兔球虫病的危害及防治进展

本文对兔球虫病的病原种类、流行特征、症状、诊断、疫苗免疫及防治等进行了综述,旨在为有效防控兔球虫病提供参考。     

The effect of repeated administration of Oestrophan (SPOFA) on the quality of sexual function in breeding stock

The objective of the study was to check a contingent negative effect of repeated treatment of heifers by PGF2 alpha--Oestrophan (SPOFA)--on the course and quality of their ovarian activity and external heat signs. Changes in progesterone concentrations were evaluated three times a week. Three heifers were subjected to treatment eight times and two heifers nine times. Of 42 applications of Oestrophan (SPOFA) the response was positive in 95.2% (forty heats). When Oestrophan (SPOFA) was administered on the fourth and sixth day of the sexual cycle, in two cases no heat nor luteolysis of corpus luteum was detected; this was demonstrated by hormonal investigation. Of the forty evaluated heats, 82.5% were classified as strongly and medium expressive, the remaining were weakly expressive. The onset of heat was found to be on the average 72.6 hours after Oestrophan (SPOFA) administration, in 9.1% of the cases the heat started about 48 hours after administration, 12.4% of cows showed the heat signs between 72nd and 96th hours.     

新形势下兔球虫病的防控措施

兔球虫病是养兔业常见及危害最严重的一种寄生虫病,给养兔业造成巨大的经济损失,幼兔感染严重者甚至引起死亡,成年兔一般呈耐性感染.目前兔球虫病的防控主要以药物防控为主,不合理的抗球虫药物使用容易导致虫株耐药性、药物残留和毒性等问题的出现.随着减抗、替抗和禁抗养殖的持续推进,本文介绍可行的化学药物、中药、微生态制剂和饲养管理...     

Effect of coccidiosis on pigmentation in broilers

Broiler chicks were fed on a high energy, commercial‐type ration with 20 g oxycarotenoids/ton¹ for 5 weeks. They were then transferred to two finisher rations: one with 20 g oxycarotenoids from the ingredients plus 3 g canthaxanthin/ton; the other containing 26 g oxycarotenoids/ton derived solely from the ingredients. Three replicated groups fed on each finisher ration were inoculated daily for 5 d with either 6000 sporulated oocysts of E. maxima, 30,000 sporulated oocysts of E. acervulina or no coccidial oocysts. The resultant mild infections caused reduced growth and impaired food conversion irrespective of the ration fed. Pigmentation, based on shank visual scores, plasma and toe‐web total carotenoid concentrations, was adversely affected in all infected groups. Groups fed canthaxanthin had higher visual scores than comparable groups not so supplemented; however, the presence of coccidiosis depressed flesh pigmentation proportionately in both groups judged by several pigmentation parameters. E. acervulina infection was as deleterious to the broiler as E. maxima, based on these criteria.     

Lamb coccidiosis dynamics in different dairy production systems

The aim of this study was to investigate the spread of infection and population dynamics of ovine coccidosis under dairy sheep production systems in the Mediterranean area, taking into account differences between management systems, lambing season and climatic conditions. Data were collected from six (intensive and semi-intensive) dairy sheep flocks located either in the North or the South of Greece, with groups of lambs born during two consecutive lambing periods (autumn, spring) from each flock. Faecal consistency and oocyst excretion were recorded from faecal samples taken from 220 lambs in total, starting at days 7-9 after lambing and subsequently every 6 days for 5 times. Eleven Eimeria species including the highly abundant pathogenic E. ovinoidalis and E. crandallis were isolated. The onset of excretion was noted from 13 to 33 days after birth with a peak at 19-21 days. The cumulative incidence of infection per flock until the end of the study ranged from 64.29% to 100% during both lambing periods. A significant tendency for animals to get infected earlier during spring lambing was observed. This trend was even higher for lambs from farms located in the South and is possibly related to the higher contamination level of the farms after lambing during that time. Predominantly subclinical cases of coccidiosis were observed during the course of the study with a relatively low proportion of diarrhoeic faeces which did not significantly differ between the two rounds. Considering the significance of dairy sheep production in the area and the economic losses that can be caused by eimeriosis, monitoring of infection levels in the farms, taking into account the lambing period and environmental conditions, is highly recommended.     

