Improvement of three popular Indian groundnut varieties for foliar disease resistance and high oleic acid using SSR markers and SNP array in marker-assisted backcrossing

Foliar fungal diseases(rust and late leaf spot)incur large yield losses,in addition to the deterioration of fodder quality in groundnut worldwide.High oleic acid has emerged as a key market trait in groundnut,as it increases the shelf life of the produce/products in addition to providing health benefits to consumers.Marker-assisted backcrossing(MABC)is the most successful approach to introgressing or pyramiding one or more traits using traitlinked markers.We used MABC to improve three popular Indian cultivars(GJG 9,GG 20,and GJGHPS 1)for foliar disease resistance(FDR)and high oleic acid content.A total of 22 BC3F4 and 30 BC2F4 introgression lines(ILs)for FDR and 46 BC3F4 and 41 BC2F4 ILs for high oleic acid were developed.Recurrent parent genome analysis using the 58 K Axiom_Arachis array identified several lines showing upto 94%of genome recovery among second and third backcross progenies.Phenotyping of these ILs revealed FDR scores comparable to the resistant parent,GPBD 4,and ILs with high(~80%)oleic acid in addition to high genome recovery.These ILs provide further opportunities for pyramiding FDR and high oleic acid in all three genetic backgrounds as well as for conducting multi-location yield trials for further evaluation and release for cultivation in target regions of India.     

Seed filling dynamic traits of oil flax in response to nitrogen and phosphorus

Crop yield is primarily seed-filling-limited in production system under field conditions.This study was aimed to determine whether seed filling traits of oil flax(Linum usitatissimum L.)could be controlled by phosphorus(P),nitrogen(N),and phosphorus and nitrogen(NP)supply.Effects on seed filling traits were investigated in 2 years including capsule diameter,capsule height,capsule dry matter(DM),seed DM per capsule,pericarp DM per capsule,protein content and oil content.DM translocation from pericarps to seed,translocation efficiency,and contribution of photoassimilates during seed filling period were also detected.In a randomized complete block design,cultivar'Longyaza 1'was grown under P(33 kg P/ha),N(75 kg N/ha),and NP(33 kg P/ha and 75 kg N/ha)along with a zerofertilizer(CK)treatment in 2013 and 2014.Results suggested that DM translocation efficiency and contribution efficiency increased to different extent due to P,N or NP application.At 42 DAA(days after anthesis),seed DM per capsule reached the greatest,while protein content and pericarp DM obtained the least level.However,the highest oil content was detected at 35 DAA.A significant positive linear relationship was observed between seed DM,capsule DM and DM translocation in both years.Protein content showed inconsistent relation with oil content.The results indicated that appropriate N and P management could be an effective approach to increase oil flax production.     

中国面条的标准化实验室制作与评价方法研究

标准化的实验室制作与评价方法是面条品质改良的前提和基础.针对原商业部SB/T10137-93面条制作与品尝评分标准存在的不完善之处,对面条制作过程中的适宜加水量、和面时间、压片和煮面方法进行了研究,制定出我国面条的标准化实验室制作方法与评价系统.具体程序如下:以加水后面团水分含量为35.0%来确定最适宜加水量;通过低速(1 min)、快速(2 min)、低速(2 min)三个搅拌过程完成和面;在压面机上压片八次,并在最后一次压片时切成面条;在等量(2 L)水中用相同时间(6 min)煮等量(150 g)面条,煮面结束立即把面条放入冰水中冷却2 min.改进后的评价系统为色泽15分、外观10分、软硬度20分、粘弹性30分、光滑性15分、食味10分;以雪花粉为对照,将待评样品与对照相比后给出适宜分值.实验结果表明,改进的方法优于SB/T10137-93标准.     

Ustilaginoidea virens: A Fungus Infects Rice Flower and Threats World Rice Production

Rice false smut disease, which is caused by the fungus Ustilaginoidea virens, is currently one of the most devastating rice fungal diseases in the world. Rice false smut disease not only causes severe yield loss and grain quality reduction, but also threatens food safety due to its production of mycotoxins. In this review, the most recent progresses regarding the life cycle, infection processes, genome and genetic diversity, pathogenic gene and disease resistance in rice were summarized in order to provide theoretical basis for the control of U. virens. We also proposed some future directions and key questions that need to be addressed for a better understanding of the molecular mechanism that leads to rice false smut disease and the prospects for sustainable control of rice false smut.     

