Effects of selection cutting on the forest structure and species diversity of evergreen broad-leaved forest in northern Fujian, southern China

The short-term effects of selection cutting of different intensities on the forest structure and species diversity of evergreen broad-leaved forest in northern Fujian Province were investigated and analyzed. The results showed that selection cutting of low and medium intensities caused little variation in the forest structure. After cutting, the dominant species retained their leading status in the community. However, the community structure changed significantly following selection cutting of high and extra-high intensities;the status of the dominant species of the community declined dramatically. Some tree species began to disappear from the sampling plots. Except for extra-high intensity cutting, the diversity of tree species did not change significantly for the other three cutting intensities. However, the evenness of the stands was very different among the four kinds of cutting plots. For low and medium intensity selection cutting, the evenness declined slightly. For extra-high intensity selection cutting, the evenness increased to some extent,which might be due to a more even distribution of tree species after cutting. Cutting operations resulted in some adverse reactions to development of arborous species diversity of evergreen broad-leaved forest, particularly serious damage to the forest canopy. But the rational selection cuttings, which may benefit the restoration and maintenance of species diversity over a long period and may come about from the variations in environmental factors such as sunlight, temperature and humidity.     

石垟林场省级森林公园常绿阔叶林物种多样性研究

对文成县石垟林场常绿阔叶林的不同样地、不同层次的物种丰富度、物种多样性指数和群落均匀度进行了分析,结果表明:在群落垂直结构中,乔木层第2亚层的物种丰富度、物种多样性指数、群落均匀度显著大于第1亚层.乔木层与灌木层之间多样性各项指标总体无显著差别.乔木层、灌木层的物种丰富度、物种多样性指数均大于草本层,且差异极显著,群落均匀度差异显著.乔木层、灌木层、草本层的多样性各项指标在群落各样地间均有一定的差异,相对而言,灌木层、乔木层的差异较小,草本层的差异较大.     

亚热带常绿阔叶林结构、树种多样性和土壤特性的研究(英文)

采用样地调查法,对日本冲绳岛北部的亚热带常绿阔叶林的林分结构,树种组成以及土壤特性等进行了调查分析。结果表明,该亚热带林具有林冠低矮、小径木多等特点。林分的平均林冠高度仅10m,平均立木密度达5400株·hm2(≥3.0cmDBH),其中胸径小于10cm的立木占64%。林分胸高断面积为54.4m2·hm-2。30个调查样地共出现树种数(≥3.0cmDBH)达80种,分属31个科。根据树种的重要值,Castanopsis sieboldii和Schima wallichii分别为优势树种和亚优势树种。树种多样性指数(H’)平均达3.63,均衡度指数(J’)为0.71,丰富度指数(S’)为4.72。这些多样性指数都随着优势树种重要值的增加而显著降低。土壤养分测定结果表明,该森林的土壤肥力低,异质性大,并可能存在Al毒害。由相关分析知,林分密度和优势树高均与土壤pH值呈显著正相关关系;多样性指数则与土壤交换性K ,Ca2 以及Ca2 /Al3 比呈显著的正相关,而与土壤有机碳,全氮和磷呈显著的负相关。这些结果说明土壤性质是影响冲绳亚热带常绿阔叶林林分结构和树种组成多样性的重要因素。图3表4参38。     

Characteristics of a 20-year-old evergreen broad-leaved forest restocked by natural regeneration after clearcut-burning

? To elucidate the application of natural regeneration to the restocking of evergreen broad-leaved forests in the subtropics, the characteristics of a 20-year-old evergreen broad-leaved forest restocked by natural regeneration after clearcut-burning were studied in Okinawa, Japan. Within a 0.87 ha clearcut area with four 10 m × 10 m sampling plots, two burned and two unburned ones, the tree composition, tree species diversity and vegetation changes were investigated.

