水杨酸对盐胁迫下三角滨藜种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

以盐生植物三角叶滨藜为材料。研究不同浓度水杨酸（SA）处理对三角滨藜在不同浓度盐胁迫（NaCl）下种子萌发和幼苗生长的影响。结果表明：随着盐胁迫浓度的增加．滨藜种子发芽率逐步降低．当NaCl浓度达200mmol／L时严重抑制滨藜种子的萌发。用SA浸种后，在没有盐胁迫的情况下，可以增加滨藜种子的萌发率．但在有盐胁迫的情况下，SA不能增加种子的萌发率，甚至加剧了盐胁迫的不利影响。滨藜幼苗在0～200mmol／L的盐浓度下均能正常生长，用SA处理幼苗，能够促进盐胁迫下幼苗的生长。测定SA处理后幼苗体内过氧化物酶（POD）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）的活性变化。结果表明：SA处理可以提高盐胁迪下幼苗体内的SOD和POD活性。     

六种沉水植物对盐胁迫的生理响应及耐盐性评价

[目的]为了在进行滨海及盐碱地湿地修复时筛选出耐盐的沉水植物,本文研究了六种常用沉水植物,苦草、轮叶黑藻、金鱼藻、穗花狐尾藻、篦齿眼子菜、小茨藻的耐盐性及四项生理指标。[方法]在室内模拟条件下,分别用不同浓度的NaCl溶液对六种沉水植物进行盐分胁迫,每周进行盐害症状的观测,并测定叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b、脯氨酸、可溶性蛋白及丙二醛的含量。[结果]结果表明,在六种沉水植物中,耐盐性为小茨藻>篦齿眼子菜>金鱼藻>苦草、轮叶黑藻>穗花狐尾藻。其中小茨藻和篦齿眼子菜能在盐度为15‰和8‰的盐胁迫条件下存活。金鱼藻的最高耐受盐度为6‰,苦草和轮叶黑藻的盐度胁迫能力较弱均为4‰,穗花狐尾藻的盐度胁迫能力最弱,仅为2‰。[结论]该实验为沿海及盐碱化地区的水生态系统修复提供理论依据,为项目工程实践及沉水植物的抗盐生理学研究奠定基础。     

古尔班通沙漠南缘11种植被类型的土壤理化差异性研究

为了研究古尔班通沙漠边缘脆弱的生态环境中不同植被的土壤特征,选取11种典型植被类型的土壤水分、pH、有机质、八大离子等指标进行了测定,分析了该区域的土壤碱化特征及其分布态势。结果表明：1、该区域土壤盐分类型主要是氯化物、硫酸盐。2、通过主成分分析,在该沙漠边缘植被土壤系统中,土壤理化特征可以用四个主成分来体现,四大主成分依次代表土壤的含盐量、碱化特征、含水率,有机质含量状况。3、不同植被条件下土壤理化性质及垂直分布态势各异。鸡爪芦苇和盐节木的含水量最高,平均含水率在23%左右、骆驼刺（Alhagi sparsifolia Shap. ）和苦豆子（ Sophora alopecuroides Linn.）的含水量最低,平均为8%;各样地土壤pH在7.9-9.07之间,呈碱性和强碱性; 各种植被下土壤的平均含盐量,盐节木（Halocnemum strobilaceum (Pall.) Bieb. ）>柽柳（Tamarix tenuissima Nakai）≈鸡爪芦苇(Agropyron mongolicum Keng)≈白刺 （Nitraria tangutorum Bobr. ）>大叶补血草（Limonium gmelinii (Willd.) Kuntze ）>芦苇（Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud.） >叉毛蓬 （Petrosimonia sibirica (Pall.) Bunge）≈骆驼刺≈苦豆子>芨芨草（Achnatherum splendens (Trin.) Nevski ）>骆驼蓬（Peganum harmala Linn.）。根据盐渍化分级,该区域含盐量均大于10g/kg,为强盐渍化土;该研究区不同植被条件下土壤有机质含量总体较低,介于4.99-55.23g/kg,水平分布表现白刺>骆驼蓬>骆驼刺>苦豆子>大叶补血草>鸡爪芦苇>叉毛蓬>芨芨草>柽柳>盐节木>芦苇;土壤平均总碱度值普遍高于0.3cmol/kg,按照非碱化土的临界0.3cmol/kg得出该区域的土壤均为碱化土;土壤SAR的变化趋势和全盐含量的趋势相似。     

