Production and purification of ovine anti-tetanus antibody

We used the ovine as bioreactor for the production and optimization of anti-tetanus toxin antibody. Four female sheep were immunized with human tetanus vaccine (TT-alum) every two weeks for 16 weeks, after which serum was collected and its titer was estimated by ELISA. The highest titer obtained was 39,000 IU ml-1. To optimize a purification protocol for ovine anti-tetanus toxin, we used four procedures; weak anion (DEAE-Sephadex), weak cation (CM-Sephadex), ammonium sulfate precipitation alone or in combination with caprylic acid. Fifty percent saturation with ammonium sulfate combined with caprylic acid gave us the highest yield of protein with specific activity and the purest Fab product.     

红豆草黑腐病病原鉴定及毒素组分研究

为明确红豆草(Onobrychis viciaefolia Scop.)黑腐病的病原及其病菌的主要制病机理,对甘肃省兰州、定西等地红豆草黑腐病进行调查,通过对病叶进行组织分离得到病菌,经纯化培养、致病性测定后进行病原鉴定;病菌用PSK培养液在适宜条件下培养,经乙酸乙酯萃取,获得粗毒素液,进行生物测定后,经过浓缩、纯化,得到较纯的毒素样品,利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪(HP6890-5973I)测定了该毒素组分。结果表明:该病菌属半知菌亚门极细链格孢菌(Alternaria tenuis Nees.),病菌粗毒素液对红豆草种子根伸长、离体叶片和叶圆片具有较强的毒性;红豆草细链格孢菌毒素的主要组成成分为乙酸-N-羟基琥珀酰亚胺酯(C₆H₇NO₄),相对含量为67.02%。     

Induction of pneumonia in rabbits by use of a purified protein toxin from Pasteurella multocida.

Heat-labile toxin from a cell sonicate of a virulent type-D strain of Pasteurella multocida was purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation followed by ion exchange chromatography, gel filtration chromatography, and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Toxic activity was assayed during toxin purification by cytopathic effect in Vero or bovine embryonic lung cell cultures. Toxicity for cells correlated with dermonecrosis in guinea pig skin. Toxicity was accounted for by a single protein with a molecular weight of 149,000, as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Rabbits were inoculated intranasally with purified toxin to determine whether toxin had a role in the induction of pneumonia in rabbits infected with P multocida. Pneumonia, pleuritis, acute hepatic necrosis, and splenic lymphoid atrophy were found in 4 of 5 rabbits. One of 5 rabbits had bilateral turbinate atrophy. Western blotting with monoclonal antibodies to toxin from a P multocida isolate causing atrophic rhinitis in pigs revealed the toxin that induces pleuritis and pneumonia in rabbits to be the same or a closely related toxin.     

抗B型肉毒毒素治疗性胞内抗体的制备及活性研究

以克隆表达的B型肉毒毒素轻链蛋白(Bo NT/BL)为抗原,从噬菌体抗体库Tomlinson I+J筛选出得到活性高和特异性高的全人源单链抗体(Sc Fv),结合能够携带外源蛋白有效通过生物膜的小片段跨膜肽(TAT)制备跨膜单链抗体(TAT-Sc Fv)。经PCR后酶切,克隆到原核表达载体(p ET-28a-TAT)中,构建含有跨膜肽(TAT)的抗B型肉毒毒素胞内抗体融合蛋白,并在大肠杆菌中诱导表达,进行纯化工艺,对产物进行浓度纯度、亲和常数测定及生物活性研究。成功构建TAT-Sc Fv表达载体,融合蛋白相对分子量为32.7 k Da,主要以可溶形式表达,纯度也达到95%以上,胞内抗体中和B型肉毒毒素致病轻链得到TAT-Sc Fv的亲和常数为(1.133±0.273)×106L/mol,小鼠神经细胞乙酰胆碱定量测定实验证明胞内抗体具有较好的抗毒素活性。此结果为B型肉毒毒素治疗性胞内抗体的研制和肉毒中毒治疗奠定了基础。     

Studies on the Chick-lethal Toxin of Escherichia coli

A toxin which is lethal for two week old chicks has been recovered from strains of Escherichia coli O78:K80 of bovine and avian origin and from avian isolates of serogroups O2, O45 and O109. The toxin is heat-labile, antigenic, high in protein, inactivated by pronase, trypsin, amylase, and pancreatic lipase. The toxin may be precipitated by ammonium sulfate or TCA treatment from the supernatant obtained by repeated centrifugation of sonicated cells. Considerable purification has been obtained by column chromatography using Sepharose 6B.     

Purification and properties of cholesterol oxidase and choline phosphohydrolase from Rhodococcus equi.

Cholesterol oxidase (CO) and choline phosphohydrolase (CPH) exoenzymes were isolated from culture supernatants of Rhodococcus equi ATCC 33701 and their hemolytic and cytotoxic activities examined. The purifications involved differential ammonium sulphate precipitation, ion exchange and gel filtration chromatography. A purification of 32.8-fold and a yield of 0.3% of CO were determined by synergistic hemolysis of sheep red blood cells (SRBC) presensitized with Staphylococcus aureus beta toxin. The enzymatic activity of CO was also demonstrated by oxidation of aqueous cholesterol suspensions. The activity of CO was reversibly inhibited by concentration. A purification of 412.4-fold and a yield of 1.7% of CPH were determined by hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyphosphorylcholine. Purity of both exoenzymes was confirmed by immunoblotting. On sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the CO had a molecular mass (Mr) of 60 kd and the CPH a Mr of 65 kd. Choline phosphohydrolase did not hydrolyse sphingomyelin. Sphingomyelinase C (SMC) activity was however demonstrated in concentrated culture supernatants. This dissociation of SMC from CPH activity indicates that R. equi produces two distinct phospholipase C exoenzymes, a CPH and a SMC. Both CO and CPH combined, or individually, did not lyse native SRBC even with subsequent chilling of the cells at 4 degrees C ("hot-cold" treatment). Purified CO lysed beta toxin-sensitized SRBC. The CPH showed only minor hemolytic activity against such sensitized SRBC even at high concentrations. Combination of CO and CPH in lysis of beta toxin sensitized SRBC showed only minor additive rather than synergistic effects.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Response of caeruloplasmin to Escherichia coli endotoxins and adrenal hormones in the domestic fowl

The injection of chickens with Escherichia coli endotoxins immediately produced a 50 per cent rise in plasma caeruloplasmin activity which was attributed to the release of the protein from liver cell. This was followed by a fall in activity, which was probably due to a fall in activity, which was probably due to a stabilising effect of adrenocortical hormones on the cell membranes, and then by a five-fold increase. The results of experiments with cycloheximide, adrenocorticotrophin, beta-methasone and reserpine indicated that the third phase of the response reflected increased synthesis in the liver which was partly induced by adrenal hormones. It increased with the dose and was not elicited by the particulate nature of the toxin preparation or by its lipid and polysaccharide components.     

Biological activity of insulin-like growth factor-I purified from chicken serum

This study describes a rapid purification of insulin-like growth factor-I from chicken serum and the immunological, biological and receptor binding activity of the peptide. It was purified after initial extraction, by cation exchange chromatography, hydrophobic interaction chromatography and reverse phase chromatography up to 1.4 x 10(6)-fold with an overall yield ranging from 10-30%. The N-terminal amino acid sequence was the same as predicted from the nucleotide sequence of a chicken IGF-I cDNA and the partial sequence obtained from a previously reported purification. The material was both immunologically and biologically active. It had a 50% potency compared to human IGF-I in a radioimmunoassay using an antiserum raised against human IGF-I, stimulated the incorporation of [3H]-thymidine into DNA in cultured chick embryo myoblasts with a half-maximum effective dose of 5 ng/ml and displaced [125I]-labelled human IGF-I and IGF-II from binding sites in microsomal membranes prepared from both the chicken liver and the lactating rabbit mammary gland in a dose dependent manner.     

破伤风毒素C片段基因的克隆及在大肠杆菌中的高效表达

本研究对破伤风毒素C片段进行了基因克隆、重组表达、蛋白纯化和免疫原性分析。应用PCR技术直接从破伤风梭菌64008菌株基因组中扩增出大小为1356 bp的破伤风毒素C片段(TetC)基因,经DNA序列测定分析,扩增出的基因与GenBank上登录的序列AF154828的同源性达到99.2%。将此基因克隆至大肠杆菌融合表达载体pGEX-6P-1,构建成重组表达质粒pGEX-6P-1-TetC,并在大肠杆菌BL21中表达,重组蛋白的表达量占菌体总蛋白的21%。经SDS-PAGE蛋白电泳鉴定,表达产物为76 Ku左右的重组蛋白,经免疫印迹试验证实该重组蛋白是破伤风毒素C片段抗原。     

Pasteurella multocida isolated from rabbits and swine: serologic types and toxin production

Pasteurella multocida isolates from rabbits and swine of different geographic origins were serologically grouped and typed. Similar capsule serogroups and somatic serotypes were common to both species. Selected serotypes of both serogroups A and D were tested for toxin production. Toxin-producing isolates from both rabbits and swine were found in serogroup D, but not serogroup A. A correlation was not found between somatic serotype and the capability of an isolate to produce toxin. Noncapsulated variants derived from parent capsulated toxin-producing isolates also produced toxin. The capability of an isolate to produce a toxin did not necessarily make it virulent. The toxins from rabbit and swine P multocida of different geographic origins were antigenically similar. Cell lysis was compared with sonication as a method to release cell-associated toxin for biochemical purification. The toxin was purified from lysates by ammonium sulfate precipitation, followed by ion exchange and gel-filtration chromatographic procedures. The purified toxin had a molecular weight of 112,000 to 158,000 and an apparent isoelectric point of 4.65 to 4.8. The toxin precipitated at pH near its isoelectric point. Electrofocusing-electrophoresis titration curves of the purified toxin preparation showed it consisted of 2 similar proteins which varied in their capabilities to stain with Coomassie brilliant blue. The proteins precipitated together near their apparent isoelectric point and interacted at pH 9.7.     

Relationship between Clostridium septicum alpha-toxin activity and binding to erythrocyte membranes

The activity of Clostridium septicum alpha-toxin was determined in erythrocytes of various animals, with sensitivities observed in the order of mouse, rat, canine, equine, rabbit, chicken, bovine, swine and ovine. Temperature and protease treatment affected the sensitivity of erythrocytes to alpha-toxin. Proteinase K treatment decreased the sensitivity of murine, canine, equine and bovine erythrocytes, but ovine erythrocytes did not change the sensitivity to alpha-toxin activity. On the other hand, the activity of alpha-toxin on swine erythrocytes increased after treatment with proteinase K, trypsin, chymotrypsin or lysyl endopeptidase. Toxin overlay assay showed that alpha-toxin bound to erythrocyte membrane proteins with a molecular mass of 30 to 45-kDa in mouse, equine, bovine, swine and chicken, whereas in rat erythrocyte membranes the toxin reacted with 100-kDa protein. The treatment of murine and swine erythrocyte membranes with phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C resulted in liberation of the toxin-binding protein from the individual membranes in a native state. These results show that alpha-toxin associates with specific erythrocyte membrane proteins in any animal species, and are subsets of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins in various animal species. These results may reflect distinct characteristics of the hemolytic activity of alpha-toxin in response to various erythrocytes.     

3种中毒性弧菌融合毒素基因的表达与免疫学性质研究

为构建3种中毒性弧菌多联融合毒素基因及重组表达载体,制备多联融合毒素的血清抗体,本试验采用柔性Linker序列（Gly₄Ser）对目的基因进行串联（tdh-vvhA-ctB）,构建重组表达质粒pET-22b（+）-TVC并在原核表达载体内进行表达,将表达蛋白纯化后免疫动物制备多联融合毒素血清抗体,利用琼脂扩散试验和酶联免疫吸附试验验证抗体的特异性与敏感性。结果表明,试验成功构建了多联融合毒素重组表达质粒pET-22b（+）-TVC,并在原核表达载体内成功表达,表达量为11.38%,表达蛋白主要为包涵体,少量为可溶性蛋白,基因序列全长2 196 bp,编码731个氨基酸,蛋白分子质量为81.7 ku,测序结果与设计序列同源性为99.6%。ELISA和琼脂扩散试验表明,融合毒素TVC与3种目标中毒性弧菌均发生反应,与多种非目标菌均不反应。本试验成功构建了多联融合毒素基因的表达质粒并制备了抗血清,为利用重组毒素的方法检测目标毒素,进而建立更广谱的食物中毒菌快速检测方法奠定基础。     

Expression and Immunological Character Research of Three Kinds of Food-poisoning Vibrio Poly-recombinant Toxin Gene

In this study,tdh-vvhA-ctB was constructed using the flexible Linker sequence (Gly₄Ser) in order to construct three kinds of food-poisoning Vibrio poly-recombinant toxin gene and recombinant expression vector. The recombinant expression plasmid pET-22b(+)-TVC was constructed and expressed in prokaryotic expression vector. The animals were immunized using the expressed protein after purification to get serum antibody. The specificity and sensitivity of the antibody were verified by agar diffusion test and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).The results showed that the recombinant expressing plasmid pET-22b(+)-TVC was constructed and expressed successfully in prokaryotic expression vector, the expression level was 11.38%. The expressed protein was mainly inclusion body and a small amount of soluble protein. The gene length was 2 196 bp, encoding 731 amino acids with molecular weight of 81.7 ku. The results were 99.6% homologous to the designed sequence. Agar diffusion reaction and ELISA tests indicated the poly-recombinant toxin TVC could product different immune intersect reaction with other food-poisoning Vibrios but not react with some no-objective bacteria. Expression plasmid of poly-recombinant toxin gene was constructed and serum antibody was prepared successfully. It might be used to check the objective toxin based on the poly-recombinant toxin gene and established the board-spectrum, quick, special detecting way to lay the theoretical and technical basis.     

Rapid purification of a 110-kilodalton hemolysin of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae by monoclonal antibody-affinity chromatography.

An efficient, single-step method for purification of the 110-kilodalton (kDa) hemolysin of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae was developed. An immunoaffinity column was made by cross-linking murine monoclonal antibody 8C2 to the 110-kDa hemolysin of A pleuropneumoniae strain J45 serotype 5 to protein A-agarose beads. Purified hemolysin with high hemolytic activity was obtained after washing the column with phosphate-buffered saline solution, and eluting the hemolysin with 50 mM diethylamine, pH 11.0. The same column was also used to purify the hemolysin from A pleuropneumoniae strain 4074 serotype 1. The purification procedure could be completed within 5 hours, and almost 50% of the total hemolytic activity and hemolysin protein was recovered in pure form.     

Isolation and characterization of a haemolysin from Trichophyton mentagrophytes

Haemolytic activities of Trichophyton (T.) mentagrophytes were detected and characterized by qualitative and quantitative assays. On Columbia agar supplemented with blood from horses, cattle or sheep, T. mentagrophytes expressed a strong zone of complete haemolysis. No haemolytic activities could be detected in the closely related T. verrucosum var. ochraceum. The same results were obtained after cultivation of the fungi on sterile cellulose acetate filters placed on the surface on Columbia blood agar. After removal of the filter, complete haemolysis was detected below the colony of T. mentagrophytes. A soluble haemolysin from culture supernatant of this strain was isolated and partially purified. Specific haemolytic activity per mg protein was enriched 2.6-fold in filtrate F(1), a fraction obtained as filtrate after filtration through 3kDa cut-off membranes. The partially purified haemolysin was neither affected by proteinase K treatment, nor by high and low temperatures, suggesting that it represents a small peptide haemolysin. Accordingly, in a commercial enzymatic activity test only the crude culture filtrate, but none of the subsequent purification fractions showed reactivity. Evaluation of the specificity of the haemolysin using erythrocytes from different mammalian species revealed that sensitivity was highest to those of equines, followed by erythrocytes from sheep, cattle, swine, dogs and humans. None of the erythrocytes was lysed by filtrate F(1) from T. verrucosum var. ochraceum. Furthermore, different eukaryotic cell lines from different species were tested in their sensitivity to cytolytic activities of the haemolysin, but no membrane damage could be detected.     

C型产气荚膜梭菌合成培养基使用参数及培养毒素浓缩工艺优化

确定C型产气英膜梭菌合成培养基使用参数及建立配套的毒素浓缩工艺。比较不同pH值、灭菌温度、配制用水的合成培养基及其不同培养时间和温度下培养产气荚膜梭菌CVCC60102株的毒力;按毒素的分子量及超滤膜的截留分子量设计并比较2种不同浓缩工艺的毒素收获率及透出液的毒力。结果表明,pH值为8．0～8．4、灭菌方式为116℃30min、配制用水为去离子水时产毒最佳,毒力达到500—1000MLD／mL;合成培养基培养产气英膜梭菌CVCC60102株18h后毒力达500—1000MLD／mL,随着时间的延长,毒力不再增强;培养温度为36℃或37℃时,产毒效果最佳;不同截留分子量的超滤膜浓缩,10ku截留分子量的收获率为68％,其透出液静脉接种0．2mL,小鼠2／2死亡;而8ku收获率达80％,其透出液静脉接种0．2mL,小鼠0／2死亡。因此8ku截留分子量膜包适宜对C型菌培养毒素的浓缩。上述结果为C型产气荚膜梭菌合成培养基的应用提供了数据支撑。     

鸡胚组织膜蛋白与鸡毒霉形体黏附蛋白的结合分析

利用pGEX融合蛋白表达系统,将鸡毒霉形体黏附蛋白（pMGA）与GST的编码序列在大肠杆菌BL21中进行融合表达,经GST·BindResin纯化,GST—pMGA的纯度达96％。用蛋白酶Thrombin切掉GST标签,获得纯度为96％的pMGA,经Western—blot鉴定具有良好的免疫学活性。通过差速离心法提取SPF鸡胚的气管、心脏、肝脏、肺脏、肾脏、腺胃、十二指肠、法氏囊、胸腺和脾脏等组织膜蛋白,采用斑点酶联免疫吸附试验（Dot—ELISA）检测各组织膜蛋白与pMGA的结合。结果表明：除脾脏外,其余组织的膜蛋白与pMGA之间存在特异性结合,说明这些组织膜蛋白中存在pMGA的受体蛋白。经SDS-PAGE分析发现,除脾脏外,其余9种组织的膜蛋白中均含有一条相对分子质量约为30ku的主带,受体的相对分子质量可能为30ku,可为深入研究pMGA的受体蛋白提供资料。     

Regulation of murine macrophage phagocytosis of sheep erythrocytes by T-2 toxin

The effect of a single oral dose of 4 mg of T-2 toxin/kg of body weight on in vivo phagocytosis of sheep RBC by peritoneal macrophages was evaluated in nonsensitized mice and in mice sensitized with sheep RBC. T-2 toxin treatment had no effect on the viability or phagocytic activity of resident peritoneal macrophages in nonsensitized mice. However, a significant (P less than 0.005) increase in phagocytic activity occurred in cells from mice treated with toxin and subsequently sensitized with sheep RBC. In contrast, phagocytosis of sheep RBC was significantly (P less than 0.05) suppressed in cells from mice treated with toxin after sensitization. Toxin treatment induced necrosis of lymphocytes and significant decreases in thymus and spleen weights. Seemingly, T-2 toxin, administered at a dose that caused marked lymphoid depletion, suppressed or enhanced in vivo macrophage phagocytic activity in antigenically sensitized mice, and enhancement or suppression of phagocytosis was a function of the time of toxin treatment in relation to antigenic stimulation.     

Isolation of exfoliative toxin from Staphylococcus hyicus subsp. hyicus and its exfoliative activity in the piglet

Exfoliative toxin was isolated from the sterile cell-free filtrate of 24 h culture of Staphylococcus hyicus subsp. hyicus strain P-1. The partial purification of exfoliative toxin produced by S. hyicus (shET) was performed by precipitation with 50-80% saturated ammonium sulfate, gel filtration on a Sephadex G-75 column and column chromatography on DEAE-cellulose. Partially purified shET (pp-shET) caused exfoliation in piglets at 8 to 12 h after intradermal or subcutaneous injection. However, heat-treated pp-shET did not cause exfoliation in piglets for up to 24 h after injection. On histopathological examination of the skin at 12 h after injection of pp-shET, an intraepidermal cleavage plane was shown between the stratum corneum and stratum granulosum and at the stratum granulosum.     

Isolation of surface tubules of fowlpox virus

Surface tubules of fowlpox virus were isolated using chemical and physical methods. Suspensions of lipid cytoplasmic inclusion bodies were obtained by treating infected chorioallantoic membranes with 1% trypsin. Inclusions were treated with ultrasonic sound, detergents, and enzymes and were examined by electron microscopy. Although lipase treatment altered the morphology of lipid inclusions, no viral surface tubules were recovered. Treatment with the detergent Nonidet-P40 followed by 2-mercaptoethanol disrupted virions without allowing surface tubules to be recovered. Disruption of lipid inclusions by ultrasonic sound or manual grinding of chorioallantoic membranes produced free virions but only small numbers of tubules. These results indicate that surface tubules can be recovered, but that the lipid nature of cytoplasmic inclusions interferes with procedures commonly used in tubule purification.