兔感染肝球虫后肝脏的病理学试验报告

对试验兔进行抗肝球虫试验,观察其病理现象,并记录攻毒对照组患兔的剖检症状,制作其肝脏切片进行显微观察和照相。同时采用3种中药方刑和球王珠利叶病免进行治疗,试验证明,常白加味汤和球王珠利时球虫有良好疗效。     

Effect of ibuprofen on coccidiosis in broiler chickens

Ibuprofen (IBU)-a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug-inhibits the biosynthesis of prostaglandins with pro-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties and is therefore proposed as a candidate molecule for the treatment of coccidiosis in broiler chickens. In all experiments, IBU was administered via drinking water. In a first experiment, chickens were infected at 10 or 21 days of age with oocysts of Eimeria acervulina (5 X 10(4)), Eimeria maxima (3 X 10(4)), and Eimeria tenella (7.5 X 10(3)) and medicated with IBU at a dose of 15 mg/kg body weight (BW). In a second experiment, chickens were infected at 6 days of age with 10(4) oocysts of E. acervulina and medicated with IBU at a dose of 100 mg/kg BW. In the third experiment, an inoculum consisting of 5 x 10(4) or 10(5) E. acervulina oocysts was administered at 6 days of age to chickens medicated with IBU at a dose of 100 mg/kg BW. In a fourth experiment, the effect of IBU on sporulation and infectivity of E. acervulina oocysts was studied. Coccidial lesion scores (CLSs), oocyst shedding, and weight gain were used as evaluation parameters in all experiments except the fourth, where weight gain was not taken into account. In addition, the sporulation percentage was determined in the last experiment. No influence of IBU on the indicated parameters was observed after providing the drug at a dose of 15 mg/kg BW, whereas CLSs and oocyst shedding were reduced when IBU was provided at a dose of 100 mg/kg BW. However, IBU did not significantly show any effect on the degree of sporulation and infectivity of E. acervulina oocysts at a dose of 100 mg/kg BW.     

在家禽养殖停用抗球虫药的发展趋势

对肉仔鸡进行接种球虫疫苗，使禽业公司从严格地在饲料中添加抗球虫药的禁锢中解脱出来，并在其营养方面催生了许多新的观点。由于禽业公司将疫苗作为对抗球虫的主要方式，在有些情况下，除抗球虫外，还可以建立基于禽类需要的营养程序，而不必遵守抗球虫药物的休药期。     

Monitoring chromosome mutations in large-scale breeding operations

The frequency of chromosomal aberrations and exchanges of sister chromatids (SCEs) in peripheral lymphocytes was studied in 65 pigs from five large breeding herds. Four groups comprised fattened pigs and the fifth group consisted of sows from a large multiplier breeding herd. During the investigation, the dust from the sites was analyzed for the presence of zinc, lead, cadmium, mercury, aflatoxin B1, PCB, DDT, and lindane. The average frequency of aberrant cells (AB.B) in the pigs of group I was 3.85 +/- 1.60%, in group II 2.10 +/- 1.52%, in group III 5.01 +/- 2.1%, in group IV 3.50 +/- 1.58%, and in group V 6.20 +/- 3.21%. The cytogenetic finding corresponded to the differences in the amount of foreign substances found in the dust on the premises where the animals of all groups were kept. The average frequency of the SCEs was 7.00 +/- 1.10 (I), 6.51 +/- 0.89 (II), 6.92 +/- 0.72 (III), 7.10 +/- 0.85 (IV) and 7.06 +/- 1.47 (V) per one cell. Statistically significant differences in the numbers of AB.B. were recorded between groups II and I, II and IV, I and III, IV and V (p less than 0.05) and between groups II and III, II and V (p less than 0.01). There was no statistically significant difference in the frequency of SCEs. The determination of the frequency of chromosomal aberrations can be used for the hygienic control of the degree of exposure of pigs to mutagens.     

Effect of colibacillosis or coccidiosis on expression of breast cancer resistance protein in small intestine and liver of chickens

Breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP, ABCG2) is a member of ABC (ATP‐binding cassette) transporter superfamily that occurs in a variety of tissues including liver and small intestine of animals. As BCRP is involved in drug absorption, distribution, and elimination, modulation of its expression may affect the clinical efficacy of drugs. However, little is known about the effects of coccidiosis or colibacillosis infection on the levels of BCRP expression in chickens. Here, we studied the effect of infection with Escherichia coli (E. coli) or Eimeriida mixture (E. necatrix and E. tenella) on the expression levels of ABCG2 mRNA and BCRP in the different segments of small intestine and liver in chickens. Expression of ABCG2 mRNA or BCRP was detected in the entire small intestine and liver of healthy chickens, and the expression levels in liver and ileum were significantly higher than duodenum and jejunum. Infection with E. coli or Eimeriida mixture resulted in significant decrease in ABCG2 mRNA and BCRP expression in liver, ileum, and jejunum, but not in duodenum, in comparison with noninfection control. The results indicate that coccidiosis or colibacillosis infection inhibits BCRP expression in chickens, which may consequently influence drug distribution and therapeutic efficacy.     