海南省水果型椰子园土壤养分调查与评价

通过调查海南省主要椰子园土壤养分状况,并评价土壤肥力,为掌握海南省椰子种植区土壤养分状况以及合理、科学施肥管理提供依据。采集海南省北部（海口）、东部（文昌）,南部（三亚、陵水）、中部（琼中、屯昌）、西部（昌江）等市县的椰子种植园表层(20 cm)土壤样品,测定土壤养分,并进行相关和差异显著性分析。研究结果显示：大部分调查样点土壤偏酸性;椰子土壤的有机质、氮磷钾、钙镁等养分含量较高的为海南省中北部,但滨海地区有机质、氮磷钾含量较低,尤其是文昌地区的;调查样点土壤不缺乏铜、锌、铁3种微量元素;然而,所有调查海南省样点土壤均存在缺硼现象。通过合理和科学施肥和栽培措施,提高滨海地区如三亚、陵水、文昌市等地土壤肥力水平和保肥能力,以满足该地区的椰子生长和发育的需要;另外,应重视施用硼肥,以改善海南省椰子园缺硼现状。     

土壤类型、质地和土地类型对土壤盐渍化水平的指示

土壤类型、土壤质地和土地类型以不同的方式影响着土壤水盐运移,对土壤盐渍化水平有一定的指示作用。野外调查和土壤采样分析获得了73个同一位置土壤的土壤类型、土壤质地、土地类型数据以及土壤盐渍化水平数据。利用信息量计算法评价了土壤类型、土壤质地和土地类型对现代黄河三角洲土壤盐渍化水平的指示作用,结果表明：潮土-（粘土和砂壤）-（幼年水稻土平地和盐化潮土河滩高地）对轻度盐渍化有指示作用,粘土-（砂质黄河滩地和盐化潮土浅平洼地）对中度盐渍化有指示作用,砂壤-（獐茅、芦草潮盐土平地和盐化潮土浅平洼地和白茅、芦苇盐潮土平地）对重度盐渍化有指示作用,盐化潮土-重壤-（滨海盐滩地和滨海芦苇沼泽湿洼地和獐茅、芦草潮盐土平地和白茅、芦苇盐潮土平地）对盐土有指示作用。     

酸性土壤上磷矿粉释磷机理与农学效应

在三种酸性土壤上,进行了直接施用磷矿粉的高粱幼苗试验和培养实验,结果表明：供试土壤严重缺磷,不施磷肥的对照处理,高粱幼苗表现出严重的缺磷症状。若以施磷(P)量为50mg/kg的过磷酸钙为参照,除JX-PR外,其它磷矿粉的肥效高于过磷酸钙的处理;四种磷矿粉的肥效一般顺序为：NPR > MPR > HJP-PR > JX-PR,与2% 柠檬酸浸提的枸溶性磷和土壤速效磷（P）的增加量相一致;从幼苗的实验结果看,土壤速效磷（P）含量与高粱幼苗干物质量有良好的线性关系。磷矿粉中SiO2和CaO含量的高低影响磷矿粉直接施用的效果。     

黄瓜幼苗对NaCl胁迫的生理响应

土壤盐渍化是人类面临的生态危机之一,它严重影响植物的正常生长。本文采用向1/2 Hoagland营养液中按一定比例添加中性盐(NaCl)模拟盐胁迫的方式,调查了NaCl胁迫对黄瓜幼苗生长的影响。结果表明：（1）NaCl胁迫下,黄瓜幼苗的株高、叶面积、地上部分鲜重、总根数、总根长及根系鲜重均呈下降趋势,除地上部分鲜重外,其余均随NaCl浓度的增加而明显下降。（2）NaCl胁迫下,黄瓜幼苗的叶绿素含量明显提高,但随NaCl浓度的增加叶绿素含量呈下降态势。（3） NaCl胁迫能明显降低黄瓜幼苗根苗SOD、POD、CAT活性,且地下部分SOD与CAT酶活性下降幅度大于地上部分。（4）黄瓜根苗的MDA含量随NaCl有胁迫浓度的增加而明显增加。（5）盐胁迫下,由于黄瓜幼苗根苗的抗氧化酶活性下降,从而使其膜质过氧化加重,最终导致其根苗生长受到明显的抑制。     

