小蠹虫伴生长喙壳类真菌研究进展

小蠹虫与多种微生物具有密切的关系,其中小蠹虫与伴生真菌种间关系存在着相对稳定性和依赖性.在小蠹虫蛀干过程中,伴生真菌随蠹虫携带进入树木木质部和韧皮部,通过消耗寄主的养料,堵塞木质部筛管,破坏韧皮细胞,对寄主树木产生危害作用.在小蠹虫众多的伴生真菌里,尤以长喙壳类真菌(ophiostomatoid fungi)在小蠹虫种群建立、协同克服寄主抗性、引起树木病害等方面起到重要作用,带来直接和间接的经济损失.该文对小蠹虫与长喙壳类真菌伴生关系、长喙壳类真菌种类等做一综述.     

纵坑切梢小蠹伴生菌危害机理的研究

该文对纵坑切梢小蠹伴生菌Leptographium yunnanense的危害机理作了初步研究，结果表明，L.yunnanense在与小伴随侵入后，产生致病毒素对寄主树林进行危害，从而辅助纵坑切梢小蠹成功定殖于寄主树木内，该毒素在低浓度条件下仍维持一定的致病力，进一步表明伴生菌在小蠹虫成功蛀害的过程中具有重要的作用。     

树木抗性与小蠹虫生存策略的进化

小蠹虫对寄主树木的入侵危害不仅受到树木原生性抗性的直接影响 ,而且小蠹虫在寄主树木组织内的定居繁衍也受到寄主树木诱导性抗性的制约。寄主树木抗性的强弱决定小蠹虫入侵寄主树木的数量 ,也促使小蠹虫与特定的真菌共生 ,真菌通过对寄主树木生理生化代谢的影响 ,以削弱寄主树木抗虫性 ,从而为小蠹虫在寄主树木组织内的定居创造必备的生存条件。同时小蠹虫为适应真菌的共生和寄主树木的抗虫性 ,促使小蠹虫生存繁衍策略高度进化 ,从而形成小蠹虫—共生真菌—寄主树木三者协同进化共生的关系     

秦岭华山松小蠹生态位研究

通过对秦岭林区海拔１６００～２２００ｍ的中山地带华山松小蠹虫种类和生态位的研究,结果表明：在秦岭林区入侵危害寄主华山松的小蠹虫有１９种,其中能构成竞争和共存的小蠹虫主要有１１种。虽然,这１１种小蠹虫具有各自不同的生态位宽度,且存在不同程度的生态位重叠,但各小蠹虫可依据其对寄主树木营养和空间需求的不同、种群密度的相互制约,以及入侵寄主树木时序的差异达到竞争的平衡和共存。秦岭华山松小蠹生态系统的建立,首先是由华山松大小蠹入侵健康华山松,并通过携带蓝变真菌入侵寄主树木,迅速克服寄主树木抗性系统,使寄主树木树势衰弱;其次松六齿小蠹、暗额星坑小蠹和松十二齿小蠹,作为秦岭华山松的主要次期性小蠹,迅速入侵衰弱的寄主华山松;最后其它次期性小蠹虫入侵寄主树木,利用寄主华山松剩余营养和空间。从而实现秦岭华山松立木小蠹生态系统的动态稳定。     

针叶树木对小蠹虫的防御机制

小蠹虫是针叶树木的重要害虫。为减轻或避免小蠹虫的危害,针叶树木在长期的进化过程中,逐步发展形成了由原生性防御和诱导性防御构成的特定抗御体系,最终在与小蠹虫的竞争中获得了一席之地。文章综合了国内外在该领域的最新研究成果,对针叶树木防御体系的基本特征、产生机制及其生态学功能进行了系统阐述。     

小蠹虫信息化合物作用研究概述

小蠹虫具有复杂的种间和种内信息化合物,其主要作用是调节和控制对寄主树木的选择、入侵及危害,进而调控小蠹虫在森林生态系统内的种群密度和生态分布。本文简要概述了信息化合物在小蠹虫寄主选择、入侵、定居、繁殖等一系列行为中的作用,并进一步阐述了小蠹虫寄主选择理论,重点阐明了寄主与非寄主植物挥发物的作用。     

林木小蠹虫研究进展

小蠹虫是森林中重要的蛀干害虫之一。近年来 ,随木材的大量进口 ,检疫部门截获了多种小蠹虫。本文综述了小蠹虫生态位、伴生菌、信息素等方面的研究进展     

华山松大小蠹成虫触角感受器的扫描电镜观察

小蠹虫在入侵、定居和繁殖的整个生命过程中,无论是种内与种间的信息通讯与配偶的寻找,还是在寄主树木组织内的取食和繁殖数量的调节,均依赖于广泛分布于小蠹虫触角上的各种感受器(尤其是化学感受器)来接受或感受寄主树木次生代谢物质的引诱和对异性的准确定位(Byers,1995;陈辉,2003).     

