意度法对砧穗苗龄嫁接组合进行综合评价。结果表明,砧穗苗龄共同影响着嫁接番茄苗的愈合、成活、生长及产量和品质,交互作用显著。接穗和砧木苗龄相近嫁接成活率较高,‘穗4/砧4’组合具有较高嫁接成活率。砧木苗龄对嫁接番茄植株生长发育、叶片色素含量及果实产量的影响较大,接穗苗龄对嫁接番茄果实品质的作用显著。较大苗龄砧木嫁接番茄植株杆茎粗壮,根系发达,地上、地下、全株干物质量明显增加,产量增加显著。采用满意度法综合评价番茄嫁接苗嫁接成活率、嫁接植株生长发育、产量及果实品质,发现接穗苗龄3~4叶、砧木苗龄6叶的番茄嫁接植株生长健壮,产量及果实品质显著提高,可作为番茄嫁接较适苗龄进行推广。     

Trials to overcome the incompatibility of crosses between Lycopersicum esculentum and Lycopersicum glandulosum by repeated grafting

In breeding tomatoes for resistance to Corky root Lycopersicum glandulosum is used as a resistant parent. Crosses of tomato with L. glandulosum are difficult to effect because of the incompatibility of the partners. To overcome this incompatibility the approach method was applied beside the conventional crosses.Repeated reciprocal grafting of tomato onto L. glandulosum and also L. glandulosum on tomato did not increase the number of effected matings. The statement that by repeated grafting the characters of the scion change under the influence of the stock could not be confirmed.     

The application of chemical mutagenesis and biotechnology to the modification of linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.)

Summary In the early 1980s the phenomenon of somaclonal variation induced by cell culture was exploited to produce genetic variation in linseed. The linseed variety Andro, derived from the widely grown Canadian variety McGregor, was selected in saline culture and was released for production in Canada. Andro possesses traits very different from its parent, such as increased seedling vigour and tolerance to heat stress. Additional stable somaclonal variation in characters such as yield, days to maturity, seed weight and oil content were subsequently induced in McGregor. However, despite extensive screening of the somaclonal variants, no significant variation in the fatty acid profile was found.Chemical mutagenesis using ethyl methanesulphonate was, however, succesful in modifying the fatty acid profile of McGregor. Initial screening of M₂ seed by the thiobarbituric acid colourimetric procedure was followed by gas chromatography to select half-seeds with atypical fatty acid profiles. Two independent, partially dominant genes were identified that were responsible for reducing the linolenic acid (18 : 3) from 50% to 2% while increasing linoleic acid (18 : 2) to 70%. A single, partially dominant gene, inherited independently of the linolenic acid genes, increased palmitic acid (16 : 0) from 7% to 30% and palmitoleic acid (16 : 1) from trace amounts to 4%. Agrobacterium-mediated transformation of linseed has also been successful. Herbicide tolerance genes for glyphosate, sulfonylurea and phosphinothricin have been incorporated into Canadian varieties. Commercially useful levels of tolerance to sulfonylurea herbicides have been achieved with no adverse agronomic affect. It is expected that a transgenic variety containing this resistance will be registered for commercial production in Canada in 1994.Standard breeding techniques, the application of antisense technology and the overexpression of fatty acid synthesis genes are being used to further modify the fatty acid profile of linseed, as well as for the transfer of abiotic stress-related genes identified in bromegrass.     

苹果育苗中两种芽接方法的应用试验

通过对“丁字形”芽接法与带木质切腹嵌芽接法的对比试验,结合各类田间观察数据的统计分析,可以看出,在接穗与砧木都离皮的期间,用“丁字形”芽接法成活率高;砧木苗相对较细小,接穗或砧木任一有不离皮现象时,用带木质切腹嵌芽接,可当年完成嫁接任务;在大面积生产育苗中,用带木质切腹嵌芽接法嫁接,苗木成本比用“丁字形”芽接法嫁接低,经济效益相对较高。     

Effect of genetic blends of dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) of different Plant architecture on apothecia production of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and white mold infection

Summary The determinate Phaseolus vulgaris L. cvs Dark Red Kidney Charlevoix, and near-isogenic Great Northern Nebraska 1 were grown in blends with the indeterminate GN Nebraska 1 in white mold (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) disease field nurseries. A critical difference between Charlevoix and indeterminate GN Nebraska 1 is that the latter has a greater leaf area closer to the soil surface, and this is associated with increased numbers of apothecia beneath the canopy and higher disease severity. White mold infection and apothecia number/m² beneath the canopy of the blends containing Charlevoix were significantly reduced in comparison with the severely infected, homogeneous, indeterminate GN Nebraska 1. A reduction of white mold infection for the indeterminate GN Nebraska 1 was not observed in blends grown under severe or moderate white mold incidence, but did occur under slight incidence in blends containing 65% and 75% Charlevoix.No significant difference for seed yield occurred between the blends and homogeneous cultivars planted in four experiments under severe, moderate, slight and zero white mold incidence, respectively, except in Experiment 1 under moderate white mold incidence, the blend of 50% indeterminate GN Nebraska 1 and 50% Charlevoix exceeded the yield of the indeterminate GN Nebraska 1. Mean weight of white (GN Nebraska 1) and red seed (Charlevoix) increased and decreased, respectively, in some blends due to the more vigorous growth of the indeterminate GN Nebraska 1.Published as Paper No. 5341, Journal Series, Nebraska Agric. Exp.t Station. Research was conducted un under Project 20–3.     

Partial self-compatibility in ‘Tombul’ and ‘Montebello’ hazelnuts

Summary Self-pollination of hazelnut (Corylus avellana L.) cultivars in 1988 and 1990 revealed the existence of partial self-compatibility in Tombul and Montebello. Percent cluster set in these cultivars averaged 44 and 20%, respectively, but was less than 10% in 8 other cultivars investigated. Percent cluster set from pollination with Segorbe averaged 62 and 41% in 1988 and 1990, respectively. Self-pollination produced 40% fewer nuts per cluster and twice as many blanks as cross-pollination. All cultivars and selections have an active sporophytic incompatibility system.Evaluation of self-compatibility in seedlings from the cross Montebello × Compton revealed that the partial self-compatibility of the maternal parent was transmitted to some of the progeny. Self-pollination resulted in greater than 10% cluster set in two selections, OSU 41.134 and OSU 43.025, in both years, but only in 1988 in OSU 42.089 and Willamette. Three other selections had very low set in both years. Results of incompatible crosses with standard testers were generally in agreement with those of self-pollination, except that the S₂ tester induced greater set on 3 genotypes in 1988 and the S1 tester on 2 genotypes in 1990 than self-pollination. The partial self-compatibility of Montebello, OSU 41.134, and OSU 43.025 appears to be due to a failure of their stigmas to prohibit pollen tube growth in incompatible crosses. There is no evidence of a pollen-part mutation in Montebello, nor is there evidence that partial self-compatibility is due to the interaction of S-alleles, as Barcelona, which has the same alleles as these three genotypes, failed to set nuts in all incompatible crosses.     

Inheritance of flower color in Dendranthema grandiflora Tzvelev. (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.) using cultivars and inbreds. II. Vacuole pigmentation

Summary Dendranthema grandiflora Tzvelev (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.) garden cultivars Vulcan, with deep red ray florest, and Superior, with orange ray petals, were crossed as female with 16 inbred clones and the progeny assessed visually for flower color in 3 environments. Intensity of vacuole pigmentation in ray florets appeared to vary continuously. Evaluation was facilitated by placing plants in 7 color classes ranging from red, the most intense, through orange, an intermediate intensity, to yellow, the apparent lack of vacuole pigmentation. A simple hexaploid model with additive gene action, suggested by the 7 color classes, was inappropriate, as more than 50% of the plants in Vulcan families were red and more than 60% of the plants in Superior families were orange. Comparing evaluations of parental clones in 2 glasshouse and 2 field environments and considering data from an experiment, in which progeny first classified in the glasshouse were reevaluated in the field, revealed substantial shifts in classification. In the glasshouse, more individuals appeared in the red and orange classes, while field evaluation placed more individuals in classes adjacent to red and orange. However, the predominance of progeny in the color class of the common parent, that is, red for the Vulcan and orange for the Superior families, occurred in both glasshouse and field. Plants scored as other than red appeared in crosses between Vulcan and 3 red inbreds, suggesting that red ray petals are not conditioned by a homozygous genotype. The orange of Superior and orange progeny may be due to a single dominant gene causing mosaic-like distribution of red vacuole pigmentation over yellow plastid pigmentation. Because cloned genotypes were classified differently in diverse environments, critical genetic analysis of vacuole pigmentation will require cloned progeny and multiple-environment evaluation.     

Combining ability for femaleness and yield in single and 3-way crosses of pickling cucumbers intended for once-over harvest

Summary Single and 3-way cross hybrids derived from 13 parental lines of pickling cucumber were used to estimate general and specific combining ability for femaleness and yield. Parental lines 551F, 368G, 581H, and 5802A exhibited the highest general combining ability effects in both single and 3-way crosses for total yield and marketable yield. Additive effects of genes were found to be relatively more important than nonadditive effects for both femaleness and yield. Cucumber breeders might develop high yielding cultivars based on high general combining ability for yield in parental arrays; moreover, the general performance of the parental lines in single crosses could be used to predict high yielding 3-way hybrid crosses.     

不同砧穗组合对红肉蜜柚树体和果实品质的影响

为研究张家界地区不同砧木类型对红肉蜜柚树体和果实品质的影响,以2 种砧木和4 种中间砧类型的红肉蜜柚为试材,对植株生长势、果实内在和外在品质进行测定和比较。结果表明,不同砧穗组合红肉蜜柚植株生长势表现出较大差异,其中酸柚砧和菊花芯柚中间砧组合株高最高,温州蜜柑中间砧组合株高最低;酸柚砧亲和性较好,枳砧亲和性较差,存在明显“大脚”现象;椪柑中间砧的接穗粗度明显大于中间砧,其他组合均略小。不同砧穗组合对红肉蜜柚果实品质有明显影响。外在品质方面,酸柚砧和椪柑、菊花芯柚中间砧组合果实体积明显大,单果重也明显高;果实中心柱大小与果实大小有较高相关性;砧穗组合类型对果形指数影响不大。内在品质方面,椪柑中间砧组合果实可溶性固形物含量明显 低,而酸柚砧和菊花芯柚中间砧组合果实可滴定酸含量明显高于其他组合。以酸柚为砧木,树势旺盛、果实体积大、单果重更高,虽然可滴定酸稍高,但是可溶性固形物含量也不低,同时不存在与接穗品种不亲和的现象,所以酸柚的综合表现比较均衡,是目前比较适合用作红肉蜜柚砧木的类型。本研究为张家界地区发展红肉蜜柚产业,提高产量、改善品质提供了参考。     

Inheritance of resistance to turnip mosaic virus in Chinese cabbage

Summary Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) is the most important virus of commercially grown cole crops in many Asian countries, affecting both yield and quality. TuMV-infected Chinese cabbage becomes unmarketable because of the presence of black spots and necrosis often induced by the virus. Resistance breeding is complicated by the existence of five strains of the virus, one of which was discovered in 1985 for the first time in Taiwan. Resistance to strains C1 to C3 is readily available among the Chinese cabbage germplasm at AVRDC, whereas resistance to strains C4 and C5 is rarely found. To elucidate the inheritance of resistance to TuMV, P₁, P₂, F₁, F₂ and BC₁ generations of crosses between the resistant line 0–2 and three susceptible lines, E-7, E-9 and FL-9, were inoculated with strains C4 and C5. Segregation ratios obtained by visual observation and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) indicate that two recessive genes confer resistance to both TuMV-C4 and TuMV-C5.     

Inheritance of resistance to powdery mildew (Erysiphe graminis f. sp. hordei) in eleven primitive barley varieties

The inheritance of the powdery mildew resistance of eleven primitive barley varieties was investigated. crosses with varieties with identified resistance genes revealed that at least three different genes are present in a group of six genotypes from Greece (Hor736, Hor847, Hor878, Hor1159, Hor1379 and Hor1873) and one from Turkey (Hor1188). One dominant gene is common to these seve genotypes and in the Greek accessions a second gene is present. The expression of this second gene was respectively dominant in the crosses with Hor736 and Hor1159, recessive in the crosses with Hor878 and Hor1873, and depended on the employed powdery mildew isolate in the crosses with Hor847 and Hor1379. The detected genes differ from the resistance genes of the crossing partners, viz. Ml-al2, Ml-(Ab), Ml-(CP) and Ml-(1402). The accessions from China (Hor824 and Hor4021) each possess two resistance genes which differ from Ml-a12, Ml-(La) and Ml-(CP). The major gene is common to both accessions and is either identical, allelic or closely linked to a gene in the variety Nigrate. The Columbian accession Hor1894 possesses one resistance gene linked to a resistance gene in Nigrate but this gene differs from the Ml-a locus. The variety Palestine (Hor3997) possesses two resistance genes of which one is allelic or closely linked to Ml-(at).     

An assessment of thein vitro germination capacity of pollen grains of five tea hybrid rose cultivars

Summary Germination trials of pollen grains of the tea hybrid rose cultivars: Ferry Porche, Bronze Masterpiece, Queen Elizabeth, John F. Kennedy and Lady X, were carried outin vitro, to determine whether these cultivars are suitable as pollen donors in a breeding programme.Pollen grains of all five cultivars germinated poorly in a medium containing sucrose only. Addition of boric acid in the medium improved the germination percentages. The highest germinability was observed in Ferry Porche and Lady X on 15% sucrose+50 ppm boric acid, and 20% sucrose+100 ppm boric acid, respectively. Addition of calcium nitrate in the medium reduced germination percentages in all cultivars.The effect of pH of the medium on pollen grain germinability depended on the cultivar and the composition of the medium. On a medium free of boric acid, the pH values between 5.5 and 7.0 caused a significant increase in the germination percentages of pollen grains of Lady X and Queen Elizabeth. The addition of boric acid decreased the responsiveness of the pollen of all cultivars to the pH changes of the medium.The germination capacity of pollen grains of Lady X and Ferry Porche was not affected by incubation temperatures ranging between 20°C and 30°C.On the basis of the above results Lady X and Ferry Porche are considered the most suitable for pollen donors.     

Field resistance to late blight (Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) De Bary) in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) somaclones associated with instability and pleiotropic effects

Summary Adventitious regenerants (somaclones) of Bintje and their vegetative progeny were screened for field resistance to Phytophthora infestans as follows: the area under the disease progress curve was computed and correlated with resistance rating in Bintje and reference varieties. The resistance rating of the somaclones was determined from this relationship.Clones with stable improved field resistance in successive years' trials were detected, however, most of such clones were also maturation mutants. Variation in resistance rating in clone replicates and between years was detected in most clones.The possible basis of the field resistance and reasons for its instability are discussed.Abbreviations AUDPC area under the disease progress curve     

甘薯地下部生长对产量的影响

利用甘薯不同品种进行嫁接,研究了地下部、地上部生长的相互关系,嫁接材料砧木与接穗之间的交互作用.甘薯地下部对产量的影响大于地上部.嫁接后,砧木与接穗之间交互影响不显著,可以利用甘薯库鉴定品种产量高低.