广东:第十届广州国际茶文化节暨2009中国(广州)国际茶业博览会隆重开幕

本刊讯11月26日,第十届广州国际茶文化节、2009中国(广州)国际茶业博览会在广州琶洲中洲商务展示中心隆重举行开幕式。原中共中央政治局委员、全国政协副主席杨汝岱,中华全国供销合作总     

今年铁观音春茶特点和市场走势的几点启发

五月的安溪大地,蛰伏着一股巨大力量,来自全国各地的茶商云集,表面被春雨挡住步伐,但一坐下来就是满腹的茶经;我有幸成为其中一员,八年从事茶行业,让我越来越淡定,我想这是茶力量的觉醒,因而我若有所思……     

征订启事

1)本刊2011年杂志仍可订阅,年价48元,如需挂号邮寄,每订户全年另加挂号费18元。2)本刊1996—2010年合订本有售,单价(含邮费)分别为:1996,1997,1998和1999年各25元,2000,2001和2002年各30元,2003,2004和2005年各40元,2006,2007,2008,2009和2010年各60元。     

世界主要产茶国及全球茶园总面积(续)

<正>~~     

茶中有孝道,一品人间情

白茶总是弥漫着神秘的气息,卓剑舟在《太姥山全志》中解释:今呼为白毫,香色俱绝,而尤以鸿雪洞产者为最。性寒凉,功同犀角,为麻疹圣药。这棵长     

2010年西湖龙井新茶价格预计总体平稳

最近,有媒体报道2010年西湖龙井新茶价格将出现上涨,每斤将有200到1000元不等的涨幅,不少人看到新闻后惊呼这西湖龙井喝不起了。为此,本刊电话联系采访了浙江省茶叶产业协会秘书长胡迪钧,他对这样的报道表示吃惊,他说近几年西湖龙井新茶上市之初,除了个别企业     

夏玉米花丝生长发育动态的研究

以不同穗型的玉米品种为材料,对玉米花丝生长发育动态进行研究.结果表明,花丝的发生首先开始于果穗中下部,其次是基部和中部,顶部花丝出现最晚;花丝出现集中在开始出现后的最初两天.吐丝后第三天生长速率最大.中下部花丝最先抽出苞叶,其次是基部和中部,顶部最晚.前两天的吐丝总量超过50%,尤以第二天吐丝百分率最高.衰亡过程也开始于中下部,基部和中部其次,顶部最晚;每一根花丝从基部开始衰亡,然后向顶部逐渐推移.果穗短粗型的品种花丝发育比较集中、吐丝较快;果穗细长型的品种花丝发育较缓慢,吐丝期延长,发育较晚的顶部花丝不易吐出苞叶。     

芸薹属二倍体种的基因组结构及细胞遗传学研究进展

本文综合分析了细胞遗传学及比较基因组学在芸薹属栽培种基因组结构及进化方面的研究进展。测序物种的DNA序列比较分析显示，芸薹族特有的六倍体祖先基因组的进化途径为，先由芸薹科x=8的祖先核型衍生出染色体数减少的x=7的核型，然后该核型经过三倍化事件产生古老的六倍体基因组，最后才分化产生3个芸薹属栽培二倍体种。根据3个二倍体种测序基因组的比较分析，构建了具有9条染色体的芸薹属祖先基因组及所形成的二倍体的染色体组成。传统及分子细胞遗传学研究为二倍体种基因组的多倍体性质及部分同源性关系提供了直观的证据，特别是二倍体间的异源染色体附加系的减数分裂配对行为揭示了单条染色体间的同源性程度。最后，对依据近缘物种的基因组结构进行芸薹属作物种质资源的创建与利用提出建议。     

硒锌交互对春茶硒化学形态的影响

通过叶面配合喷施不同浓度亚硒酸钠（Na₂SeO₃）和醋酸锌[(CH₃COO)₂Zn·2H₂O],研究硒（Se）、锌（Zn）及硒锌交互（Se-Zn）作用对春茶硒化学形态的影响。结果表明：（1）单独喷施Na₂SeO₃均能提高醇溶态、水溶态、盐溶态的硒含量,尤以200~400 μg/mL的硒处理对春茶中硒的含量提高效应明显,其中醇溶态硒占总量的比例最大,水溶态次之,盐溶态最小,且醇溶态、水溶态硒占总量的比例分别较对照有不同程度的增加;（2）0.20%~0.40%的锌对3种化学形态硒含量有显著的提高效应,而高浓度锌（1.20%）抑制3种形态硒的吸收;（3）低浓度硒（50 μg/mL）与不同浓度的锌配比,3种形态的硒含量整体都较低,醇溶态、水溶态硒所占比例差异不显著,但均显著大于盐溶态,其余浓度的硒锌配比,硒的化学形态分布与单硒相似,200~400 μg/mL的硒与0.40%~0.80%的锌配合喷施,3种化学形态硒含量提高效应最明显,醇溶态、水溶态硒的比例分别较对照有不同程度的增加,又以200 μg/mL的硒与0.80%的锌配比效果最好。     