? The results showed that the species diversity, basal area and density of woody stems ? 1.0 m in height differed significantly among phanerophyte types, while they were not significantly different between the burned and unburned treatments. A vegetation census also revealed no obvious differences between the treatments.

? The primary dominant species, Castanopsis sieboldii, continued to dominate the secondary forest with a broad height distribution.

? The structural complexity and high tree species diversity of the regenerating forest after clearcut-burning provides no evidence of degeneration. We can predict that the regeneration forest may gradually develop into stands similar to pre-clearcut primary forest, and that natural regeneration may restore the high tree species diversity of the evergreen broad-leaved forests in Okinawa.

     

Composition and characteristics of natural secondary forests in Shenzhen,South China

The composition and structure of five natural secondary forests in Shenzhen were studied based on data of plots and were compared with Hong Kong zonal forest, so as to detect their succession stage and species diversity level. According to succession process of subtropical forest and ecological characteristics of dominant species, the authors speculate that five communities are at different stages. Sinosideroxylon community dominated by heliophilous evergreen broad-leaved tree (Sinosideroxylon wightianum) and conifer tree (Pinus massoniana) is at the third stage. Itea Acronychia community dominated by two evergreen broad-leaved heliophytes (Itea chinensis and Acronychia pedunculata) is at the fourth stage. The others, i.e., Schefflera,Sterculia and Cleistocalyx Sterculia community are at the fifth stage where some mesophytes are dominant but heliophytes have a weighed percentage of importance value. Due to succession stage and different forest management and conservation models, the species diversity of five communities is significantly lower than that of Endospermum community in Hong Kong. The values of Shannon-Wiener index and Pielous evenness index of five communities are 2.04-2.953 and 64.2%-74% respectively, but those of the Endospermum community are 4.74 and 79％ respectively. The current situation of these communities suggests that the necessary measures should be taken to protect and restore the communities.     

The sustainability of selection cutting in a late successional broadleaved community forest in Bhutan

This study assessed the sustainability of selection cutting in a community forest (CF) in Bhutan. The harvesting approach differed from cable crane logging operations in an adjacent commercially managed forest by creating much smaller canopy openings. This had many implications for natural regeneration of preferred species. The study was conducted in a late successional broadleaved CF containing 32 genera of tree species dominated by Quercus and Castanopsis and managed for timber, firewood, non-wood forest products and forest grazing. The study was based on a comparison of two forest inventories to assess forest structure and regeneration, a study of stumps to quantify harvesting intensities, and a household survey to quantify livestock holdings and grazing patterns. The study examined different intensities of selection cutting in three blocks of the CF and found that higher intensities of selection cutting did not have a negative impact on: (a) natural regeneration of seedlings and saplings of preferred timber species; (b) the diameter distribution of all species and use categories except for Quercus; (c) the diversity of tree genera; and (d) the percentage of remaining trees with favorable bole shape and form. These results contrasted with findings in the adjacent commercially managed forest. Community management of broadleaved forests with selection cutting appeared to be sustainable and avoid some of the unresolved silvicultural problems associated with commercially managed forests in Bhutan. However more research is needed on the sustainable management of Quercus spp.     

Spatial pattern of tree diversity and evenness across forest types in Majella National Park,Italy

Background:Estimation of tree diversity at broader scale is important for conservation planning.Tree diversity should be measured and understood in terms of diversity and evenness,two integral components to describe the structure of a biological community.Variation of the tree diversity and evenness with elevation,topographic relief,aspect,terrain shape,slope,soil nutrient,solar radiation etc.are well documented.Methods:Present study explores the variation of tree diversity(measured as Shannon diversity and evenness indices)of Majella National Park,Italy with five available forest types namely evergreen oak woods,deciduous oak woods,black/aleppo pine stands,hop-hornbeam forest and beech forest,using satellite,environmental and field data.Results:Hop-hornbeam forest was found to be most diverse and even while evergreen Oak woods was the lowest diverse and even.Diversity and evenness of forest types were concurrent to each other i.e.forest type which was more diverse was also more even.As a broad pattern,majority portion of the study area belonged to medium diversity and high evenness class.Conclusions:Satel ite images and other GIS data proved useful tools in monitoring variation of tree diversity and evenness across various forest types.Present study findings may have implications in prioritizing conservation zones of high tree diversity at Majel a.     