云南松纵坑切梢小蠹蛀干期虫坑真菌类群初步研究

纵坑切梢小蠹（ＴｏｍｉｃｕｓｐｉｎｉｐｅｒｄａＬ．）是松科（Ｐｉｎａｃｅａｅ）树木的主要蛀食性害虫,分布遍及国内各省、自治区［１,２］,在云南该虫主要危害云南松（ＰｉｎｕｓｙｕｎｎａｎｅｎｓｉｓＬ．）。近１０多年来,云南松蠹害林已达数十万公顷,给当地林业生产和生态环境造成了严重破坏［３～５］。国外对小蠹虫侵害机理及暴发成因的深入研究,揭示了小蠹虫携带的病原性伴生真菌在蠹害过程中发挥重要作用。如：伴生真菌是云杉八齿小蠹（ＩｐｓｔｙｐｏｇｒａｐｈｕｓＬｉｎｎａｅｕｓ）成功定殖的先决条件［６］;对于栎…     

非寄主挥发物对针叶树小蠹虫作用的研究进展

针叶树小蠹虫不仅能通过信息化学物质识别和回避非寄主生境,而且能识别非寄主树种和不适寄主树。非寄主挥发物,尤其是6碳乙醇等绿叶气体和一些8碳醇等树皮挥发物是代表着非寄主的重要气味信号,在针叶树小蠹虫寻找寄主的过程中有重要意义。本文分别对绿叶气体和非寄主树皮挥发物等的研究基础、小蠹虫对非寄主的回避、影响挥发物释放的因素、非寄主挥发物的采集分析、生物测定方法和非寄主挥发物作用的生态学及进化意义等方面的研究现状和进展进行了综述,认为小蠹虫能在混交林中找到寄主不是单因素决定的,是受多因素影响的结果。非寄主挥发物在针叶树小蠹虫的管理中具有广阔的应用前景。     

Effects of mass inoculation on induced oleoresin response in intensively managed loblolly pine

Oleoresin flow is an important factor in the resistance of pines to attack by southern pine beetle, Dendroctonus frontalis Zimm., and its associated fungi. Abiotic factors, such as nutrient supply and water relations, have the potential to modify this plant-insect-fungus interaction; however, little is known of the effects of inoculation with beetle-associated fungi on oleoresin flow. We observed that constitutive and induced resin yield in loblolly pine, Pinus taeda L., were affected by either fungal inoculation (with the southern pine beetle-associated fungus Ophiostoma minus (Hedgcock) H. & P. Sydow) or silvicultural treatment. The effects of mass wounding (400 wounds m(-2)) and mass wounding and inoculation with O. minus were assessed by comparison with untreated (control) trees. The treatments were applied to trees in a 2 x 2 factorial combination of fertilizer and irrigation treatments. Fertilization did not significantly affect constitutive resin yield. Even as long as 105 days post-treatment, however, mass-inoculated trees produced higher induced resin yields than control or wounded-only trees, indicating a localized induced response to fungal inoculation. We noted no systemic induction of host defenses against fungal colonization. Although beetles attacking previously attacked trees face a greater resinous response from their host than beetles attacking trees that had not been previously attacked, the effect of an earlier attack may not last more than one flight season. Despite mass inoculations, O. minus did not kill the host trees, suggesting that this fungus is not a virulent plant pathogen.     

The threshold of successful attack by Ips typographus on Picea abies: A field experiment

The spruce bark beetle, Ips typographus, was induced to attack Norway spruce by means of pheromone dispensers. The degree of attack on each tree was recorded and the trees were later categorized as surviving or dying, according to the degree of sapwood blue-staining caused by the attacks. A threshold of successful attack was observed; i.e. above a certain number of attacks the trees were successfully invaded by the beetles and their mutualistic blue-stain fungi. The height of this threshold increased with increasing tree vigour, measured as the relative increment of the sapwood cross-sectional area.     

Fungi and insects associated with Euphorbia ingens die-off in South Africa

Euphorbia ingens, landmark succulent trees in savannas of South Africa, have been dying in large numbers over the last 10–15 years. Initial studies conducted in the Limpopo province of South Africa revealed a diverse group of biotic agents including fungi, beetles and moths associated with dying trees, but due to the limited geographic extent of these studies, it was not known if the same agents were associated with dying trees regionally. In this study, diseased and insect-infested trees were sampled for fungal pathogens and insects at six sites in four provinces located across South Africa. Fungi were identified based on morphology and DNA sequencing of the ITS, LSU, β-tubulin and TEF 1-α gene regions, and insects were identified based on morphology. Fungal isolates were identified as Aureovirgo volantis, Fusarium solani, Lasiodiplodia × egyptiacae, Ophiostoma thermarum and a Readeriella species. Five insects were identified, all in the family Curculionidae, including two ambrosia beetles, Cyrtogenius africus and a Stenoscelis species. All fungi and insects collected are known to be opportunistic and occur on stressed trees as secondary agents of mortality or disease. These results suggest that the die-off is not related to attack of the trees by aggressive insects or pathogens, but rather that E. ingens in this region is under stress from environmental factors that supports the ability of opportunistic insects and pathogens to establish.     

