Initial and residual efficacy of insecticides on different surfaces against rice weevil Sitophilus oryzae (L.)

The aim of the study was to investigate how various types of storage facilities with, e.g., concrete, metal, and plywood surfaces interfere with the activity of different insecticide formulations used for rice weevil Sitophilus oryzae (L.) control: malathion (EC), pirimiphos-methyl (EC), and lambda-cyhalothrin (CS and WP). Initial and residual efficacy were determined in the laboratory. Knockdown data for the initial effects were processed by probit analysis and presented as knockdown time (KDT) parameters with kdt-p lines. Delayed effects were shown as knockdown efficacy (%) determined after 24 h of weevils’ contact with 7-, 14-, 30-, 60-, 90-, 120-, 150-, and 180-day-old deposits on each surface. Malathion (EC) and pirimiphos-methyl (EC) showed the highest initial knockdown efficacy on metal, while it was 3.6 (3.4)- and 4.4 (3.3)-fold lower on concrete and plywood, respectively. Lambda-cyhalothrin (CS and WP) showed the highest initial efficacy on concrete, and slightly lower (1.3 and 2.4) fold on metal and plywood, respectively. Both formulations of lambda-cyhalothrin and malathion on metal, as well as pirimiphos-methyl on plywood were 100 % efficient against S. oryzae 180 days after the treatment. Delayed efficacy of both formulations of lambda-cyhalothrin decreased on plywood after 120 days, and after 180 days the efficacy was 55 %. All insecticides, except lambda-cyhalothrin (CS), expressed low knockdown efficacy on concrete, while the deposit of lambda-cyhalothrin (CS) on concrete was 100 % efficient during 90 days, and after 120, 150, and 180 days the efficacy was 83, 65, and 17 %, respectively.     

Effect of60Co gamma radiation on the rice weevil,Sitophilus oryzae (L.)

The effect of gramma radiation on the rice weevil,Sitophilus oryzae (L.) was studied. Adults were subjected to 12 doses ranging from 0 to 180 Gy of gamma radiation from a⁶⁰Co source. The time to onset of death and the duration of the period of mortality were investigated. Survival of the adults was decreased with increase of the doses. LD₅₀ and LD_99,9 values were calculated.With one figure and one table     

Chemical composition,insecticidal and repellence activities of essential oils of three Achillea species against the Khapra beetle (Coleoptera: Dermestidae)

Essential oils of Achillea biebersteinii, Achillea santolina and Achillea mellifolium were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The plant oils were tested for their toxic and repellent activities against the Khapra beetle, Trogoderma granarium (Everts) (Coleoptera: Dermestidae). T. granarium was sensitive to the oils via topical application, contact and fumigation bioassays, where A. biebersteinii oil was the most toxic regardless of the technique used. Using topical application, a dosage of 15 μg/mg insect of A. biebersteinii oil was sufficient to kill 100 and 83.2.0 % after 7 days exposure of adults and 2nd instar larvae, respectively. Meanwhile, twice this concentration of A. santolina and A. mellifolium oils caused 90.4 (72.5 %) and 73.8 (60.1 %) adult and larval mortality after 7 days, respectively. Using fumigation and 7 days exposure, a concentration of 50.0 μl/l air of A. biebersteinii oil displayed the strongest activity (percentage adult and larval mortalities of 100.0 and 88.0 %), respectively, while A. santolina and A. mellifolium oils at the same concentration caused 92.5 (76.8 %) and 76.1 (61.3 %) adult and larval mortality, respectively. The three oils were strongly repellent to the larvae and adults of T. granarium. The repellent activity was time and concentration-dependent, where A. biebersteinii oil was the most effective, even though at low concentrations (percentage repellency of 100 and 81.0 % were recorded against adults and larvae after 6 h exposure to a concentration of 0.22 μl/cm², respectively). Results suggested the potential use of Achillea oils as natural grain protectants against T. granarium.     

Chemical composition and antifungal properties of essential oils of three Pistacia species

The chemical composition of essential oils obtained from the leaves of Pistacia vera, Pistacia terebinthus, Pistacia lentiscus and the resin of Pistacia lentiscus were analyzed by GC and GC-MS. alpha-Pinene, beta-pinene, limonene, terpinen-4-ol and alpha-terpineol were found to be the major components. The antifungal activities of the above oils and P. lentiscus resin (total, acidic and neutral fractions) against the growth of three agricultural pathogens, Pythium ultimum, Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium sambucinum were evaluated. Some doses of P. terebinthus, P. vera and P. lentiscus leaf oils and total and neutral fraction of P. lentiscus resin significantly inhibited the growth of R. solani. However, all samples did not show antifungal activity against P. ultimum and F. sambucinum, but increased the growth of F. sambucinum.     