不同采伐强度对闽西常绿阔叶林林分结构稳定性的影响

应用多样性分析方法和改进后的M.Godron稳定性测定方法研究常绿阔叶林5种不同强度采伐(弱度9.8%、中度24.5%、强度46.8%、极强度72.3%和皆伐)作业10 a后林分结构稳定性。结果表明,择伐林地林分处于稳定状态,随着择伐强度的增强,林分的稳定性开始逐渐降低。皆伐林地林分处于不稳定状态。对于常绿阔叶林的科学经营,从稳定性出发,应尽量采取择伐方式,尤其是中低强度的择伐方式。     

鹰咀界天然林保护区甜槠林群落多样性研究

甜槠林是我国中亚热带地区地带性植被常绿阔叶林的主要类型之一,也是鹰咀界天然林保护区内代表性植被。我们在群落调查的基础上,通过统计计算分析将区内的甜槠林分成3大类别8种群落类型。并分别用物种丰富度指数（Dg1）、Simpson指数（D）、Shannon—Wiener指数（H’）、Pielou均匀度指数（J）、Alatalo均匀度指数（E）对各群落类型进行了物种多样性研究,结论为：群落多样性乔木层、灌木层（不包括乔木幼树、幼苗）〉草本层,但乔木层多样性不一定大于灌木层,灌木层、草本层的分布均匀度较乔木层高,变异系数小。     

浙江丽水太山褐叶青冈林群落结构及其多样性

通过样方调查,应用物种丰富度、物种多样性指数和群落均匀度等指标对分布在浙江丽水太山山地的褐叶青冈林群落类型进行了分析.结果表明:太山山地褐叶青冈林物种丰富;乔木层优势种群明显,树高分布主要以近似对称分布为主,群落乔木层个体高度的分布较为均匀;在群落的垂直结构上,灌木层、乔木层、草本层的物种多样性依此降低,灌木层的物种丰富度和物种多样性指数最大;在各样方中,乔木层、灌木层和草本层的物种多样性没有明显的变化趋势;群落生活型以中、小高位芽植物为主,群落叶的性质以单叶、革质和全缘的小叶为主;群落优势种群年龄结构和群落类型属于衰退型.     

粤北车八岭杉木人工林物种多样性及优势植物种群结构

基于1hm2的固定样地数据,对广东车八岭国家级自然保护区人工杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)林的物种多样性及优势阔叶植物种群的年龄结构和高度结构等特征进行了分析,以探讨群落的自然演替进程.结果表明:样地中胸径≥1.0 cm的植物共62种,个体总数3740株,其中杉木占57.03%,重要值为50.51;其他7种优势阔叶植物的重要值之和为29.72;杉木林乔木层的Gleason指数、Simpson指数、Shannon-Wiener指数和Pielou均匀度指数分别为6.732、0.655、1.884和0.456;优势阔叶植物种群中,赤杨叶(Alniphyllum fortunei)是典型的衰老种群;枫香(Liquidambar formosana)为稳定至衰老种群;檵木(Loropetalum chinense)、油茶(Camellia oleifera)、野柿树(Diospyros kaki var.silvestris)为基本稳定种群;木荷(Schima superba)和华润楠(Machilus chinensis)为增长种群;各植物种群高度结构特征表现不同,只有杉木种群在10.0 m及以上的高度结构与整个群落相似.经过30 a的自然演替,杉木的重要值仍大于50,群落的针叶林性质未变,属于向地带性植被常绿阔叶林过渡的早期阶段;虽然出现了赤杨叶、枫香、檵木等优势阔叶树种,但它们在群落中未达到杉木的建群种地位.     

不同采伐强度对闽西常绿阔叶林林分结构稳定性的影响

应用多样性分析方法和改进后的 M.Godron 稳定性测定方法研究常绿阔叶林5种不同强度采伐(弱度9.8%、中度24.5%,强度46.8%和极强度72.3%和皆伐)作业10 a后林分结构稳定性.结果表明,择伐林地林分处于稳定状态,随着择伐强度的增强,林分的稳定性开始逐渐降低.皆伐林地林分处于不稳定状态.对于常绿阔叶林的科学经营,从稳定性出发,应尽量采取择伐方式,尤其是中低强度的择伐方式.     

不同干扰强度对杭州西湖山区植被多样性的影响

对不同干扰条件下杭州西湖山区植被多样性进行了比较,发现随着干扰程度的增加,常绿阔叶林、落叶阔叶林和针阔叶混交林的物种数均是在中度干扰时最高,重度干扰时最低。常绿阔叶林和针阔叶混交林中各层次的均匀度大小为灌木层>藤本层>草本层>乔木层,而落叶阔叶林中各层次的均匀度大小为灌木层>草本层>乔木层>藤本层。3种植被类型中灌木层的优势度都最小,物种数最多,因此灌木层的物种多样性也最高。     

华中神农架箭竹(Fargesia spathacea)群落之海拔多样性(英文)

通过对华中神农架海拔1500米至2600米之间11个箭竹样方的研究,阐述了箭竹群落物种丰富度,物种多样性,物种均匀性,生活型谱及群落类型的海拔变化。从最低样方(1680米)到最高样地(2570米),微管束植物从30种降为7种,服从线性模型:Y=55.991.83X(R2=0.84,P<0.001);物种多样性从3.18降为1.78,服从线性模型:Y=4.670.10X (R2=0.72,P=0.001;物种均匀度在0.83至0.99之间变化,但与海拔并不相关。在生活型谱中,一年生植物,地下芽植物和大高位芽树木的百分比随海拔升高而升高;灌木和中高位芽树木随海拔升高而降低;多年生草本和半灌木与海拔关系不大。箭竹群落可分为5种类型:常绿阔叶林下,落叶阔叶林下,温性针叶林下,寒温性针叶林与混交林下,纯箭竹林。图4表2参19。     

卧龙自然保护区大熊猫栖息地植物群落多样性研究:丰富度、物种多样性指数和均匀度

根据64个植被样方调查资料,分析卧龙自然保护区大熊猫栖息地植物群落多样性特征.结果表明:卧龙自然保护区大熊猫栖息地不同植被类型的物种多样性指数值H'、D和均匀度指数Jsi基本表现出一致的变化趋势:常绿落叶阔叶林＞温性针阔混交林＞落叶阔叶林＞温性针叶林＞亚高山针叶林,而物种丰富度S变化为温性针叶林＞落叶阔叶林＞常绿落叶阔叶林＞亚高山针叶林＞温性针阔混交林.在不同的植物群落中,由于地形地势、坡度、土壤、水热条件等原因,其物种多样性指数不同,但其多样性测度指标除物种丰富度外均呈现出基本一致的变化趋势.随海拔的升高,大熊猫栖息地物种丰富度、多样性指数和均匀度变化先增加,然后下降,最后趋于平稳.坡度不是影响卧龙野生大熊猫栖息地生物多样性的关键因子.不同的坡向其物种丰富度S变化为西＞北＞东＞南,物种多样性指数H'、D呈现西＞南＞北＞东的递降格局,均匀度指数Jsi呈现南＞西＞东＞北的递降格局.在不同的群落中,物种丰富度变化表现为灌木层＞乔木层＞草本层,且42.9%群落中乔木层大于灌木层、64.3%群落中乔木层大于草本层、92.9%群落中灌木层大于草本层,落叶针叶林乔木层树种丰富度小于灌木层和草本层,但其灌木层物种丰富度大于草本层.在同一或不同生长型中,物种多样性指数和均匀度指数变化大体一致.     