茶树害虫防治的新途径--化学生态防治

本文介绍了应用化学生态学原理进行茶树害虫防治的目前进展和发展前景。重点介绍了应用昆虫性信息素和茶树挥发性互利素在害虫防治中的应用。在昆虫性信息素的应用上,主要利用人工模拟的雌性害虫的性信息素来引诱同种害虫的雄性害虫以达到预测和迷向防治的目的。在茶树挥发性互利素的应用上,当害虫危害茶树后,害虫的口腔分泌物中的酶类会由叶片的伤口进入茶树组织内而使茶树体内代谢途径发生变化,形成新的挥发性化合物。这种新的挥发性化合物对这些害虫的天敌有很强的引诱作用,而对害虫却没有或只有很弱的引诱活性,通过这类化合物可以使天敌很容易找到它扑食或寄生的害虫的位置,为天敌寻觅到害虫提供了线索,同时为被害的茶树提供了保护．应用化学生态学进行害虫的防治尽管还没有在生产上达到应用的程度,但前景辉煌。     

Studies on the chemical composition and physico-chemical properties of seeds of some wild plants

The Seeds of the fruits of some wild plants were analysed to establish their proximate compositions and the physico-chemical characteristics of the oils. The iodine values of the oils were not greater than 88 but the saponification values were in the range 157–261 mg KOH. Proximate values of the protein, oil and carbohydrate contents of the seeds suggest that they may be adequate for the formulation of animal feeds, subject to a knowledge of the levels of possible toxic substances. The Storage property of the oil fromLophira lanceolata seed were studied over a period of four weeks under conditions of light (ambient), darkness (ambient) and refrigeration. The iodine value of the oil decreased in all cases but much more so on exposure to light. In contrast, the peroxide value of the oil showed very little change under conditions of darkness and refrigeration over the same period but increased by seven fold for the photo-exposed oil.     

渍涝对不同耐性花生品种根系形态特征及解剖结构的影响

为解析渍涝对花生根系形态特征的影响，以耐性品种湘花2008与敏感品种中花4号根系为研究材料，在自制根架系统内进行盆栽培养，于幼苗期分别进行0、3、6、9、12 d渍涝胁迫处理，通过根系的鲜（干）重以及显微和超微结构研究不同耐性花生品种根系形态特征的差异。结果表明，渍涝胁迫下中花4号根系受影响较大，随着淹水天数延长，根系颜色加深，臭味加重，而湘花2008仅根系中、上部根色变黄，臭味较轻，湘花2008根系鲜重耐渍系数高于中花4号。湘花2008出现了通气组织，且随着淹水时间增加，通气组织数量增加、横截面积加大；主根中段木质部基本保持正常，导管大体呈射线状分布。而中花4号未形成明显的通气组织，木质部和导管呈不规则分布。湘花2008主根细胞内的细胞核、线粒体虽受到影响，但仍能维持细胞活动，保持根系生长状态。中花4号细胞器受渍涝胁迫较敏感，加速衰老死亡。综上认为，渍涝胁迫下湘花2008根色和根味受影响较小，主根出现了通气组织，主根中段木质部与细胞中的细胞核、线粒体基本正常。而中花4号根色和根味受影响较重，未形成明显的通气组织，主根中段木质部和导管呈不规则分布，主根中段细胞中的细胞质溶解，线粒体异常。本研究可为解析花生耐渍涝机理提供依据。     

日本水稻生产发展变化及对我国的启示

社会经济的发展对稻米生产流通具有重要的影响。利用日本农林水产省的统计数据,分析了60年来日本水稻生产方式、劳动时间、消费流通渠道的变化,并结合目前我国稻米产业所处现状,探讨日本稻米产业发展对我国的启示。60年来,随着GDP的增长,日本水稻种植面积和水稻总产不断下降,得益于稻作技术的发展,水稻生产劳动时间显著缩短,且单产不断提高;随着人民生活水平的提高,稻米消费量不断下降,而民众对稻米品质的要求提高,日本优异的水稻品种资源奠定了其优良品质的基础;20世纪70年代以来,日本政府减少稻米统购统销数量,逐渐形成了以农协为主、直销为辅的稻米流通方式,极大提高了流通效率,新兴销售方式-电商等的出现又进一步提高了农户的种稻效益。近年来,我国水稻生产机械化程度逐步提高,稻米市场进一步开放,稻米产业发展正处于转型时期,少数已经达到比较好的水平,但大多数跟日本20世纪70-90年代时的稻米产业状况较相似。借鉴日本的稻米生产及流通方式的变化,我国应积极调整水稻生产方式,扩大水稻生产个体规模,加快水稻生产机械化进程,增加水稻生产公共基础设施建设,进一步引导优质稻发展,加强稻米品牌建设,实现产销对接。     

Dynamics of Amyloplast Sedimentation in Growing Yam Tubers and Its Possible Role in Graviperception

The mechanism of gravitropism in yam tubers was investigated using two cultivars of Chinese yam, cv. Nagaimo which elongates to form a long tuber, and cv. Genkotsujirou which elongates in the initial stage and then spherically thickens. In both cultivars, many amyloplasts were locally formed and settled down vertically in each cell at the part beneath the stele of the elongating tuber. In contrast, amyloplasts in the stele in the apical part of the elongating tuber in these cultivars were smaller in number and size than those in the part beneath the stele and did not settle down vertically. In the thickening tuber of Genkotsujirou, the number of amyloplasts decreased and they did not settled down vertically in the part beneath the stele. In Nagaimo tuber tilted on an inclined plate, amyloplasts in the part beneath the stele in apical part of tuber also settled in the direction of gravity. Tubers elongated vertically as soon as they passed through the inclined plate. In such tubers, amyloplasts in the part beneath the stele were vertically settled down. These results indicated that amyloplasts in the part beneath the stele would play a role as statoliths for the perception of gravity. Crystal cells and tannin cells dispersed in the part beneath the stele of tuber as in the cortex surrounding the stele. The result indicated that the part beneath the stele is a part of cortex. Therefore, the cortex in the apical part of tuber was presumably important as the site of gravity perception.     

茶叶抗癌研究二十年

对茶叶抗癌研究的世界进展进行了分析和综述。从1987年日本富田熏最早报道茶叶提取物可以抑制人体癌细胞起,全世界约发表了4000~5000篇关于茶叶抗癌的研究论文。作者将这些研究分为四个阶段:八十年代后期到九十年代中期主要集中在活体外、活体内以及临床实验,九十年代中期到新世纪初主要在流行病学研究和抗癌机理的研究,新世纪初继续进行抗癌机理研究同时进行活性成分在动物和人体内的代谢、运转和归宿的研究,从2004年起开始了儿茶素类化合物的结构修饰和改造以期提高其生物可利用性和生物活性。本文重点对2003年以来的文献分流行病学实验、抗癌机理、儿茶素类化合物在动物和人体中代谢与归宿、儿茶素类化合物的结构修饰和改造与生物活性等几个方面进行了综述,并就茶叶抗癌的应用前景进行了讨论。     

SSR等位变异数对普通野生稻居群遗传结构分析的影响

 运用矩阵相关检测及聚类分析比较相结合的方法，在对广西玉林普通野生稻居群进行遗传结构分析中，从260至60每降低20个等位变异进行梯度取样，研究了不同SSR等位变异相似系数矩阵与总等位变异相似系数矩阵之间的相关关系。结果表明：1）当等位变异数为200时，居群内个体间的遗传关系与总变异数为277时个体间遗传关系的相关系数高达99.5%，达到极显著标准；如果将等位变异数梯度降低到10，则所有4个群体分别在等位变异数为180、190、210和200时与总变异数为277时个体间遗传关系的相关系数达到99.5%。2）当等位变异数减少到60时，其相关系数也达到95.0%的显著相关。3）所有4个群体在其相似系数达到99.5%时的聚类图与总变异数为277时的聚类图基本一致，只有个别样品在聚类图中的位置略有变化，但其相似系数为95.0%时聚类图与总变异数为277时的聚类图差异非常明显。因此，在进行普通野生稻居群遗传结构分析时，选择均匀分布于基因组的SSR引物并得到200个左右的等位变异时就能精确地获得居群内个体间的遗传关系。由于水稻SSR引物在野生稻居群遗传结构分析中的平均等位基因数约为4，所以，50对引物即能反映居群内个体间的遗传关系。