Chemical composition and the insecticidal activity of certain plants applied as powders and essential oils against two stored-products coleopteran beetles

Powders and essential oils were prepared from the aerial parts of Cinnamomum camphora, Ocimum basilicum, Chenopodium ambrosioides, and seeds of Pimpinella anisum. Their adulticidal activities and effects on the F₁ progeny of Trogoderma granarium (Everts) and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) were evaluated. The chemical composition of the plant oils were identified by gas chromatography (GC) and GC/mass spectrometry (MS). All of the tested botanicals showed insecticidal activities against the test insects in a dose-dependent manner with T. granarium was more susceptible to the tested plant products than T. castaneum. At a concentration of 5 g kg⁻¹, many of the plant powders caused 100% mortality of both insects after 14 days of exposure. The powders of C. camphora, O. basilicum, and C. ambrosioides were effective against T. granarium, while that of C. ambrosioides caused 100% adult mortality of T. castaneum under the same assays conditions. A dose of 1.50 ml cm⁻² of the oils of C. camphora and O. basilicum completely controlled T. granarium, while 100% mortality of T. castaneum adults was recorded with P. anisum oil. A significant and/or complete reduction (100% inhibition) of the F₁ progeny of both insects was obtained as a result of parental exposure to the tested botanicals, especially at the highest doses applied. Botanicals under investigation showed a considerable grain protecting activity against the tested insect species and could be included in integrated pest management (IPM) strategies.     

Chemical composition and anti-inflammatory activity of Boswellia ovalifoliolata essential oils from leaf and bark

We isolated the essential oils from Boswellia ovalifoliolata N.P.Balakr and A.N.Henry using hydrodistillation,identified the obtained compounds using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry(GC–MS) and Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy(FT-IR),and studied the photophysical and electrochemical properties using UV–visible and fluorescence spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry.On the basis of GC–MS spectra,38 compounds were identified in the essential oil from leaves and 26 in the oil from bark.The bark oil contained 13.44% b-Farnesene(sesquiterpene),10.45% caryophyllene oxide(sesquiterpene) and 6.6% spathulenol,(2 Z,6 E)-(sesquiterpene alcohol); the leaf oil contained 11.1% spathulenol(sesquiterpene alcohol),9.0% caryophyllene oxide(sesquiterpenoids) and 6.3% decyl acetate(ester).FT-IR spectra confirmed the presence of aliphatic aldehydes and ketones,carboxylic acid,alcohols,esters and ethers in both oil types.UV–visible absorption spectra showed maximum absorbance at 245,290 and 402 nm for bark oil,and 250,285 and 325 nm for leaf.Bark oil showed strong emission with maximum emission wavelength at 456 nm was higher than that of leaf oil at 414 nm.The essential oil had significant anti-inflammatory activity,and the reduction potential of the leaf oil was-0.44 and-0.56 e V for bark.     

红松不同部位精油的成分分析及抑菌活性

[目的]植物精油是安全并有良好抑菌效果的天然产物,在食品防腐剂领域潜力巨大.本研究通过对红松不同部位精油成分与抑菌活性的研究,能为开发安全绿色的食品防腐剂及为其在食品、化妆品等领域的应用提供理论基础.[方法]采用水蒸气蒸馏法从红松的松针、松塔、松壳中制备精油,采用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用技术结合保留指数(RI)...     

Chemical composition of the Lippia origanoides essential oils and their antigenotoxicity against bleomycin-induced DNA damage

The present work evaluated the chemical composition of the essential oils (EO) obtained from Lippia origanoides and their DNA protective effect against bleomycin-induced genotoxicity. L. origanoides EO chemical composition was determined by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The major compounds of the L. origanoides EOs were thymol (34–58%) and carvacrol (26%). The antigenotoxic effects of the EOs, major compounds and standard compound (epigallocatechin gallate) were assayed in co-incubation procedures using the SOS chromotest in Escherichia coli. Both EOs and their major compounds protected bacterial cells against bleomycin-induced genotoxicity indicating that these two compounds were principally responsible for the antigenotoxicity detected in the oils. Thymol and carvacrol antigenotoxicity was lower than those observed with epigallocatechin gallate. The results were discussed in relation to the chemopreventive potential of L. origanoides EOs and their major components, carvacrol and thymol.     

Chemical characterization and biological activity of essential oils from Daucus carota L. subsp. carota growing wild on the Mediterranean coast and on the Atlantic coast

The essential oils and supercritical CO(2) extracts of wild Daucus carota L. subsp. carota growing spontaneously in Sardinia and in Portugal were investigated. The main components in the Sardinian essential oil of flowering and mature umbels with seeds are beta-bisabolene (17.6-51.0%) and 11-alpha-(H)-himachal-4-en-1-beta-ol (9.0-21.6%); instead, the oils from Portuguese samples are predominantly composed of geranyl acetate (5.2-65.0%) and alpha-pinene (3.5-37.9%). Supercritical extracts contain lower amounts of monoterpenes and higher amounts of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons. Antifungal activities of the Sardinian oils were the highest, particularly for dermatophytes and Cryptococcus neoformans, with MIC values of 0.16-0.64 microL mL(-1).     

Chemical composition and variability of cork from Quercus suber L.

Summary The chemical composition of cork from Quercus suber L. was determined for virgin cork and for reproduction cork. Average chemical composition of virgin cork is: ash 0.7%, total extractives 15.3%, suberin 38.6%, lignin 21.7% and polysaccharides 18.2%. The carbohydrate composition shows that glucose represents 50.6% of all monosaccharides, xylose 35.0%, arabinose 7.0% and galactose and mannose, respectively, 3.6% and 3.4%. Reproduction cork has a composition similar to virgin cork. For the cases studied, reproduction cork had however less extractives and a higher amount of suberin. Significant differences were found for the chemical composition of virgin cork in relation to location of extractives and polysaccharide content. The between-tree variability was large and a variation within the tree was also recorded.The author is grateful for the help of collaborators throughout the chemical analysis of the many samples: Joaquina Ferreira, A. Velez Marques, M. Lurdes Ferreira, Rosa Amorim and Célia Constâncio.The work was financially supported by the Instituto de Ciência e Tecnologia dos Materiais (ICTM), Lisbon, Portugal     

Compositions and antimicrobial activities of the essential oils of two Hypericum species from Turkey

The chemical compositions of essential oils obtained from Hypericum hyssopifolium var. microcalycinum and Hypericum lysimachioides var. lysimachioides were analysed by using GC and GC-MS. Caryophyllene oxide was found to be the major component. The essential oils of both Hypericum species showed antimicrobial activity against nine microorganism at a concentration of 60 to 80 microg/ml.     

中国沙棘叶化学成分的研究(Ⅱ)

目的：研究中国沙棘叶化学成分。方法：采用硅胶柱层析、Sephadex LH-20凝胶柱层析进行分离，通过理化常数测定和波谱技术进行结构鉴定。结果：从沙棘Hippophae rhanmoides L-叶中分离并鉴定了3个化合物：β-谷甾醇(β-sitosterol，I)，2α-OH-熊果酸(2α-hydroxy-ursolic acid，Ⅱ)，L-2-0-CH3-肌醇(L-2-0-methyl-inositol，Ⅲ)．结论：以上化合物均为首次从中国沙棘叶中分离得到，2α-OH-熊果酸，L-2-0-CH3-肌醇为首次从该属植物中分离得到。     

Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil from Ferula glauca L. (F. communis L. subsp. glauca) growing in Marche (central Italy)

The essential oil obtained from different parts of Ferula glauca L. (formerly considered as a subspecies of F. communis) growing in Marche (central Italy), was analyzed for the first time by GC-FID and GC-MS. The major volatiles were (E)-caryophyllene and caryophyllene oxide in leaves, alpha-pinene, myrcene and germacrene D in flowers, alpha- and beta-pinene in fruits, (E)-beta-farnesene, myristicin and elemicin in roots, respectively. The differences in composition detected with respect to F. communis, made the volatile fraction a reliable marker to distinguish between them, and confirm the botanical data at the base of their discrimination. Furthermore, the oil was assayed for its antimicrobial activity by the broth microdilution method. B. subtilis was found to be the most sensitive microorganism, with the lowest MIC values.     

Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of essential oil from the rhizomes of Amomum cannicarpum

The essential oil obtained by hydrodistillation of the rhizomes of Amomum cannicarpum was analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Thirty-four compounds were identified, of which the major components were beta-terpineol (13.4%), beta-pinene (9.4%) and alpha-pinene (6.9%). The essential oil showed significant antimicrobial activity.     

A simulation study on the effects of plot size and shape on sampling plant species composition for biodiversity management

Sustainable management of plant diversity in a forest requires adequate information that is often derived from samples. With limited resources, the plot design has to be efficient. Most studies focused on evaluating effects of plot designs on sample estimates of species richness at landscape scale. This study aims at filling a knowledge gap by investigating how plot size and shape affect sample estimates of species composition at a local scale. Two census datasets with distinct forest ecosystems were used. Fifteen combinations of plot size and shape were simulated. Species compositional similarity between two combinations of plot design at a sample point was estimated by Jaccard and Sørensen indices, and their abundance-adjusted counterparts. Similarity in species composition decreased with increasing difference between two plot sizes. Plots with varying shapes were found to have different local species composition but could be similar in the number of observed species, which has not been explicitly reported elsewhere. For less species-rich forests, a 0.025–0.05 ha circular plot is recommended. For species-rich forests, a 0.05–0.1 ha rectangular plot with aspect ratio of at least 1:20 is recommended. The results should be of interest to stakeholders managing small area forests for conservation of plant diversity.     

Chemical composition and anti-inflammatory activity of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Boswellia ovalifoliolata</Emphasis> essential oils from leaf and bark

We isolated the essential oils from Boswellia ovalifoliolata N.P.Balakr and A.N.Henry using hydrodistillation, identified the obtained compounds using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and studied the photophysical and electrochemical properties using UV–visible and fluorescence spectroscopy and cyclic voltammetry. On the basis of GC–MS spectra, 38 compounds were identified in the essential oil from leaves and 26 in the oil from bark. The bark oil contained 13.44% β-Farnesene (sesquiterpene), 10.45% caryophyllene oxide (sesquiterpene) and 6.6% spathulenol, (2Z,6E)-(sesquiterpene alcohol); the leaf oil contained 11.1% spathulenol (sesquiterpene alcohol), 9.0% caryophyllene oxide (sesquiterpenoids) and 6.3% decyl acetate (ester). FT-IR spectra confirmed the presence of aliphatic aldehydes and ketones, carboxylic acid, alcohols, esters and ethers in both oil types. UV–visible absorption spectra showed maximum absorbance at 245, 290 and 402 nm for bark oil, and 250, 285 and 325 nm for leaf. Bark oil showed strong emission with maximum emission wavelength at 456 nm was higher than that of leaf oil at 414 nm. The essential oil had significant anti-inflammatory activity, and the reduction potential of the leaf oil was ?0.44 and ?0.56 eV for bark.     

整地方式对杂交鹅掌楸体胚苗及其亲本幼林生长的影响

在南京市浦口区选择两丘陵岗地,采取人工挖穴和机械全垦两种不同的整地方式,种植1年生杂交鹅掌楸体胚苗、鹅掌楸和北美鹅掌楸等5种不同遗传材料。3年生时,观测树高和离地10 cm处直径,并计算树干体积。试验结果表明,土壤板结的岗地,经机械全垦方式整地的鹅掌楸林,无论是树高、地径还是树干体积指标,都明显要优于人工挖穴造林的生长量。在机械全垦整地方式下,以体细胞胚胎发生的杂交鹅掌楸生长最好;在人工穴垦整地方式下,美国种内杂种1～3号生长与杂交鹅掌楸虽有差异,但在统计上没有显著性。说明在土壤板结的丘陵岗地,通过整地方式改善土壤疏松性和透气性,对于鹅掌楸的生长量的提高有重要作用。同时试验结果表明,在两种不同整地方式下,树高、地径和树干体积均以中国马褂木的生长量最小。     

Toxicity and antitermite activity of the essential oils from Cinnamomum camphora, Cymbopogon nardus, Melaleuca cajuputi and Dipterocarpus sp. against Coptotermes curvignathus

Efficacy of four different essential oils against the subterranean termite, Coptotermes curvignathus Holmgren, was assessed in various bioassays. Laboratory results indicate that the highest termite mortality was found in Dipterocarpus sp. essential oil after 24 h (LC₅₀ = 1.62 %) and the lowest in Melaleuca cajuputi (LC₅₀ = 4.60 %). The wood consumption in the filter paper treated with Dipterocarpus sp. oil is also smaller than for the other three essential oils tested. However, the other three essential oils also inhibited termite susceptibility of the specimens. Dipterocarpus sp. (keruing oil) was the most effective insect antifeedant and repellent against C. curvignathus. The results suggest that essential oils might have some beneficial activity of economic value and are considered good candidates for the development of new chemicals (repellents or antifeedants) for termite control.     

Morphological and genetic variation of Melolontha spp. from pine stands with different composition and proportion of admixed tree species

European Journal of Forest Research - Increasing areas of gradation, making it difficult or impossible to perform restorations and forestations, and as causing tree crown damage, result in the need...