干旱胁迫对红椿无性系幼苗叶片相对含水量和叶绿素含量的影响

为了研究红椿无性系幼苗的水分生理特性,为红椿栽培管理提供科学支撑,试验设置不同干旱胁迫处理梯度,对红椿5个无性系1年生盆栽幼苗进行干旱胁迫试验,探讨其在干旱胁迫下叶片相对含水量和叶绿素含量的变化情况。结果表明：（1）重度胁迫（正常浇水断水17天）下,红椿无性系幼苗叶片相对含水量最低;红椿不同无性系幼苗干旱胁迫下叶片相对含水量差异不显著;不稳定的天气情况导致红椿无性系幼苗叶片相对含水量周期性变化规律不明显。（2）重度胁迫（正常浇水断水17天）处理下红椿无性系幼苗叶片叶绿素含量最高;不同的红椿无性系之间,其干旱胁迫处理幼苗叶片叶绿素含量差异不显著;周期1、周期2和周期3红椿无性系幼苗叶片叶绿素含量呈逐渐增加的趋势。     

不同遮荫条件对蛇皮果生长及生理特性的初步研究

蛇皮果是喜阴植物,遮荫处理对蛇皮果幼苗的生长具有重要作用,笔者研究不同遮荫处理对蛇皮果栽培生长的影响。本试验通过采用不遮荫（CK）、25%遮荫（S1）、50%遮荫（S2）、75%遮荫（S3）及椰子叶遮荫（S4）的处理方式对蛇皮果进行遮荫栽培研究。结果表明,不同处理对于蛇皮果的生长发育影响显著（P<0.05）,其中75%遮荫（S3）处理效果很好,其次是50%遮荫（S2）和椰子叶遮荫（S4）处理,遮荫处理对于蛇皮果的生长具有促进作用。遮荫栽培试验为蛇皮果规模化生产提供了重要的参考意义。     

不同放牧方式对中蒙荒漠草原植被和土壤特性的影响

本文对不同放牧方式下荒漠草原植被群落特征与表层土壤理化特性进行比较研究,结果表明：不同放牧方式下建群种和多年生杂草类植被群落高度、盖度、重要值比较结果为：游牧区>定居放牧区。一年生杂草类植物高度、盖度比较结果为：定居放牧区>游牧区;游牧区表层土壤砂土含量、pH值显著低于定居放牧区（P<0.05）,中壤土含量显著高于定居放牧区（P<0.05）;游牧区的土壤全氮、速效钾均有极显著高于定居放牧区（P<0.01）,游牧区全氮含量高于定居区近3倍。表层土壤全钾比较结果为：定居放牧区>游牧区。     

Changes in Polyamine Titer in Rice Seedlings Following NaCl Salinity Stress

Seedlings of four rice cultivars differing in salt tolerance were raised in sand cultures under increasing levels of NaCl salinity and metabolic levels of total polyamines, spermidine, spermine, agmatine and the diamine putrescine were determined in roots and shoots during 5-20 days growth period. Salinity caused a remarkable increase in total polyamines level in rice seedlings. At similar level of salinity roots as well as shoots of salt sensitive cvs. Ratna and Jaya showed higher level of total polyamines than tolerants. Salinity of 14 dSm⁻¹ NaCl caused more than 2 times polyamine level in shoots of sensitive cultivars compared to tolerants. Accumulation of polyamines was greater in salt stressed shoots than roots. In nonsalinized seedlings there appeared a gradual increase in putrescine level during 5 to 20 days growth period. Salt treatment caused sharp increase in putrescine level in all cultivars, however under similar level of salinization salt stressed seedlings of sensitive cultivars had higher putrescine level than tolerants. In nonsalinized seedlings of sensitive cultivars spermidine level increased gradually during 5 to 20 days growth period whereas a decline in the level was observed in seedlings of tolerant cultivars during this period. Higher level of salinity caused marked increase in spermidine level in sensitive cultivars. Specially during 5 to 10 days of growth salinity caused increase in spermine level in seedlings of sensitive cultivars. In all cultivars salt stressed seedlings had higher agmatine level compared to non-stressed. Salinity led to greater accumulation of certain unidentified polyamines in seedlings of sensitive cultivars. Increased levels of total polyamines, putrescine, spermidine and unknown polyamines in rice seedlings under salinization suggest their possible role in combating the adverse effects of salinity stress.     

水涝胁迫对不同土壤盐碱度下甜菜幼苗生长及光合特性的影响

为探究水涝胁迫对不同土壤盐碱度下甜菜幼苗生长的影响,验证甜菜在水涝逆境中的生长规律,评估水涝胁迫对盐碱地甜菜种植的影响,以甜菜‘SV1433’为供试品种,以微酸性黑土为基础利用NaCl、Na₂SO₄、Na₂CO₃、NaOH调节土壤盐碱度,采用室内土培法,设置微酸土、盐渍土、盐碱土3个土壤盐碱梯度下对照及水涝胁迫共6组处理。结果发现,播种9天后出苗结束,微酸土中甜菜出苗较快,优于盐渍土及盐碱土;播种26天后收苗,在微酸土、盐渍土、盐碱土3种土壤盐碱度下,水涝胁迫比对照植株鲜重分别降低40.7%、26.9%、25.2%,干重分别降低41.1%、29.9%、24.8%,株高分别下降20.4%、19.1%、16.3%,表明随土壤盐碱度升高水涝胁迫对甜菜幼苗鲜重、干重、株高影响逐渐降低;水涝胁迫下幼苗根面积及叶面积显著降低,植株叶长显著下降,叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率、叶片气孔导度显著降低,表现出水涝胁迫下盐碱土中甜菜幼苗生长较好,优于盐渍土及微酸土。     

Antioxidant Activity in Salt‐Stressed Barley Leaves: Evaluating Time‐ and Age‐Dependence and Suitability for the Use as a Biochemical Marker in Breeding Programs

Soil salinity disturbs the equilibrium between reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and removal, leading to a dramatic increase in ROS concentration and oxidative damage. Enzymatic scavenging is one of the two main mechanisms involved in ROS detoxification in plants. This study has investigated the role of major antioxidant (AO) enzymes in mitigating salinity‐induced oxidative stress in plant shoots. Firstly, two barley varieties were used to evaluate the activity of major AO enzymes in different leaves and at different times after salt treatment. Our results showed that AO enzyme activities had strong tissue and time specificity. A further study was conducted using six barley varieties contrasting in salinity tolerance. AO enzyme activities and proline contents were measured in the third leaves of seedlings after plants were treated with 240 mm NaCl for 10 days. No significant correlation was revealed between leaf AO activity and either plant grain yield or plant survival rate under salt stress. In contrast, a significant increase in leaf proline content under salt stress was found in all sensitive varieties, while in most tolerant varieties, salt stress did not change leaf proline level. It is concluded that although salinity induces changes in leaf AO enzyme activities, the changes cannot be used as biochemical indicators in breeding for salinity tolerance.     

中性盐胁迫和碱性盐胁迫对制干辣椒(Capsicum annuum)种子萌发的影响

新疆由于南北部地理气候差异导致土壤盐分种类、组成存在显著差异。北疆土壤盐分以氯化钠等中性盐为主,南疆土壤含有碳酸钠、碳酸氢钠等碱性盐,具有较高的pH。为了明确南北疆土壤盐分组成对辣椒生长发育的影响,本研究以制干辣椒‘红龙23号’为材料,研究了不同浓度中性盐(NaCl)、碱性盐(Na2CO3:NaHCO3=1:9)对其种子萌发的影响,探究中性盐与碱性盐对辣椒生长的影响。结果表明:40 mmol/L的中性盐处理可提高辣椒种子发芽率,中高浓度的中性盐和所有碱性盐处理对辣椒种子发芽率均有抑制作用,且盐浓度越高对发芽率的抑制作用越强;相同浓度下,碱性盐对发芽率的抑制作用更强。低浓度的中性盐、碱性盐对辣椒种子发芽势均有促进作用,且随着盐浓度的升高,发芽势逐渐受到抑制;相同浓度下,碱性盐胁迫的发芽势比中性盐低。中性盐、碱性盐对芽苗生长影响不同:相同浓度下,碱性盐胁迫的辣椒芽苗的胚轴、胚根都较短;芽苗超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase, SOD)、氧化氢酶(catalase, CAT)活性随盐浓度升高呈下降趋势;过氧化物酶(peroxidase, POD)活性呈现不规律变化。隶属函数分析表明,POD、SOD、CAT三种酶活性与辣椒抗盐性关系最紧密,尤其对于碱性盐的影响更大。试验结果表明,当中性盐浓度≥40 mmol/L,碱性盐浓度≥20 mmol/L时,辣椒种子发芽即受到抑制;盐离子浓度相同时,碱性盐的抑制效应大于中性盐。     

盐胁迫下盐碱地和非盐碱地绒毛白蜡种子的发芽和生理特性研究

将采自盐碱地和非盐碱地的绒毛白蜡(Fraxinus velutinaTorr.)种子分别置于不同浓度梯度的NaC l胁迫下进行对比发芽试验,比较其发芽情况和保护性酶活性的差异。结果表明:在NaC l浓度为3‰时,两类种子的各项发芽指标最佳,非盐碱地种子的各项发芽指标均显著优于盐碱地种子;盐碱地和非盐碱地幼苗的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性差异不大,但过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性前者比后者高;盐碱地幼苗的丙二醛(MDA)含量比非盐碱地幼苗的低,而其可溶性蛋白含量则高于后者。     

谷子杂交种和常规种耐盐性筛选与研究

为了对谷子杂交种和常规品种进行耐盐性筛选与研究，选用山西、陕西、河北等地的27个常用谷子品种进行了芽期耐盐性筛选试验，对筛选出的芽期耐盐性品种进行了苗期耐盐性鉴定试验，对部分品种进行了盐胁迫条件下出苗和生长试验。结果表明不同谷子品种芽期在0 mmol L-1和150 mmol L-1盐胁迫下，相差很小，在200 mmol L-1盐胁迫下，差距明显。在200 mmol L-1NaCI溶液的环境下，张杂谷3号达到3级耐盐标准、张杂谷DH3达到5级耐盐标准。不同谷子品种在盐胁迫下随着盐浓度的提高，出苗率逐渐下降；随着盐浓度的提高，谷苗生长高度逐渐下降。个别不耐盐的谷子父母本，通过杂交获得的杂交种，耐盐能力得到显著增强。经结果分析，土壤盐度大于千分之三，不适宜谷子的正常生长，含盐量在千分之三以下的轻度盐碱地，是将来选育耐盐谷子品种的重点利用领域。     

Influence of NaCl Salinity on Growth and Metabolic Status of Protein and Amino Acids in Rice Seedlings

Seeds of four rice cultivars differing in salt tolerance when grown under increasing level of NaCl salinity and seedling vigour as well as metabolic status of total and soluble proteins, amino acids were evaluated in seedlings at increasing days of growth it was observed that increasing level of salinity caused loss in dry wt. of seedlings as well as reduction in lengths of root and shoot. In both sets of cultivars salt stressed seedlings showed higher levels of total as well as soluble proteins, total amino acids compared to non salinized seedlings. In roots of salt susceptible cvs. Ratna and Jaya increased salinity up to 14 mmhos/cm remarkably increased total as well as soluble protein level whereas in shoots moderate level of salinity increased protein level compared to controls and higher salinity level caused suppression in such increase. Tolerant cultivars always maintained higher levels of total as well as soluble proteins and total amino acids in salt stressed seedlings compared to susceptibles. Amino acids which accumulated greatly in salinized seedlings were arginine, phenylalanine, alanine, leucine, proline, valine and glutamine. Results suggest possible role of proteins and amino acids in confering salt tolerance in rice.     

Germination characters and early seedling growth of wheat (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Triticum aestivum</Emphasis> L.) genotypes under salt stress conditions

Screening of wheat genotypes as salt tolerance through seed germination and early seedling growth is crucial for their evaluation. Seeds of 20 wheat genotypes were germinated in Petri dishes on a sand bed irrigated with saline (15 dS m_-1) and control solutions for 10 days and also tested at different salinity levels (control, 4, 6, 8, and 10 dS m^-1) which were artificially developed in the soil for 30 days. At 10 days, germination percentage, rate of germination, co-efficient of germination, germination vigor index, shoot length, root length, and seedling dry weight were found to be affected due to salinity. Salt tolerance index (STI) for seedling dry weight maintained a significant positive correlation with rate of germination, germination vigor index, shoot length, and root length, which indicates that these parameters could be used as selection criteria for screening wheat genotypes against salt stress. Significant differences in shoot length, root length, and seedling dry weight in 30-day-old seedlings were observed among selected wheat genotypes as well. From the overall observation of germination characters and early seedling growth, it was concluded that the wheat genotypes including Gourab, Shatabdi, Bijoy, Prodip, BARI Gom 26, BAW 1186, and BAW 1189 showed better salt tolerance as compared to others.     

Water Relation, Photosynthetic Ability and Growth of Thai Jasmine Rice (Oryza sativa L. ssp. indica cv. KDML 105) to Salt Stress by Application of Exogenous Glycinebetaine and Choline

Rice reportedly possesses a very low capacity to accumulate glycinebetaine (Glybet), but may be accumulated by the exogenous application of Glybet or Choline (Cho) as an alternative way to improve its salt‐tolerant ability. The aim of this research was to determine whether Glybet accumulation could be induced in Thai jasmine rice by the exogenous application of Glybet and Cho, and to determine the effects of Glybet and Cho treatment on various growth parameters of seedlings cultured under salt‐stress conditions. Thai jasmine rice seeds were aseptically germinated in vitro on solidified Murashige–Skoog media, supplied with either Glybet or Cho in the culture media for 12 days and then treated with 342 mm NaCl (salt stress) for 4 days. GlyBet content, water relation, photosynthetic capabilities and growth characteristics of salt‐stressed seedlings were measured. The addition of Glybet or Cho to plant culture media containing 342 mm NaCl resulted in increased accumulation of Glybet in rice seedlings. Increased Glybet accumulation was strongly associated with a high efficiency of water usage (r = 0.96), which in turn correlated with increased maximum quantum yield of PSII (F_v/F_m) (r = 0.86). Moreover, the pigment concentrations of seedlings cultured under salt stress were maintained by a function of Glybet, led to high efficiency of photochemical and non‐photochemical quenching of PSII as well as to exhibit on net photosynthetic rate. Thus, our results suggest that the addition of either Glybet or Cho to the plant growth media can improve growth performance under salt stress conditions by increasing the salt tolerance of Thai jasmine rice. The exogenous application of Glybet and/or Cho to culture media may be an effective method of improving resistance to salt stress via the promotion of Glybet accumulation with in rice seedlings.     

NaCl胁迫对野生大豆幼苗生理及叶绿素荧光特性的影响

为了探究NaCl胁迫对野大豆幼苗生长发育以及叶绿素荧光特性的影响,以0、0.2%、0.4%、0.6%和0.8%NaCl处理野大豆幼苗,分析不同胁迫条件下,野生大豆幼苗生理指标和光合参数等指标的变化。结果显示：野生大豆幼苗在0.2%NaCl胁迫下能保持稳定生长且Fv/Fm升高;0.4%~0.8%NaCl胁迫显著抑制幼苗的生长与光合作用;NPQ随NaCl胁迫浓度升高先下降后升高,Fv/Fm随盐浓度的升高先升高后下降;随着光照的增强,各处理组的Ф_PSⅡ、q_P呈下降趋势,ETR呈上升趋势;0~200 μmol/(m²·s)光照强度下,0.2%NaCl胁迫处理组的Ф_PSⅡ高于对照。0.4%NaCl可能是其生长发育、生理及光合的临界盐浓度。低光条件下低浓度NaCl胁迫(0.2%NaCl)对植株的Ф_PSⅡ有促进作用,而强光条件下NaCl胁迫对野生大豆植株的损害加剧。