植物小肽对中国断奶白兔生长性能的影响

为研究植物小肽对中国断奶白兔生长性能的影响,本试验选用体重相近、健康状况良好的100只断奶中国白兔,随机分为5组。对照组为基础日粮组、A组、B组、C组、D组日粮的小肽添加水平(饲喂状态基础)分别为0%、0.25%、0.50%、0.75%、1.00%,5组饲料的能量、粗蛋白、粗纤维、钙、磷水平相同。通过添加0.5%植物小肽后,中国白兔平均日增重比对照组提高24.16%(P0.05),平均日采食量显著降低(P0.05),料重比降低25.19%(P0.05),添加小肽后,中国白兔胸腺指数、下颌淋巴结重显著高于对照组(P0.05)。中国白兔日粮中添加植物小肽可以增强断奶至2月龄中国白兔生长性能和免疫性能。     

小肽对断奶獭兔生长性能和免疫性能的影响

100只体重为(891.42±23.68)g,健康状况良好的断奶獭兔,随机分为5组。对照组为基础日粮组,A、B、C、D组分别为基础日粮添加0.25%、0.50%、0.75%、1.00%的小肽。试验预试期7d,正试期30d。试验结果表明:添加0.50%小肽后,獭兔平均日增重比对照组提高24.16%(P<0.05),平均日采食量显著降低(P<0.05),料重比降低25.19%(P<0.05)。添加小肽后,獭兔胸腺指数、下颌淋巴结重显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。獭兔日粮中添加小肽可以增强断奶獭兔生长性能和免疫性能。     

不同剂量小肽营养素对断奶獭兔生长及免疫器官的影响

100只体重相近、健康状况良好的断奶獭兔,随机分为5组。对照组为基础日粮组,Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组分别在基础日粮中添加0.25%、0.50%、0.75%、1.00%的小肽。结果:添加0.50%小肽后,獭兔平均日增重比对照组提高24.16%(P<0.05),平均日采食量显著降低(P<0.05),料重比降低25.19%(P<0.05)。添加小肽后,獭兔脾脏指数、腹股沟淋巴结重与对照组相比变化不显著(P>0.05),胸腺指数、下颌淋巴结重显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。结果表明,獭兔日粮中添加小肽可以增强獭兔生长性能和免疫性能。     

发酵兔粪饲喂生长獭兔的试验效果研究

本试验旨在研究发酵兔粪对生长獭兔饲喂效果的影响,选择35日龄的断奶力克斯兔80只,随机分成4组.试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组分别以15%、20%、25%的发酵兔粪添加到基础日粮中,以发酵兔粪零添加量为对照组.结果表明,与对照组相比,饲喂发酵兔粪组末重和日增重均差异不显著(P>0.05);Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组采食量差异极显著(P<0.01);试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组耗料增重比均低于对照组,营养物质消化率均高于对照组,其中,粗纤维的消化率与对照组相比,差异极显著(P<0.01).另外,日粮中添加发酵兔粪对獭兔的被毛品质无不良影响.由此可见,獭兔日粮中添加一定量的发酵兔粪,可提高饲料的养分消化率,使獭兔获得较好的生产性能.     

蚕沙对新西兰兔生产性能、屠宰性能及脏体比值的影响

本试验旨在研究蚕沙作为新西兰兔饲料的可行性及其适宜添加水平。试验选用35日龄断奶新西兰兔120只,随机分为5个处理,每个处理6个重复,每个重复4只。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组分别饲喂添加含6%、12%、18%和24%蚕沙的日粮。试验期60d,结果表明:日粮中添加不同水平蚕沙对日增重影响不显著(P0.05),对肉兔料重比影响显著(P0.05),随着蚕沙添加水平的增加有增大趋势,其中12%组经济效益最高;不同水平蚕沙对肉兔全净膛重和屠宰率影响不显著(P0.05),但是6%蚕沙组的全净膛重及屠宰率均高于其他组;不同水平蚕沙对前腿/体、腰/体、后腿/体、肺/体和肾/体比值影响均不显著(P0.05),而对心/体和肝/体比值影响显著(P0.05)。这表明,在断奶新西兰兔日粮中可以加入6%～24%的蚕沙,以加入12%为佳。     

日粮碘添加水平对断奶至2月龄生长肉兔生长性能和血清生化指标的影响

本试验旨在研究日粮碘添加水平对断奶至2月龄生长肉兔生长性能和血清生化指标的影响.选用80只平均体重为(780±50)g的35日龄断奶新西兰肉兔,随机分成4组(每组20个重复,每个重复1只兔),分别饲喂在基础日粮中添加0(对照)、0.1、0.5和2.5 mg/kg碘的试验日粮,预试期7 d,正试期23 d.结果表明:日粮碘添加水平对平均日增重(ADG)有显著影响(P<0.05),0.1和0.5 mg/kg组的ADG显著高于对照组(P<0.05).日粮碘添加水平对料重比(F/G)有显著影响(P<0.05),0.5 mg/kg组的F/G显著低于对照组和0.1 mg/kg组(P<0.05).日粮碘添加水平对血清常规生化指标影响不显著(P>0.05).日粮碘添加水平对血清免疫球蛋白A(IgA)含量有显著影响(P<0.05),0.5 mg/kg组的IgA含量显著高于其他各组(P<0.05).日粮碘添加水平对血清免疫球蛋白G(IgG)和免疫球蛋白M(IgM)含量无显著影响(P>0.05).日粮碘添加水平对血清三碘甲腺原氨酸(T3)含量有极显著影响(P<0.01),随着碘添加水平的增加,T3含量先升高后降低,当碘添加量为0.5 mg/kg时T3含量达到最大值.日粮碘添加水平对血清四碘甲腺原氨酸(T4)含量的影响不显著(P>0.05).综上所述,断奶至2月龄生长肉兔日粮中碘适宜添加量为0.5 mg/kg(基础日粮碘含量为0.22 mg/kg).     