Associations between Tomicus destruens and Leptographium spp. in Pinus pinea and P. pinaster stands in Tuscany,central Italy

The association between Tomicus destruens and fungi of the genus Leptographium was studied in Pinus pinea and P. pinaster forests in Tuscany, central Italy. Fungi were isolated from adult beetles and from pine tissues from infested trees. On average, Leptographium spp. were associated with 18% of beetles in breeding galleries, 35% of emergent brood beetles and 18% of beetles undergoing maturation feeding in pine twigs. The fungal species most frequently identified were Leptographium wingfieldii and L. lundbergii while L. guttulatum and L. serpens were also found.     

我国天牛虫灾的成因、现状与对策

天牛是我国危害最严重的林木害虫.虫灾的成因涉及天牛习性、环境条件和防治技术3个方面.目前的防治措施有一定的局限,对危害部位高和大面积防治还缺乏简便实用的措施.天牛研究方面有待解决的问题主要有:(1)混交林在天牛治理中的地位与控灾机制;(2)人工林经营模式;(3)天牛成虫的化学生态学;(4)林木对天牛的抗性机制.天牛虫灾的治理应坚持预防为主的方针,通过人工林栽培制度和经营模式变革,合理利用林木抗虫性,营造生态防虫林.进而研究出配套的虫害管理模式和林分经营模式,实现天牛虫灾可持续治理目标.     

Stimulation of tree defenses by Ophiostomatoid fungi can explain attack success of bark beetles on conifers

? Our aim is to present why the hypothesis, that Ophiostomatoid fungi play an important role in the establishment of most bark beetle species on living conifers, is valuable.

? After summarizing knowledge about the relationships of bark beetles with conifers and fungi, we conclude that controversy results from misinterpretations when using fungal pathogenicity to demonstrate the role of Ophiostomatoid fungi in beetle establishment on host trees.

? We demonstrate that fungal pathogenicity is not the right parameter to appreciate the role of fungus in beetle establishment on host trees. We argue that artificial low density inoculations that allow the appreciation of fungus ability to stimulate tree defenses and thus to help beetles in overcoming tree resistance must be used in complement to mass inoculations. In both cases, results must be expressed in terms of tree defense stimulation rather than in terms of tree killing.

1. Fungal species stimulating tree defenses are generally not those that grow the best in the sapwood.
2. We argue that beetle development in the phloem, fungal invasion of the sapwood and phloem, and tree death, occur after tree defenses are exhausted, and that any fungus present in the beetle gallery could thus potentially invade the sapwood after defense exhaustion.

? We conclude that stimulation of the tree defense reactions in both the phloem and the superficial sapwood is a real benefit brought by fungi to the beetles during the first phase of establishment (overcoming tree resistance).

? Considering the origin of the bark beetle fungus associations attacking living trees and their general functioning based on stimulation of tree defenses, we develop three hypotheses:

1. any beetle species would be helped in its establishment in a given tree species by developing an association, even loosely, with a fungus species belonging to the Ophiostomatoid flora of that tree species;
2. the necessity of a considerably low level of tree resistance for fungus extension into the tree is the selection pressure that has led fungi to develop their intrinsic ability to stimulate tree defenses, through their ability to grow into the phloem. This association can be completed by antagonistic fungal species controlling extension of the previous fungal species in the tree tissues;
3. Beetle species using the strategy of overcoming tree resistance are associated with a fungal complex, of which species could assume three roles regarding relationships between beetles and trees: 1- to stimulate tree defenses in the phloem and superficial sapwood, 2- to grow into the sapwood after tree resistance is overcome, and 3- to control phloem extension of the first other two categories. Bringing nutrients to the beetle progeny can be a fourth role.

? We propose that bark beetle — Ophiostomatoid associations can be categorized, based on associations’ frequency and complexity while taking into account beetle aggressiveness. We show that a close correspondence exists between beetles’ aggressiveness and the ability of their main associated fungal species to stimulate the defenses of their host tree.

? We conclude with suggesting that most sapwood invading fungi might be “cheaters” which have taken advantage of the efficiency of the relationship between beetles and fungi that stimulate tree defenses.

     

Predisposition to bark beetle attack by root herbivores and associated pathogens: Roles in forest decline,gap formation,and persistence of endemic bark beetle populations

Bark beetles are largely known for their ability to undergo intermittent population eruptions that transform entire landscapes and pose significant economic hardships. However, most species do not undergo outbreaks, and eruptive species usually exert only minor disturbances. Understanding the dynamics of tree-killing noneruptive species can provide insights into how beetles persist at low densities, and how some spatiotemporal patterns of host predisposition may more likely favor breaching eruptive thresholds than others. Elucidating mechanisms behind low-density populations is challenging, however, due to the requirement of long-term monitoring and high degrees of spatial and temporal covariance. We censused more than 2700 trees annually over 7 years, and at the end of 17 years, in a mature red pine plantation. Trees were measured for the presence of bark beetles and wood borers that breed within the primary stem, root weevils that breed in root collars, and bark beetles that breed in basal stems. We quantify the sequence of events that drive this decline syndrome, with the primary emergent pattern being an interaction between below- and above-ground herbivores and their fungal symbionts. This interaction results in an expanding forest gap, with subsequent colonization by early-successional vegetation. Spatial position strongly affects the likelihood of tree mortality. A red pine is initially very likely to avoid attack by tree-killing Ips beetles, but attack becomes increasingly likely as the belowground complex spreads to neighboring trees and eventually make trees susceptible. This system is largely internally driven, as there are strong gap edge, but not stand-edge, effects. Additional stressors, such as drought, can provide an intermittent source of susceptible trees to Ips beetles, and elevated temperature slightly accentuates this effect. New gaps can arise from such trees as they subsequently become epicenters for the full complex of organisms associated with this decline, but this is not common. As Ips populations rise, there is some element of positive feedback, in that the proportion of killed trees that were not first colonized by root organisms increases. This positive feedback is very weak, however, and we propose the slope between beetle population density and reliance on host stress as a quantitative distinction along a gradient from noneruptive through eruptive species. Almost all trees colonized by Ips were subsequently colonized by wood borers, likely a source of negative feedback. We discuss implications to our overall understanding of cross-scale interactions, between-guild interactions, forest declines, and eruptive thresholds.     

危害橡胶木的真菌和昆虫

橡胶树 [H evea brasiliensis( H.B.K) Muell- Arg.]是一种具有很高经济价值的树种 ,全世界 99%的天然橡胶是由它生产出来的[1 ] 。橡胶树原产于南美洲亚马逊河流域的热带丛林 ,Wickham1 876年首次将它引入远东地区 ,随着引种栽培技术的不断进步 ,目前世界许多热带地区都有它的分布。橡胶树的经济价值不仅仅在于它基本保障了世界天然橡胶的市场供应 ,而且由于橡胶木自身具有颜色纹理美观、易于加工、供应充足且价格相对低廉等特点 ,近 2 0多年来 ,橡胶木加工业发展迅速。国外新近研究选育出的橡胶树品系具有良好的第二特性 ,适于木材生产…     

Association of wildfire with tree health and numbers of pine bark beetles, reproduction weevils and their associates in Florida

Wildfires burned over 200,000 ha of forest lands in Florida from April to July 1998. This unique disturbance event provided a valuable opportunity to study the interactions of summer wildfires with the activity of pine feeding insects and their associates in the southeastern United States. We compared tree mortality with abundance of bark and ambrosia beetles, reproduction weevils and wood borers relative to fire severity. Over 27% of residual live trees in stands that experienced high fire severity died between October 1998 and May 1999. An additional 2–3% of trees that initially survived the fire died during the second year compared to <1% mortality in unburned stands. One year after the fire, more than 75% of the trees surviving in high fire severity stands had roots infected with one or more species of Leptographium and/or Graphium spp. and nearly 60% of the sampled roots were infected. No such fungi were recovered from roots of trees in unburned stands. Significantly, more root weevils, Hylobius pales and Pachylobius picovorus, were captured in unbaited pitfalls in the moderate and high fire severity stands than in the controls. Mean trap catches of Ips grandicollis, Dendroctonus terebrans and Hylastes salebrosus, three common bark beetles that feed on phloem tissue of pines, were lower in Lindgren traps in the fire-damaged areas than in the control stands. In contrast, catches of the ambrosia beetles, Xyleborus spp. and Monarthrum mali, were higher in burned stands than in control stands. The generalist predator, Temnochila virescens (Coleoptera: Trogositidae), showed a strong positive relationship between abundance and fire severity, while the flat bark beetle, Silvanus sp. (Coleoptera: Sylvanidae), exhibited the reverse trend. Our results show that most tree mortality occurred within 1 year of the fire. Ips or Dendroctonus bark beetle populations did not build up in dead and weakened trees and attack healthy trees in nearby areas. The prevalence of Leptographium spp. in roots may be a symptom of, or result in, weakened trees that may affect the trees’ susceptibility to bark beetles in the future.