祁门县常绿阔叶林类型及其群落物种多样性浅探

在样地调查的基础上,分析了祁门县境内常绿阔叶林的群落类型和群落物种多样性特征。结果表明:祁门县常绿阔叶林可分为6种类型,即苦槠林、甜槠林、青冈栎林、石栎林、木荷林、紫楠林。不同群落类型的物种多样性有差异,苦槠林、甜槠林、石栎林、木荷林多样性较高,青冈栎林次之,紫楠林多样性最低。从群落垂直结构看,群落的灌木层、乔木层、草本层物种多样性依次降低,个别层间物种差异性显著。     

东莞主要天然森林群落的物种多样性研究

采用样方法对广东省东莞市12个不同类型天然森林群落的物种组成和多样性进行测算,结果表明,12个群落的物种丰富度为54～147种,Shannon-Wiener指数为2.44～4.08,Pielous均匀度指数为58.08%～86.28%,Simpson指数为0.03～0.24.物种丰富度、Shannon-Wiener指数...     

Changes of community characteristics of a broad-leaved-conifer mixed forest after selection cutting

IntroductionSpeciesdiversityisaffCctedbyl1atureddistllrhal1ce,sucl1aswindandfireli1variousways,mosllydepel1dingol1gapsizeandgapdensity,aswel1asdisturbal1cefrequellcy(Poulsonetal.l989).However,al1aIltl1r('pic`Iistuthal1cesuchascIearcuttiIlginlargearean1ayleadtolllecliversityintl1elowestlevelandthesimpleststructllre,wllileaproPerselectioncuttingreginlen1ayl1eIpreleasellleil1di-vidualsuppresscdul1derh1ecal1()py(Ca11llanll988).Cut-ting,especiallyalsobringsmodificationillverticalstrataa11dspeci…     

杭州钱江新城 CBD 公园植物景观研究

通过现场踏勘和典型样地法,对杭州新地标钱江新城CBD公园植物景观进行调查,并对其植物多样性和植物群落结构作了相关分析。结果表明,钱江新城CBD公园现有种子植物60科85属108种（含种以下等级）,植物种类比较丰富,其中乔灌草、常绿与落叶乔木、常绿与落叶灌木种类比例较为合理,植物景观表现多样;植物群落结构以复层混交型为主,主要包括落叶阔叶林、常绿阔叶林、常绿落叶阔叶混交林3类,季相景观和生态性较为明显;积极可进入型、消极可进入型、不可进入型3个类型植物空间,分别占22.2％、16.7％、61.1％,绿地空间类型多,但对城市公园来说,可进入型空间比不可进入型空间更重要,应适当增加可进入型植物空间来满足钱江新城CBD公园人口相对集聚性特点。     

采伐干扰下次生林灌木层主要树种的生态位动态

为探讨采伐干扰下的灌木层主要树种的生态适应性,用Levins、Schoener和Pianka等生态位测度公式定量分析闽北天然次生林采伐后灌木层主要树种生态位动态。结果表明:样地中黄绒润楠和刺毛杜鹃的生态位最大,属优势树种;甜槠、石栎和映山红为衰退树种,在林分生产作业中需加以保护。采伐干扰促进了灌木层主要树种的生态位释放,各树种的生态位宽度在伐后10~15 a达到峰值,随后下降,伐后20 a接近于未采伐林的生态位;各树种弱度和中度择伐的生态位宽度值约占其生态位宽度总值的50%。生态位重叠值在伐后10 a最大,随后下降,到伐后20 a趋于稳定状态。因此灌木层主要树种生态位的最优期为伐后10~15 a,最佳采伐干扰强度为弱度和中度择伐。