添加色氨酸、诱食剂对断奶仔猪生产性能和腹泻的影响

试验研究添加色氨酸和诱食剂对早期断奶仔猪生产性能和腹泻的影响。选择(23±1)日龄断奶的初始体重为(6.0±0.5)kg的48头PIC仔猪,随机分为4组(1个对照组、3个试验组)。对照组饲喂对照饲粮,试验1￣3组分别饲喂添加0.05%的色氨酸饲粮、添加0.02%的香味剂饲粮和添加0.02%的甜味剂饲粮,试验期为28d。结果表明:①在整个试验期内,与对照组相比,添加甜味剂显著提高仔猪的日采食量和日增重(P<0.05),显著降低仔猪的料肉比(P<0.05),使腹泻指数降低74.07%。②与对照组相比,添加色氨酸显著提高仔猪的日采食量和日增重(P<0.05);有降低料肉比的趋势(P>0.05),未降低腹泻指数。③与对照组相比,添加香味剂使采食量、日增重显著降低(P<0.05),料肉比显著增加(P<0.05),腹泻指数降低5.56%。④添加甜味剂与添加色氨酸在提高断奶仔猪采食量上差异不显著(P>0.05),但是添加甜味剂组仔猪的日增重显著高于添加色氨酸组的仔猪(P<0.05),并且前者的料肉比显著低于后者(P<0.05)。添加甜味剂组仔猪的腹泻指数比添加色氨酸组仔猪低75.0%。     

张家口杂交谷子添加水平对断奶至3月龄獭兔生长性能及皮毛质量的影响

试验旨在研究饲粮中添加不同水平张家口杂交谷子对断奶至3月龄兔生长性能、毛皮质量的影响。试验选取80只45 d的獭兔,随机分成4组,每组10个重复,每个重复2只。Ⅰ组为对照组,饲喂基础饲粮;Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ组为试验组,分别饲喂以15%、20%、25%张家口杂交谷子替代部分玉米和麸皮(换算比例为1谷子=0.55玉米+0.45麸皮)配制的试验日粮。预试期5 d,正试期40 d。结果表明:1在初始体重无显著差异(P0.05)的情况下,饲粮中添加张家口杂交谷子可明显提高试兔的日增重,降低料重比;其中Ⅳ组日增重(添加量25%)显著高于对照组(P0.05),同时Ⅳ组料重比显著低于对照组(P0.05);2饲粮中添加张家口杂交谷子对生长獭兔被毛密度、被毛长度均没有显著影响(P0.05)。综合以上测定指标,张家口杂交谷子可以作为家兔的能量饲料,在生长獭兔饲粮中添加水平25%为最佳。     

枯草芽孢杆菌在断奶仔兔生长和预防腹泻中的应用研究

本试验将不同剂量的枯草芽孢杆菌制剂添加到断奶仔兔基础日粮中,探讨其对仔兔生长发育和预防腹泻的影响。选取健康断奶仔兔40只,随机分为4组,基础日粮中分别添加0.1%、0.2%、0.3%的枯草芽孢杆菌制剂(分别设为A、B、C组),对照组不添加(D组)。连续饲喂30 d后检测断奶仔兔平均日增重、料重比等生长性能指标,检测Ig A、Ig M、Ig G等血清学免疫指标,计算胸腺和脾脏的免疫器官指数,并统计分析断奶仔兔腹泻的发病率和死亡率,评价枯草芽孢杆菌对其抗病能力的影响。结果表明:B组和C组平均日增重极显著高于D组(P0.01);B组料重比显著低于D组(P0.05);B组和C组Ig A和Ig G水平均与D组存在显著差异(P0.05);C组仔兔的胸腺重量显著高于D组(P0.05);各试验组仔兔的腹泻率和死亡率均显著低于对照组(P0.05)。结论 :综合评价,在基础日粮中添加0.2%枯草芽孢杆菌制剂可以有效提高断奶仔兔的生长性能和抗腹泻能力。     

哺乳期使用植物小肽对断奶后仔猪肠道微生物及肠道形态的影响

选用(25±2)日龄的PIC五元杂交断奶仔猪300头,根据哺乳期使用的4种不同的日粮(对照日粮,以及含有2%血浆蛋白、2%植物小肽和4%植物小肽日粮)分为4组,每组设3个重复,每个重复25头,探讨哺乳期使用植物小肽对断奶后仔猪肠道微生物和肠道形态的影响。结果表明,与对照组相比,哺乳期日粮中使用植物小肽,对减少断奶后仔猪肠道内大肠杆菌和沙门菌的繁殖,增加断奶仔猪肠道内有益菌属乳酸菌的繁殖有一定作用(P>0.05)。使用4%植物小肽提高了十二指肠、空肠和回肠的绒毛高度(P>0.05)和绒腺比(P<0.05),减小了隐窝深度(P<0.05)。植物小肽能够刺激断奶后仔猪肠道发育,使断奶后仔猪肠道绒毛高度增加,隐窝深度变浅,这种趋势随着植物小肽添加量的增加而提高。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -