红宝肉鸡商品代种蛋壳色深浅与孵化率的关系

<正> 前言 蛋壳颜色的深浅是一种数量性状,其遗传力为0.45—0.75。其深浅程度主要是由于输卵管末端阴道部分泌有机物卵嘌呤多少所决定,受遗传因素制约,同时也受种鸡营养水平,日龄等因素的影响。近些年来,有关学者在这方面已先后做了一些工作,如朱曜所著的《禽蛋研究》,马克·○·诺斯所著的《养鸡生产指导手册》,徐延生等人发表的《对罗斯褐壳蛋鸡所产浅色壳种蛋孵化效果的研究初报》均对壳色深浅对孵化效果的影响作了一定的阐述,普遍认为壳色愈深孵化率越高。为此我们在响水县种鸡场对红宝肉鸡父母代种鸡群所产种的壳色深浅与孵化率的关系作了进一步的探讨。     

海兰褐种鸡蛋重与孵化率的关系

种蛋的孵化率受许多因素的影响 ,在其他因素相同的前提下 ,曾有人利用其他品种的种蛋做过蛋重与孵化率关系的试验 ,为了更好地指导当地孵化生产 ,本人选择当地占主导地位的海兰褐父母种鸡不同重量的种蛋 ,研究蛋重与孵化率的关系。材料与方法试验材料的选择 :孵化机为蚌埠电子工业部 41所生产的 1 92 0 0型 ,种蛋是平原县畜牧局种鸡场海兰褐父母代种鸡的种蛋。种蛋的选择、称重、分组 :选择同一批收集的蛋种 ,去除裂蛋、双黄蛋、崎型蛋、沙壳蛋、污染蛋 ,用天平称取蛋重 ,按蛋重 :49 9ｇ以下 ,5 0～ 5 4 9ｇ、5 5～ 5 9 9ｇ ,60 ｇ以上 ,分…     

褐色蛋壳色素形成及壳色变浅的原因

目前各地饲养褐壳蛋鸡的数量较多,一些饲养该类鸡种的单位反映,鸡群有时发生鸡蛋壳色变白、变浅不一或出现色素斑块,并伴有蛋壳质量不良的问题。经对部分鸡场进行调查,对产生这类问题的原因综述如下。     

抗坏血酸对蛋壳和受精率及孵化率的影响

鸡蛋主要由4个部分组成──蛋壳、蛋清、蛋黄和卵。公鸡的主要作用是产生具有活力的精子以使蛋中的卵受精。鸡蛋受精以后,卵转变为胚盘（图1）。蛋中的3种主要组成蛋壳、蛋清、蛋黄,对于鸡胚的存活、发育、孵化及孵化后头几天雏鸡的存活具有特殊的功能,而抗坏血酸在促进这些与蛋壳及蛋清相关的功能中具有重要的作用。1蛋壳蛋壳的形成与钙代谢密切相关并受甲状旁腺激素及控制排卵周期的雌性激素的调控。蛋壳的形成首先是形成胶原纤维网以提供一个钙化的基质,在脯氨酸及其它氨基酸合成胶原纤维的过程中需要抗坏血酸。抗坏血酸的作用是将可…     

产蛋量和孵化率的关系

种母鸡满３８周龄之后，平均每只入舍母鸡所产雏鸡的数量就每周都会下降一些。这究竟仅仅是因为产蛋量降低了以及母鸡死亡增高了呢，还是因为其所产种蛋的孵化率降低了呢，或者是因为胚胎存活率降低了呢？     

褐色蛋壳色素形成及壳色变浅的原因分析

褐色蛋壳色素形成及壳色变浅的原因分析李同树苏鹏程（山东农业大学动物科技学院泰安２７１０１８）目前各地饲养褐壳蛋鸡的数量较多，一些饲养该类鸡种的单位反映，鸡群有时发生鸡蛋壳色变浅、变白、深浅不一或出现色素斑块，并伴有蛋壳质量不良的问题。笔者对部分鸡场进...     

加强种公鸡饲养管理提高种蛋孵化率

肉种鸡开产初期（４～６周龄）孵化率低下 ,主要是由于公鸡在育成期间 ,尤其在１８～２３周龄期间 ,由于体重增加不足、不恒定或体重下降 ,使公鸡性成熟延迟 ,这些尚未达到性成熟的公鸡往往有交配能力和交配欲望 ,但不能提供足够的高质量精液 ,因而造成开产初期孵化率偏低。另外 ,混群时公鸡体重偏低 ,使公鸡在混群后因受应激而变得胆小 ,也是开产初期孵化率偏低的原因之一。产蛋后期种蛋孵化率低的原因是多方面的 ,首先 ,公鸡体况不良 ,在育成期的管理不当使公鸡体型过小、胸骨畸形等严重影响配种能力。同时由于疾病等原因引起健康状况欠佳…     

Effect of intensity of eggshell pigment and illuminated incubation on hatchability of brown eggs

The effects of intensity of brown eggshell pigment (light (LBP), medium (MBP) and dark (DBP)) and light intensity during incubation (low and high, 900 to 1380 and 1430 to 2080 lux, respectively) on eggshell characteristics, embryonic growth, hatchability traits, chick hatching weight and hatching time were investigated using eggs from a meat-type breeder (Hybro) flock at 32, 36 and 41 weeks of age in three trials. With eggs of similar weights the intensity of brown pigment was not associated with eggshell weight and thickness, and did not influence embryo weight and egg weight loss during incubation. The shade of brown pigment of eggs laid by young hens influenced the percentage hatchability (HP) of eggs incubated under light. Illuminated incubation improved HP of LBP eggs (compared with MBP and DBP eggs) from 32- and 36-week-old hens, but had no significant effect on HP of eggs from 41-week-old hens. Light intensity during incubation did not influence egg weight loss. High intensity of light during incubation reduced HP and increased early death percentage (EDP) in the LBP and MBP groups, and did not influence HP and EDP in the DBP group. Brown eggshell pigment and intensity of light during incubation did not influence hatching time. It is concluded that the shade of brown pigment, intensity of light during incubation and age of the breeder hens influenced the hatchability performance of embryos from brown eggs. Light during incubation improved the hatchability of embryos in light brown eggs laid by young hens and the shade of brown pigment of eggs laid by older hens did not influence hatchability under illuminated incubation. High intensity of light during incubation reduced hatchability of light and medium brown eggs, but not the dark brown eggs.     

Storage of hatching eggs: The interaction between parental age and early embryonic development

1. Embryos in eggs laid by older birds were developmentally more advanced, both at oviposition and after 24 to 42 h incubation, than those in eggs from younger birds.

2. Storage of eggs caused shrinkage of the blastoderm. The amount of shrinkage tended to decrease with parental age.

3. The developmental age of embryos after 42‐h incubation increased with parental age but was reduced by storage, with embryos in eggs from middle‐aged birds (35 to 40 weeks of age) being least retarded.

4. The rate of development in fresh eggs increased with parental age. Storage reduced the rate of development equally at all flock ages.

5. The number of malformed embryos increased with storage time. After 14‐d storage there were fewer abnormalities in eggs from birds between 31 and 49 weeks of age than in younger or older birds.     

褐壳蛋鸡蛋壳颜色的形成机理及其泛白原因分析

褐壳蛋鸡蛋壳颜色的深浅与蛋的销路密切相关。所以熏很多养殖户对蛋壳颜色非常关注熏很在意观察蛋壳颜色的变化,并常常把它的变化与所喂饲料联系在一起。常有养殖户发问:“鸡蛋壳又变白变浅了,是饲料的毛病?还是鸡又闹什么病呢?”。针对这些情况熏现就蛋壳颜色的问题和大家作一交流。1蛋壳颜色的形成1.1品种因素蛋壳颜色是最直观的品种特性。目前大群饲养的有色蛋鸡品种多为从国外引进的褐壳蛋鸡。有研究表明熏蛋壳颜色有较高的遗传力,蛋壳色泽遗传为0.58～0.76。且壳色性状为多基因影响,褐色基因依个体遗传结构的差异,表现出由棕色到浅褐不…     

Effect of spray sanitising on hatching egg cuticle efficacy and hatchability

1. Eggs from a broiler breeder flock were sanitised using a continuous spray sanitising machine. The effect of this treatment on the ability of the cuticle to resist water and bacterial penetration was investigated throughout the production cycle.

2. The volume of water taken up by eggs that had been sanitised was significantly (P < 0.001) greater than that taken up by the control eggs. The volume of water taken up by the sanitised eggs increased as the flock age increased, whereas water uptake was maximal for the control eggs at 42 weeks of age.

3. There was no correlation between water uptake values and shell thickness or egg weight for either the sanitised or control eggs.

4. Sanitised eggs tended to dominate the “poor cuticle quality” category at all flock ages, when a subjective assessment of cuticle quality was made using the stain Edicol Supra Pea Green.

5. Egg sanitising did not affect shell reflectance values, shell thickness or the percentage of cracked shells.

6. When flock age reached 49 weeks of age, the sanitising process significantly (P < 0.001) reduced hatchability.     

The length of storage of emu eggs and resultant effects on hatchability

Emu (Dromaius novaehollandiae) are a large flightless bird and are members of the Ratite family. Emu originated from Australia and have long been raised for their meat and oil. The cost associated with raising emu is high, which makes emu meat and products expensive. Emu have very low hatchability rates when compared with other commercial poultry. To date, little research has been published on egg storage conditions of emu eggs, which may contribute to the decreased hatchability of the eggs. In this study, eggs were stored for times ranging from 1 to 8 wk and subsequent effects on moisture loss and hatchability was recorded. We found significant differences (P < 0.0104) in hatchability of emu eggs due to storage time. Significant differences (P < 0.0001) were also found in moisture loss due to egg storage. Based on these data, 2 wk of egg storage appears to be the optimal storage time. After 3 wk of storage, hatchability begins to decrease.     

The relationship between hatching egg weight and subsequent performance of broiler chickens

Small eggs constitute a high proportion of the eggs laid by pullets. The literature shows that chick hatching weight is strongly correlated with egg weight, but evidence on the influence of egg weight on hatchability and subsequent performance of chicks is less certain.

The aim of this experiment was to determine the profit returned at 12 weeks by broiler chickens hatched from eggs ranging in weight from 44 g. to 58 g. at one gram intervals and to determine how competitive and separate rearing might modify the relationship.

A total of 6000 eggs were collected during 10 days from a 28‐week‐old, broiler breeding flock and graded into the above mentioned egg weight classes. From these, a total of 3480 day‐old broilers were housed. Each egg weight class was equally represented and balanced for sex.

Hatchability and fertility showed no consistent trend with egg weight for eggs above 46 g., but below the 47 g. level there was a trend of declining fertility and hatchability.

A strong positive relationship was found between the weight of the chick at 1 day of age and egg weight for both males and females with no significant difference overall in body weight between the two sexes.

Body weight to 12 weeks was found to be strongly related to egg weight, in a linear fashion, though this influence declined with age.

There was a greater influence of egg weight on body weight at all ages in the separate rearing treatment compared with competitive rearing but this was not significant after 10 weeks.

Egg weight had an important bearing on body weight and profit at 12 weeks, but no effect on food conversion or mortality.

The increased profit over food costs per 100 day‐old chicks was found to be 52.75 cents for the separately reared birds respectively for each 3 g. increase in egg weight.