Effect of decoquinate on the control of coccidiosis in young ruminating calves

Twenty-five 6-week-old Holstein male calves were each inoculated with 500,000 sporulated oocysts of Eimeria bovis. Two nontreated (control) and 3 treated calves (1.5 mg of decoquinate/kg of body weight in feed) were necropsied 7 days after inoculation. Similar groups of calves were necropsied at 12, 18, 22, and 28 days after inoculation. Treated calves were started on medicated feed 2 days before inoculation or at 7, 12, or 15 days after inoculation or were on continuous medication from the day of inoculation. Control calves were not given medication. Early schizonts were in the small intestines of control calves at 7 days after inoculation, but none was in the treated calves that were started on medicated feed 2 days before inoculation. Schizonts were present in the small intestine of both treated and control calves at 12 days after inoculation. At 18 days after inoculation, control calves had schizonts in the small intestine and gamonts and oocysts in the cecum and large intestines, but treated calves only had schizonts in the small intestine. At 22 days, control calves had schizonts in the small intestine and gamonts and oocysts in the large intestine; treated calves had schizonts in the small intestine. At 28 days, controls still had schizonts in the small intestine and gamonts and oocysts in the cecum and large intestine; the treated calves that had been on continuous medication did not have schizonts, gamonts, or oocysts in the tissues. Decoquinate apparently kills sporozoites or arrests development and release of merozoites from the schizonts when fed at 1.5 mg/kg of body weight in the feed.     

The effect of changing the sex ratio on the efficiency of cattle breeding operations

The direct effect of sex control in providing a higher proportion of male calves for beef production can increase the beef output of a dual-purpose population by up to 5%. The actual increase depends on the rate of cow turnover and on the net superiority of males over females in the population concerned. Control of the sex ratio also permits an increase in the intensity of selection, particularly in the paths dams-sons and dams-daughters. The total effect could be an improvement of the order of 10% in the rate of genetic change in the population. Thirdly, control of the sex ratio increases the possibilities for beef crossing in dairy or dual-purpose cattle populations. This can increase the beef output of the population by up to 4%, depending on the rate of cow turnover and the superiority of the beef strains used. If these opportunities are pursued they are likely to drive the population into specialised strains of dairy and beef cattle.     

参青球净散和桂枝治疗鸡球虫病的效果观察

考察自拟中药组方参青球净散和桂枝对鸡球虫病的治疗效果。采用人工感染小肠球虫混合卵囊制造鸡球虫病模型,将试验鸡分为6组,即参青球净散高剂量组、中剂量组、低剂量组,桂枝组,感染对照组,健康对照组。除感染对照组和健康对照组外,其余各组试验鸡于攻虫的当天开始给药,连用7 d。检测试验鸡相对增重率、血便记分、卵囊值、病变记分、抗球虫指数及血清相关酶活性等指标,综合评价药物疗效。结果表明,参青球净散组和桂枝组均可防止感染鸡体质量下降,但在精神状态、血便数量、采食量方面参青球净散组显著优于桂枝组(P<0.05);参青球净散高剂量组抗球虫指数大于160,达到良好水平,中剂量组、低剂量组和桂枝组的抗球虫指数均小于160,大于120,属于有效范围;各组血清乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)的活性显著升高(P<0.05);除对照组以外,其余各组的血清碱性磷酸酶(ALP)活性显著提高(P<0.05)。提示自拟中药组方参青球净散对鸡球虫病疗效确实。     

法国ELCO种兔沙门氏菌病的诊治

慕里塔尼ELCO种兔1994年从法国引入黑龙江省以来,已在省内外大规模养殖,发展到数万只,成为农村致富的支柱产业。某兔场的EL—CO种兔突然发生疫情,经过流行病学检查、临床观察、病理解剖、微生物学诊断和诊断性治疗,综合诊断为沙门氏菌病。